inner endoderm).

BIOLOGY NOTES Phylum

 can be invertebrates
KINGDOM ANIMALIA or vertebrates.
 Huge kingdom that involves many  invertebrates(animals have
different species. The animal no backbone or spine).
kingdom involved approximately 1.2  Sometimes, they lack
million species of animals.
 Animals are classified on the basis cranium.
of the level of organization, body  Most invertebrates are
coelom, segmentation, notochord, also aquatic animals
etc.  They possess
 The different phylum of the exoskeleton rather than
Kingdom Animalia is Phylum endoskeleton.
Porifera, Coelenterata (Cnidaria), Phylum Porifera(sponges)
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,
Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, The member of this phylum are
Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and commonly known as sponges.
Chordata. This is under the subkingdom
 Kingdom Animalia is characterized parazoa(contains the very
by multicellular, eukaryotic animal simplest animal in invertebrates
forms. It is also known as Metazoa. which are sponges).
LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Parazoans are also known as
beside animals.
 Depending on the organization of During their larva stage
cells, animals are grouped into 2 they are motile which means
categories, namely, parazoans they can freely move from
(shows cellular level) and place to another however at
eumetazoans (shows tissue level or their adult stage, they are
organ level or organ system level attached to a substratum
or organization). leading to a sedentary life.
Since they cannot move,
1. Cellular Level
sponges rely on the water
- In this, cells are not organized current to at least catch the
into tissues. They are arranged food particle present in the
as loose aggregates. water.
2. Tissue Level
- In this, cells performing the
ANATOMY OF SPONGE
same functions are grouped
together to form tissues. Spongocoel/paragastric cavity
3. Organ Level  This is where gaseous
- In this, tissues are joined to form and water exchange
organs, and each organ is happens.
specialized to perform a particular
function. Osculum
4. Organ System Level
 large opening in
- In this, organs become associated
the spongocoel.
to form a functional system where
each system is concerned with a Mesohyl
specific physiological function.
 gel like structure that
GERM LAYERS encloses the part of the
 These are the groups of cells sponges.
behaving as a unit during the early  contains epithelial cells
stages of embryonic development. known as
On the basis of a number of germ pinacocytes(provides
layers, animals are placed in two framework).
groups, i.e., diploblastic (embryo is
two-layered consisting of outer Porocytes
ectoderm and inner endoderm) and
triploblastic (embryo is three-  passageway of water.
layered consisting of outer
Choanocyte
ectoderm, middle mesoderm and
  responsible for trapping  contains spicules but does not
food and water particles. have spongines.
Amoebocyte 3) Class Hexactinellida.

 responsible for their Example of species under classes

sexual reproduction. of sponges:
Lophocytes
1) Clathrina Clathrus
 responsible for secretion
of collagen.  belong to class calcarea.
2) Staurocalyptus
Oocytes

 egg cell of a sponge  belong to class hexactinellida

 also known as picasso sponge
Porocytes
3) Acarnus erithacus
 pores present in the sponges
Sclerocytes  known as volcanoes sponge
 belong to class demospongia
 responsible for secreting silica in
the spicules. Phylum coelenterata(cnidaria)

These are pore bearing animals
and exhibit the following general
characteristics:
1. These poriferans are the most
primitive mutlicellular animals that
show cellular level of organization.
2. Poriferans bear numerous minute
pores called ostia on the body wall,
which lead into the central cavity
spongocoel or perigastric cavity.
The spongocoel opens outside by
an osculum.
3. They may be solitary or
colonial found attached to a
substratum leading a sedentary
life.
 Coelenterates are the animals bearing
a speical body cavity called
coelenteron(gastrovascular cavity)
They exhibit the following general
characteristics:
1. These are multicellular animals with
tissue grade organization and show
radial symmetry.
2. These are sedentary or free-
swimming animals and exist either in
solitary or in colonial forms.
3. They are diploblastic animals, the
body contains several types of cells
known as stringing vells, interstitial
cells (totipotent cells), sensory cells,
nerve cells, etc.

4. Spongocoel and the canals are 4. In coelenterates, the skeleton may

lined by special cells. be endoskeleton or exoskeleton.

5. Digestion is intracellular: 5. Digestion is both intracellular and

respiration and excretion occur extracellular. Respiration and
through the body wall by excretion are by diffusion through
diffusion the body wall.

6. reproduction is by asexual or 6. it shows metagenesis(alternation of

sexual methods generation) and reproduction occurs
by both sexual and asexual methods.
CLASSES OF SPONGE
Phylum porifera contains different
classes depending on their presence of
thei r sponges and spicules
ANATOMY OF CNIDOCTES
1) Class Demospongia Nematocyst
 lack spongines and contain
spicules  stores the thread and barb

2) Class Calcarea Thread

 Ascariasis
 contains toxins
 Caused by Ascaris
Cnidocil lubricoides roundworms
 Will happen after the host ingests
 hair-like structure that when eggs of the worm, which will later
touched, automatically activates the grow and reproduce rapidly inside
nematocyst to secrete toxin in the the body of the host.
thread.
 Responsible for internal blockage
Cnidarians display different and perforation.
morphology in terms of shape:  Shows instances such as when in
the presence of a malnourished
kid, yet the kid has a bloated
Medusa(bell-shape) stomach.
 contains a downward opening
known as mouth and they also Schistosomiasis
possess tentacles.
 they are free-moving even when  Caused by Schistosoma or Blood
 they reach maturity. flukes (trematode worms), which
are found in common garden
 Jellyfishes(common example) snails.
 Will happen if host penetrate the
Polyp(stalked shape) skin during contact with
contaminated freshwater, wherein
certain types of snails carrying
 Hydra(common example) schistosomes, and wherein eggs of
 they are free-living during the those schistosomes are living and
larva stage but during maturity, existing.
they are sessile.
 They contain an upward Enterobiasis
opening known as mouth and
they possess tentacles.
 Enterobiasis (also known as
Obelia pinworm infestation) is caused by
the small, thin, white roundworm
called Enterobius vermicularis.
 contains both medusa and
polyp structure.
 contains gonozooid(responsible for Taeniasis
asexual budding of medusa. They
are also known to be colonial  Caused by 3 species of tapeworm:
hydroid). Taenia solium (pork tapeworm),
 gastrozooids Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
and Taenia asiatica.
 responsible for capturing prey for WORM TYPES
their food.

1. ANNELIDA (Segmented worms)

DISEASES CAUSED BY
HELMONTHS -Lumbricus terrestris (aka
Common earthworm)
Angiostrongyliasis 2. NEMATODA (Roundworm)

 Caused by Rat lungworms, in

- Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Rat
the pulmonary arteries of
rats. lungworm
 Cause of eosinophilic meningitis
(swelling due to eosinophils - Ascaris lumbricoides (cause of
entering the CSF, then the Ascariaxsis)
meninges are also affected because
that is where the CSF flows).
3. PLATYHELMINTHES (Flatworm)
-Taenia (Tapeworms) gastropods.

Achatina fulica (Giant East African

-Echinococcus granulosus (Dog tapeworm)
land snail)
- Schistosoma (Blood flukes,
causes Schistosomiasis)  Host of worms (Angiostrongylus
cantonensis or Rat lungworm, a
HELMINTHS Nematode, that can cause brain
diseases or meningitis, commonly
- Parasitic worms, ranges from resides in pulmonary arteries of
macroscopic to microscopic rats)

Schistosoma (Blood flukes)

- Includes worms from any phylum
and genus, commonly Ascaris,
Hookworm, and Whipworm
Co-extinction
 This phenomenon can be defined as
the loss of related species, because
when a species becomes extinct,
the following animals that were
dependent on it also become
extinct.
Adaptation
 The biological mechanism by
which organisms adjust to new
environments.
Euglandina rosea
wolfsnail/cannibal snail)
 Flatworms thriving inside the body
of common garden snails or golden
snails, na kapag pumasok sa atin,
magkakaroon tayo ng
schistosomiasis (can damage ur
liver, block ur blood vessels,
reproduce asexually and rapidly)
 Carrier of schistosoma:
Freshwater snails (certain types)
Ascaris lumbricoides
 Roundworm of genus Ascaris,
Phylum Nematoda, responsible for
intestinal blockage and perforation,
parasitic.
(Rosy  Helminths are also known as
Parasitic worms

 Used to balance the population

of Achatina fulica/Great East
African snail
 Endangered, and near extinction THREE PHYLUM OF WORMS:
 Invasive species
 ANNELIDA (Segmented worms)
 Cannibal
 NEMATODA (Roundworm)
 PLATYHELMINTHES (Flatworm)
Butterfly chiton (Cryptoconchus
GASTROPODA porosus)
 Species of molluscs that use their
stomachs as feet (Gastro, Poda)
also known as GASTROPOD.  Member of class polyplacophora
 Species of polyplacophorans
 Common mollusc we encounter Wood chiton (Mopalia lignosa)
(ex: Snail)
 Slimy texture looks like mucus.  Mantle is a bit like
brush-like/hair- like/moss
 Cornu aspersum (Garden snail)
 Species of polyplacophorans
 Order: Stylommatophora
(terrestrial gastropod molluscs) Gumboot Chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri)

Nudibranch (Sea slug)  Soft body

 Plates serve for protection
 Does not contain shell, aquatic  Red in color
counterpart of terrestrial
CLASS BIVALVIA  Found throughout the Indo-
Pacific region
 Two shells/two valves
Hippopus hippopus (Horse Hoof
LOCOMOTION: Muscular foot (located clam, Strawberry clam)
inside the shell, looks like a tongue)
Genus:
REPRODUCTION: “males release sperm
Hippopus
into
the water, females catch the sperm” Family:

Tridacna
EXAMPLES:
- Southeast Asian delicacy
 Perna canaliculus (common
greenshell mussel) CLASS SCAPHOPODA
 Argopecten irradians (Bay scallop)
 Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster)  Boat, Feet, or Tusk shells, inside
commonly found in pacific waters these shells they live woah
 Their mantle filters particulates,  Testes for reproduction
which irritate the oyster, so to
avoid irritation, they secrete EXAMPLE:
"Calcareous Nacre" inside.
 Calcareous Nacre = Mother of Pearl 1. Antalis vulgaris

GENUS TRIDACNA
SPECIES OF SQUID
 Mollusks huge in size, bright
1. Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, or
mantle, inhabit shallow waters of
coral reefs in warm seas of the Giant squid
Indo-Pacific region
 Eye is as big as a plate
Tridacna gigas (Giant clam, or  Giant squid average size is as big as
Taklobo) a boat
 Not kraken kasi hindi siya
 Largest living bivalve mollusks lovecraftian
 Source of income, kaya sila
nauubos 2. Dalupapa, or local giant
squid, or Architeuthis dox?

WHY DO SOME OYSTERS 3. Spioteuthis lessoniana, or Bigtin

PRODUCE SOME PEARLS? reef squid

 Common in our local waters,

Tridacna squamosa (Fluted giant sold in markets
clam)
ANCIENT CEPHALOPODS = GENUS
ALLONAUTILUS, and GENUS NAUTILUS
 Native in South Pacific and Indian
Oceans’ shallow coral reefs
EXAMPLES OF GENUS ALLONAUTILUS
SPECIES:
Tridacna crocea (Boring clam, Crocus
clam, Saffron-coloured clam)
1. Allonautilus perforatus
 Native in the Indo-Pacific region
-patterns are inside and outside, but
Tridacna maxima (Small giant clam) does not cover the whole shell

2. Allonautilus scrobiculatus
  Venomous (Tetrodotoxin, much
-shell is more textured that perforatus worse than cyanide, kill count on
average is 20 people)

- bigger than pompilius, smaller 3. Hapalochlaena lunulata (Greater

than macromphalus Blue- Ringed Octopus)
EXAMPLES OF SPECIES OF GENUS
4. Hapalochlaena fasciata (Blue-
NAUTILUS:
lined Octopus)
1. Nautilus macromphalus
PHYLUM ARTHTOPODA
 Biggest
SUBPHYLUM MYRIAPODA - mostly
2. Nautilus pompilius terrestrial

 Smaller than scrobiculatus - most are barrowing animals

and macromphalus

3. Nautilus stenomphalus - have body segmentations

EXTINCT NAUTILUS SPECIES - mandible is located inside their mouths

EXAMPLES:
- possess Malpighian tubules
1. Nautilus praepompilius
CLASS CHILOPODA
2. Nautilus cookanum
- Alupihan, or Centipede
SPECIES OF CLASS CEPHALOPODA
-not into humans, venomous but not
1. Common Octopus, aka Octopus harmful to humans
vulgaris
- “100” segments, each segment has two
-each tentacle has minds of their own appendages

CLASS DIPLOPODA
- Cephalopods, mainly octopi, have
three heart
- Millipede
-two for the blood pumping beyond the
gills - “million” segments, each segment has 4
appendages
- one for the continuous circulation of blood
to the tentacles (which stops when CLASS PAUROPODA
swimming
PHYLUM CHORDATA
-Reproduction:
Urochordata (Tunicates) - look like
-Blood is bloo (Hemocyanin) sponges, but they are chordates.

How? They have notochords during their

-Can regenerate larva stage. These notochords disappear
at their adult stage, replaced by Dorsal
EXAMPLES OF SPECIES OF THE Ganglions.
GENUS HAPALOCHLAENA OCTOPI
Why are they called tunicates? They have
tunicin, a variety of cellulose, and they
2. Hapalochlaena maculosa (Blue also have “tunics”, leathery sacs that help
Ringed Octopus) provide protection for the animal.
Examples: Doliolida, Ascidi
Cephalochordata
-commonly called Lancelets.
Examples: Lancelets (because they also
have notochords, blade-like chordates
that live in marine sands under the sea,
have numerous pharyngeal slits, and a
post-anal tail)
Vertebrata
- more complex than Urochordata and
Cephalochordata, includes most
organisms with backbones, but not all
vertebrates have backbones.
- possess brains
- cranium (skull nlang sir)
- notochords are replaced by
vertebral column
- multilayered integumentary system
- fully developed complex systems
UNDER CLASS VERDEBRATA
1. Order Cyclostomata - consists of:
-agnathans
ex: sea lampreys
- gnathosome
s Subclasses:
- - chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) -
consists of 750 different species, flexible
and soft due to cartilages
- - have lateral line systems for their
sensory organs (ex: ampullae of lorenzini)
ex: Manta, Shark
- - osteichthyes (bony fishes) - distinct
animals due to scales and mucus secretion,
also possess lateral line systems for the
awareness of their environments. They
have protective flaps on their gills (aka
Operculum/Operculi).
ex: salmon, barracuda, tilapia, bangus, sea
bass, etc.
(SUB)CLASS AMPHIBIA - live on both
water and land, aka Devonian animals.
Most are tied to waters for the protection
and survivability of their eggs.
ex: frogs/anura (they come out of the rain
to mate. Eggs are laid on a pod, for the
males to insert their baby froggies)
UNDER CLASS AMPHIBIA
1. Order Apoda/Caecilia - also known as
blind worms, eyes are covered by skin and
sometimes bones. They barrow through
the soil to obtain prey, with the aid of their
tentacles, placed on their heads. Mucus
secretion is also crucial to maintain their
stasis.
2. Order Urodela - salamanders and
newts, possess tails, mostly seen in
forests, moist soil, and under dry
leaves.
ex: Andrias haponicus, Koolasuchus, Axolotl,
etc.
3. Order Anura -
pakalak ex: frogs,
toads
CLASS REPTALIA
-elevated forms of amphibians,
adapted million years ago, says there
were modifications on their bones
-belong to Phylum Chordata, and are
cold- blooded, and since they are evolved
amphibians, these once “Devonian Animals”
are the first to adapt on land
CLASS REPTALIA
-elevated forms of amphibians,
adapted million years ago, says there
were modifications on their bones
-belong to Phylum Chordata, and are
cold- blooded, and since they are evolved
amphibians, these once “Devonian Animals”
are the first to adapt on land
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Mostly terrestrial
2. Possess scales - fronta

3. Cold-blooded
No external ears, only use “Tympanum”
which are found inside the ear
4. Sexual
5. Lay eggs - their eggs (snake and bird)
are different. There’s more Yolk in snake
eggs’ embryo. These posses no albumen
and chalaza, which are found in bird
eggs.
- their underdeveloped eggs looks as if
the yolk blankets the snake embryo.
2. Parapsida = possess one temporal
bone. During the cretaceous period,
there was an extinction of these kinds of
reptiles.
ex: Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus (parang
Loch Ness Manster), Placodonts
3. Diapsida = possess two temporal bones
on their skull (supra and infratemporal)
ex: Pterosaurs, Lepidosaurs (Lizard-like
reptiles), Archosauria
ex. of Lepidosauria: Youngina capensis
ex. of Archosauria: Brontosaurs

6. Reptiles w/o limbs are barrowing ORDER OF REPTILES (NON-EXTINCT):

reptiles BODY DIVISIONS:
1. Squamata = lizards and snakes, “scaled”
1. Head or “scale-y” reptiles

2. Neck EXAMPLES:

Banakon snake (Philippine Cobra) - most

3. Trunk dangerous snake, since it is hugely
venomous
4. Tail
Pit viper - can camouflage on leaves
KINDS OF REPTILES:
Reticulated Pythons (Sawa)
1. W/limbs 2. Testudines = composed of different
species of Tortoise, Turtle, and Terrapin
-Penta-limbs (???)
Tortoise = Terrestrial, Pagong
2. W/o limbs (possess elephant-like limbs)

Turtle = Aquatic, Pawikan (possess

Note: there are species of reptiles that flipper- like limbs)
have four-chambered hearts. There’s no
external ear on all reptiles. Terrapin = Mixed (Terrestrial and
Freshwater living), small limbs, smaller
SKULLS OF REPTILES: stature compared to the two

3. Crocodilia = composed of
1. Anapsida = their dermal bones form
Crocodiles, Alligators, Gavial and
into roof-like bones. Their skulls have no
Caiman
temporal bones.
Differences on the Snouts:
-squamosal
Crocodiles = V-shaped, Visible Lower Teeth
-parietal
Alligators = U-shaped, Hidden Lower Teeth

-lacrimal Gavial = Too Narrow and Thin, Looks like

the snout of a swordfish
-nasal
Caiman = Smaller compared to the three
 - Deinosuchus - look like Crocodiles, and 4. Possess epidermal scales
are larger compared to Crocodiles today

4. Sphenodontia = consists of wedged 5. Have pneumatic bones - hollow, air-

teeth (dont = ngipin OOOOOHHH) filled bones that support their wings and
overall flying movement
ex: Tuatara species
6. Bird have no teeth, they just peck.
(Pano yung isang character dun sa My
CLASS AVES Hero Academia)

- birds INSIGHT ON THE WINGS:

CHARACTERISTICS: - these are modified forelimbs

1. No external ear - if we have phalanges, birds have

phalanx (Basal and Terminal), phalanx
2. Varied feet depending on their niche can be viewed as fingers

3. Varied beaks depending on their - fully developed muscles

diet, location and/or niche
HIND LEGS TYPES:
1. Coot 8. Fiber-feeding

2. Mallard = for paddling 9. Nectar feeding

3. Hawk 10. Fruit-eating

4. Grouse 11. Aerial fishing

5. Ostrich 12. Pursuit fishing

6. Jacana INSIGHT ON CHICKEN ANATOMY

7. Crow 1. Beak = they have no teeth, so food

is directly pecked and swallowed
8. Wood Pecker = for gripping on tree
trunks 2. Crop = softened food

9. Parrot = for gripping on circular branches 3. Gizzard = breaks down the softened food

BEAK TYPES:

1. Generalist

2. Insect-catching

3. Surface-skimming

4. Mud probing

5. Grain-eating

6. Coniferous seed-eating

7. Probing
In short, they have two stomachs

ORDER OF AVES:

1. Columbiformes = consists of pigeons

and doves

Differences:

Pigeon - used for racing (lmao), stubbier

stature

Dove - smaller stature

2. Galliformes = chickens, peacocks,

peafowl, turkeys

ex: Red jungle fowl

3. Anseriformes = ducks

4. Struthiomiformes = large, flightless

birds ex: Ostrich

5. Podicipediformes = consists of
grebes, birds that dive in and take off
from water

6. Cocoliformes = Cuckoos (oops)

7. Gruiformes = crane-like birds

8. Psitaciformes = where different

parrots belong

ex: Kulasisi (Philippine parrot)

9. Strigiformes = owls

ex: Great-horned, Philippine Eagle Owl,

Barn, Pygmy

10. Accipitriformes = mostly diurnal

birds (specifically hawks, eagles,
vultures, kites)

exception: Falcons

Flamingos = Phoenicopteriformes

Falcons = Falconiforme