Review Sheet on 7.

Name:_______________________________________; Class:______________________: Date;___________________

1. [1 mark]

Gene expression in cells is regulated at various stages. During which stage does splicing of RNA occur?

A. During replication

B. During transcription

C. Post transcription

D. Translation

2. [1 mark]

How can environmental factors affect the expression of genes?

A. By promoting the replication of nucleosomes

B. By inactivating epinephrine

C. By making specific changes to the base sequence of genes

D. By causing the pattern of DNA methylation to be changed

3. [1 mark]

Some regions of DNA do not code for the production of proteins. What are these regions of DNA used
as?

A. They have no known function and are recycled to provide nucleotides

B. Gene regulation and coding for production of enzymes used in translation

C. Telomeres and coding for production of tRNA

D. Introns and coding for production of structural proteins

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4. [1 mark]

Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane?

A. Nucleus

B. Lysosome

C. Chloroplast

D. Mitochondrion

5. [1 mark]

In which process(es) do nucleosomes play a role in eukaryotes?

I. tRNA activation

II. Transcription regulation

III. DNA supercoiling

A. I only

B. II only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

6. [1 mark]

Very soon after fertilization, parental epigenetic methylation is reversed in the DNA.
Later, tissue-specific epigenetic modifications are made to the embryonic DNA. The graph follows the
degree of methylation from different sources during embryonic development.

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According to the graph, what are the changes in DNA methylation during embryonic development?

A. Only the paternal DNA becomes demethylated.

B.  The maternal DNA becomes demethylated first.
C. The methylation patterns of the parents’ DNA are erased before fertilization.
D. The methylation patterns of both parents are erased after fertilization.

7. [1 mark]

What happens during transcription in eukaryotes?

A. Polysomes move.

B. Nucleosomes are phosphorylated.

C. RNA polymerase separates DNA strands.

D. Okazaki fragments are produced.

8. [1 mark]

What is a feature of transcription?

A. Both strands of a DNA molecule act as a template for mRNA.
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 B. Nucleoside triphosphates become nucleotides by losing three phosphates.
C. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.
D. The sense strand acts as a template for mRNA.

9. [1 mark]

What makes up eukaryotic RNA immediately after transcription?

A. Exons, introns and primers
B. Exons and introns
C. Introns only
D. Exons only

10a. [2 marks]

DNA methylation has a critical role in gene regulation by affecting transcription. Samples were taken
from two colon cancer tumours (T1 and T2) and two normal colon samples (N1 and N2). A particular
gene was implicated as a possible cause of cancer. The promoter of this gene was cloned (A–J). The data
show the DNA methylation patterns from these samples. The numbers (32–269) represent different
markers in the promoter.

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[Source: Philipp Schatz, Dimo Dietrich & Matthias Schuster. Rapid analysis of CpG methylation patterns
using RNase T1
cleavage and MALDI-TOF. Nucleic Acids Research (2004) 32 (21): e167, doi:10.1093/nar/gnh165.
Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press]

Outline the difference in methylation pattern between tumorous and normal tissue samples.

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10b. [1 mark]

Suggest a way methylation may affect tumour cell genes.

11. [4 marks]

Nitrogen is part of many important substances in living organisms.

Distinguish between transcription and translation.

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12a. [1 mark]

Nucleosomes help to regulate transcription in eukaryotes.

State the components of a nucleosome.

12b. [1 mark]

Nucleosomes help to regulate transcription in eukaryotes.

State a chemical modification of a nucleosome that could impact gene expression.

13. [8 marks]

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 Explain the control of gene expression in eukaryotes.

14. [4 marks]

Outline the structure and functions of nucleosomes.

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15. [8 marks]

Explain the process of transcription in prokaryotes.

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