Received 5 January 2023, accepted 17 January 2023, date of publication 19 January 2023, date of current version 24 January 2023.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3238105

Polarization Diversity Controllable Monopulse

Antenna Array Design
SAEID KARAMZADEH , (Member, IEEE)
Millimeter Wave Technologies, Intelligent Wireless System, Silicon Austria Labs (SAL), 4040 Linz, Austria
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, 34349 İstanbul, Turkey
e-mail: karamzadeh@itu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT The design of a compact and wideband circularly polarized (CP) Monopulse antenna is
presented. Firstly, the small-sized antenna element (13mm × 13mm), with the impedance bandwidth (BW)
of 80.5% (4.3-10.1 GHz) and axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 48.1% (6-9.8 GHz), and the gain of 7.2 dBic is
designed. The array structure consists of two rat-race couplers; two metalized via holes that generate sum and
difference patterns, and four branch-line couplers for CP characteristic improvement. The proposed antenna
is capable of controlling CP diversity in both sum and difference beams. Additionally, with 50% BW and
25% 3-dB AR results and also with null-depth of less than −48 dB, it is a convenient design for tracking
purposes.

INDEX TERMS Wideband, circularly polarized, monopulse antenna, polarization diversity.

I. INTRODUCTION A linearly polarized Monopulse array fed by four rat-

Monopulse radars are a perfect choice for tracking and detect-
ing targets due to their capability of gathering the target
distance and angle information with high speed and accuracy
using a single pulse [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10],
[11], [12].
Many techniques to realize Monopulse array antennas have
been reported in recent years [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7],
[8], [9], [10], [11], [12]. However, employing waveguide horn
antennas is a common way of realizing Monopulse antennas,
but it suffers from large size and difficulty in instruction.
The challenge of solving this problem led to applying planar
structure antennas such as Microstrip and substrate integrated
waveguide (SIW) antennas in designing Monopulse radar [1],
[2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]. Circu-
larly polarized (CP) antennas have unique features such as
the ability to reduce polarization mismatch resulting from
the multipath interference of wave propagation and also the
ability to cross the ionosphere has been considered by many
researchers in various applications [4], [9], [10], [11], [12],
[13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22].
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and
approving it for publication was Giorgio Montisci . use of a transceiver at a common frequency band is possible.
races couplers which cope with sum and difference patterns
in orthogonal radiation planes, is presented in [3]. A dual-
polarized (CP and LP) Monopulse antenna is introduced
in [11]; it has 2 × 2 Microstrip patch antenna arrays with
two ports. One of the ports provides the sum (6) pattern with
circular polarization, and by exciting another port, a differ-
ence (1) pattern in all linear polarizations is attained. In [12]
a 2 × 2 reconfigurable CP patch antennas using a switchable
Monopulse comparator network have been reported. The sum
and difference outputs are provided based on a reconfigurable
phase convertor. In [13], the SIW resonant cavity is used
to realize a Monopulse comparator in which the sum and
difference patterns are given when the feeding cavity operates
at two high-order modes (TE120 and TE210), respectively.
In this article, a CP Monopulse array antenna based on CP
features has been proposed.
In most of the works which up to now have been reported,
the Monopulse antennas are not capable of controlling CP
diversity in both sum and difference beams independently,
and it is the main goal of this paper.
Applying this technique helps to increase operation BW in
the Monopulse antenna because the right-hand CP (RHCP)
and left-hand CP (LHCP) work independently. Therefore, the

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S. Karamzadeh: Polarization Diversity Controllable Monopulse Antenna Array Design

To attain this goal, in the first step, a dual-port dual CP

antenna element is designed.
The proposed element controls the CP diversity by helping
input ports and based on this feature, the feed network to
achieve dual CP Monopulse has been designed. The proposed
feed network composes of two 180-degree rat-race couplers
which play a role as comparator section, and four 90-degree
branch line couplers to improve CP features, especially in
different beam states. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a
broadband impedance BW, 3-dB axial ratio, and high gain,
and also supports a good null depth of less than −48 and
−38dB for ports 1 and 2, respectively. The measured results
confirm the designed and simulated one. Compared to similar
studies in the literature, the presented antenna offers circular
polarization diversity control for the first time, in addition to
its size, bandwidth, and gain advantages.

II. ANTENNA ELEMENT

The configuration of the proposed antenna element is dis-
played in Figure 1 a. It consists of a three-layer of Rogers
4003 substrate with a thickness of 0.508mm and relative
permittivity of (εr ) 3.55 and tanδ of 0.002. The first layer
includes a 90-degree patch coupler isolated from the top
layers (radiation section) by a metallic ground layer. The
output signal from the first layer is transferred to the second
layer by two metalized holes. The details of the proposed
90-degree patch hybrid coupler are displayed in Figure 1 b.
The second layer of the antenna consists of a square patch
with four same-sized stubs; two adjoined subs receive a signal
from 90-degree patch coupler outputs in the first layer by
mentioned via holes. FIGURE 1. The configuration of the proposed antenna element, a) layered
view, and b) dimension details.
Indeed, the middle layer patch by exciting two equal ampli-
tude power while having a 90-degree phase difference pro-
vides E-field rotation and CP condition. The second layer
E-field distribution while exciting each of the input ports is
shown in Figure 2. As seen by stimulating each of ports 1
and 2, the E-field distribution rotated in a state of RH
(Figure 2a) or LH (Figure 2b), respectively. Moreover, the
second layer couple the energy to the upper patch in the
third layer. When the E-field is rotated in the second layer,
undoubtedly, it will rotate in the coupled layer, and conse-
quently, a CP condition on the upper layer will be observed.
The top layer of the antenna is composed of a simple square
patch which, in comparison with the second layer, has a larger
size. In Fact, this difference in size leads to generating other
resonances at the antenna. FIGURE 2. The second layer E-field distribution while exciting each of the
input ports a) Port 1 and b) Port 2. (at the frequency of 8GHz).
The simulated results of the scattering parameters of the
proposed antenna are displayed in Figure 3 a. The proposed
antenna covers a frequency region from 4.3 to 10.1 GHz for
both input ports. The isolation between input ports because of frequency 8GHz of port 1 and port 2 respectively. In these
using a 90-degree patch coupler in the whole frequency band figures, solid lines are RHCP, dash lines are LHCP, black lines
is less than −15dB. The simulated axial ratio and gain of the are ϕ = 0◦ , and grey lines are ϕ = 90◦ ).
proposed antenna for ports 1 and 2 are displayed in Fig. 3b. The intensity and phase distributions of the near-field of
As illustrated, the proposed antenna has an AR<3dB in fre- the proposed antenna at the frequency of 8GHz are displayed
quency from 6 to 9.8GHz and a maximum gain of 7.2dBic at in Fig. 4. The figure results confirm that the proposed antenna
9GHz. Fig. 3.c and 3.d show the normalized radiation at the elements provide a beam with a directive pattern and a

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 S. Karamzadeh: Polarization Diversity Controllable Monopulse Antenna Array Design
FIGURE 3. The simulated results of proposed antenna elements; a) S11 ,
S22 , and S12 , b) the simulated gain and AR versus frequency, c) the
normalized radiation for port 1, and d) the normalized radiation for port 2
(at frequency of 8GHz) (solid lines are RHCP and dash lines are LHCP,
black lines are ϕ = 0◦ and grey lines are ϕ = 90◦ ).
FIGURE 4. The intensity and phase distribution of near-field of the
proposed antenna. a) the near E-field intensity by exciting port 1, b) the
near-field intensity by exciting port 2, c) the near-field phase by exciting
port 1, and d) the near-field phase by exciting port 2 (at the frequency of
8GHz).
near-field rotation around the axis of the beam which proved
by phase distribution. As displayed, by exciting each of
ports 1 and 2, an RHCP and LHCP are achieved, respectively.
A comparison table is displayed in Table 1 to have a fair
justification between the proposed antenna and some recent
dual CP antennas. As seen, the proposed element antenna
with compact size, broadband impedance BW, and the 3-dB
axial ratio is brilliant in comparison with other works. More-
over, the proposed antenna supports a relatively high gain.
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Obviously, there is a trade-off between results, and with
increasing a parameter other one is possibly decreased.
In Table, despite some of the works having better impedance
BW and 3-dB AR [16] or higher gain [15], [17], and [21],
despite the smaller size, the proposed antenna with a com-
promise between results has better performance with all
parameters.
III. FEED NETWORK
The configuration of the dual CP Monopulse feed is depicted
in Fig. 5. As illustrated, the proposed feed network consists
of two 180-degree rat-race couplers as a comparator section.
Each rat-races output by a Microstrip feed line connected to a
branch line coupler. When each of the sum pattern ports (6)
is excited, the radiation input ports receive an equal amplitude
with phase differences of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees, leading
to a CP directive radiation pattern. Likewise, by stimulating
each of the different pattern ports (1), both rat-race cou-
pler hybrid output ports receive the same magnitude and
phase. These signals enter the branch line coupler inputs,
and consequently, at output ports of the branch line coupler,
an equal amplitude and 90-degree phase difference are gener-
ated, which is a suitable condition for arising a 1×2 CP array.
Therefore, in different beam states, there is an independent
CP antenna array composed of 1 × 2 elements at each of the
output ports of the comparator (rat-race coupler), and it leads
to a CP difference beam.
As shown in Fig. 6, creating both inputs of sum and
difference in the same layer is impossible. The difference
beam ports by helping a metalized via hole are transferred
to another layer. The details and results of the proposed met-
alized hole are illustrated in Fig. 6 a and b, respectively. The
designed metalized via covers a frequency region from 4 to
11 with an insertion loss of less than −0.5dB entire operation
frequency.
The return and insertion losses of proposed feed networks
in two states of sum and differences in beam ports are dis-
played in Fig. 7 a to d, respectively. The phase balance
performance was also analyzed and the simulated result is
shown in Fig. 7 e. As displayed, there is an equal output
magnitude from 6.5 to 9.5GHz with a magnitude error of less
than ±1.5dB. Also, the return losses for all ports are less than
−10dB from 6 to 10GHz.
The far-field radiation characteristics of the proposed
monopulse antenna have been measured in an anechoic
antenna chamber. In the measurement setup, excited at port
6, the monopulse antenna radiates sum pattern in both
H- and E-planes, and excited at port 1, the monopulse
antenna radiates difference patterns in H- and E-planes.
S parameters of the antenna were measured by ‘‘Rohde
schwarz ZNB 43’’ vector network. Regarding the axial ratio
measurement, a linear polarized horn antenna as the refer-
ence antenna connected to a signal generator was used as
the transmitter. The proposed antenna (antenna under test
(AUT)) was connected to a spectrum analyzer positioned at
a distance from the reference antenna. The reference antenna
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S. Karamzadeh: Polarization Diversity Controllable Monopulse Antenna Array Design
TABLE 1. The comparison between proposed dual CP antenna element with recent works.
FIGURE 5. The configuration and ports of the proposed feed network.
a) the layered view, and b) the top view.
was rotated and the AUT measured the received power from
different angles. The picture of the prototype of the pro-
posed Monopulse antenna and measurement setup is given
in Figure 8.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results of the proposed Monopulse antenna are given in
this section. The return losses of dual CP Monopulse antenna
in two states of sums and difference beams are illustrated
in Fig. 9. The comparison between simulated and measured
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FIGURE 6. The configuration and results of proposed metalized via hole.
a) dimension, and b) S11 and S12 .
FIGURE 7. The return and insertion losses of proposed feed network at
a) Port 61, b) Port 11, c) Port 62 and d) Port 12.
return losses proved that there is a good agreement between
them. The measured results show the proposed antenna cov-
ers a frequency region of 50% from 6 to 10GHz in sum
and difference beam states for each of the four input ports.
Obviously, the high isolation between the ports validates
the best placement of the rat-race couplers and via-coupling
structure.
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 S. Karamzadeh: Polarization Diversity Controllable Monopulse Antenna Array Design
FIGURE 8. The prototype of the proposed Monopulse antenna top view
and bottom view (left) view, and measurement setup (right).
FIGURE 9. The comparison between simulated and measured return loss
for input ports. a) Simulated, and b) Measured.
FIGURE 10. The comparison between simulated and measured radiation
patterns in two states of sum and difference ports 61 and 11 at: a)7GHz,
and b)9GHz.
The comparison between simulated and measured radia-
tion patterns in two states of sum and difference for each
of sum and difference beam states are displayed in Figs. 9
and 10. As displayed in Fig 10 and 11, the proposed CP
Monopulse antenna has a low side lobe level in sum patterns
which is an advantage. The null depth in difference beam 11
at two frequencies of 7 and 9 GHz is less than −48dB, and it
for difference beam 12 is less than −38dB at two frequencies
of 7 and 9 GHz. This −10dB for two differences 11 and
12 are related to applying a feed network at another layer.
The sharp null depth lets the tracking radar system be more
sensitive to minor target changes and helps detect even the
slightest changes in the target’s position.
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FIGURE 11. The comparison between simulated and measured radiation
patterns in two states of sum and difference ports 62 and 12 at: a)7GHz,
and b)9GHz.
FIGURE 12. The intensity and phase distributions of near-field of
proposed CP Monopulse array antenna at the frequency of 8GHz a) port
61, and b) port 11.
The intensity and phase distributions of the near-field of
the proposed CP Monopulse array antenna at the frequency
of 8GHz are displayed in Fig. 12 and 13. In Fig12a, with the
excitation of the 61, the intensity plot (top) shows a directive
pattern (as the red color shows the high intensity and the blue
color shows the low intensity), and in the phase distributions
plot (down) as changing the degree from −180 (blue color)
to +180 (red color) is clockwise, shows that the rotation is
right-sided. Therefore, the proof of a directive pattern with
RHCP is illustrated in Fig. 12. By exciting the 11 port of the
antenna, the analogous manner can be seen according to the
intensity and phase distribution plots in Fig. 12 b(top), and
Fig. 12 b(down), respectively.
Likewise, Fig. 13 shows that, by exciting ports 62 and 12,
basis on the intensity and phase of near-field, the antenna
provides a directive pattern (Fig. 13 top) with the LHCP
(Fig. 13 down).
Also, by comparing Fig. 12-13a with Fig. 12-13b is proved
that by stimulating ports 11 and 12, a different beam with
RHCP and LHCP are generated, respectively.
The comparison between simulated and measured gain and
AR of the proposed array antenna for input ports versus
frequency are displayed in Fig. 14 and 15. The measured
gain provides an average gain of 12.5dBic for port 61 and
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TABLE 2. The comparison between proposed dual CP monopulse array antenna with recent works.

FIGURE 14. The comparison between simulated and measured gain

versus frequency in two states of sum and difference: a) ports 61 and 11,
and b) ports 62 and 12.

FIGURE 13. The intensity and phase distributions of the near-field of the
proposed CP Monopulse array antenna at the frequency of 8GHz a) port
62, and b) port 12.

9.4dBic for port 11. Likewise, the average measured gain

is 12 dBic for port 62 and 9 dBic for port 12. The use of
metalized via a hole in the lower layer feed network leads to
a decrease in the gain of it in analogous with the upper layer.
Moreover, because the upper feed network is sandwiched
between two grounds has lower loss compared to the lower
feed. Undoubtedly, these affairs haven’t been effective on AR
results. The measured results illustrate a 3-dB AR BW in the
whole 7-9GHz for input ports.
Table 2 presents some state-of-the-art Monopulse array
antennas that have been illustrated and compared with the
FIGURE 15. The comparison between simulated and measured AR versus
frequency in two states of sum and difference: a) ports 61 and 11, and
b) ports 62 and 12.
proposed antenna. The proposed CP Monopulse antenna is
one of few Monopulse antennas that support circular polar-
ization and moreover it is also the only antenna capable
of changing CP diversity at all sum and difference ports.

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 S. Karamzadeh: Polarization Diversity Controllable Monopulse Antenna Array Design
Additionally, It has a compact size, broadband impedance,
3-dB AR BW, a relatively high gain, and good null-depth.
V. CONCLUSION
In this work, a high-gain Monopulse Antenna with the capa-
bility of CP diversity control in both sum and difference
beams is proposed. The designed antenna has high impedance
bandwidth, high axial ratio bandwidth, and low null depth.
Single-element antenna and array structure design and results
have been presented. The measurement shows good agree-
ment between the simulated and fabricated antenna results.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In memory of Vahid Rafiei (1986–2021);
This work is dedicated to the Best Friend, a Hard Worker
Colleague, a Great Kind Person with an all-time positive
smile on his face, and an Outstanding Engineer and a
Researcher in microwave and antenna design.
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SAEID KARAMZADEH (Member, IEEE) received
the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department
of Communication Systems, Satellite Commu-
nication and Remote Sensing Program, Istanbul
Technical University, in 2013 and 2015, respec-
tively. He currently works as a Senior Scientist
with the Intelligent Wireless Systems Division of
Silicon Austria Labs, Millimeter Wave Technolo-
gies Unit, and also holds a Professorship (Asso-
ciate Prof. Dr.) with the Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences,
Bahçeşehir University. His research interests include remote sensing, radar,
microwave, and antenna design. He was a recipient of the award for the most
successful Ph.D. Thesis from Istanbul Technical University.
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