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Ground Penetrating Radar System: Principles

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Ground Penetrating Radar System:
Principles 25
Mezgeen Rasol, Vega Pérez-Gracia, Francisco M. Fernandes,
Jorge C. Pais, Sonia Santos-Assunçao, and James S. Roberts

Contents
25.1 Ground Penetrating Radar Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
25.2 GPR System and Working Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
25.3 Type of Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
25.3.1 Dipole Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
25.3.2 Horn Antenna (Air-Coupled Antenna) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
25.3.3 Vivaldi Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
25.3.4 Spiral Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
25.3.5 Antenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
25.4 GPR Applications in Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

M. Rasol (*)
Laboratoire Expérimentation et Modélisation du Génie Civil Urbain (EMGCU), Université Gustave
Eiffel, Champs-sur-Marne, France
e-mail: mezgeen.rasol@univ-eiffel.fr
V. Pérez-Gracia
RMEE Department, EEBE School, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain
e-mail: vega.perez@upc.edu
F. M. Fernandes
University Lusíada – Norte, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
e-mail: francisco.fernandes@fam.ulusiada.pt
J. C. Pais
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
e-mail: jpais@civil.uminho.pt
S. Santos-Assunçao
Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics (LSGI), Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
e-mail: sonia.santosassuncao@polyu.edu.hk
J. S. Roberts
Met Consultancy Group, Leeds, UK
e-mail: sam.roberts@metconsultancygroup.com

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 705

S. D’Amico, V. Venuti (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Heritage Analysis,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60016-7_25
706 M. Rasol et al.

25.5 GPR Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720

25.5.1 GPR Suitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
25.5.2 Antenna Frequency Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
25.6 GPR Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
25.7 Numerical Modelling of GPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
25.8 Case Studies of GPR in Cultural Heritage Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
25.8.1 A Case Study from Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
25.8.2 Case Studies from Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
25.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

Abstract
Ground penetrating radar is a geophysical survey method widely applied to the
assessment and monitoring of cultural heritage buildings. It is commonly used as
a method of structural evaluation because it is nondestructive and noninvasive.
This chapter describes the historical development of the method and explores the
fundamentals and theory of ground penetrating radar systems and the properties
of electromagnetic waves. Furthermore, it discusses some of the main applica-
tions and explains the procedure for data processing. Finally, it presents several
case studies in the cultural heritage of Portugal and Spain.

25.1 Ground Penetrating Radar Development

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) involves the transmission and reception of

electromagnetic waves. While the development of this technique has been taking
place for over a century, marked improvements have led to widespread use during
the last two decades. These improvements have resulted in recognition of the
method as an accurate and efficient shallow test, with many civil engineering
applications. One of the first uses of electromagnetic waves (EM) for remote
sensing occurred in 1904 when Christian Hülsmeyer developed the Tele-
mobiloscope. This device used EM fields to detect distant metallic objects
[1–4], as shown in Fig. 25.1.
Later, Heinrich Löwy and Gotthelf Leimbach applied EM fields to the detection
of salt deposits and other mining applications [2, 3]. During the First World War,
RADAR, the acronym for radio detection and ranging, was developed as the first
reconnaissance and telecommunications equipment [5–7].
The method of using radar pulses, developed in 1926 by Hülsenbeck, was the
first system to allow the detection of buried objects by identifying reflection
events [8–10]. After this demonstration, the use of pulsed radar waves grows
significantly due to its capacity for probing to considerable depths in ice [11, 12],
desert sand, and rock [13, 14]. El-Said obtained the depth of the water table in
1956 by detecting signals reflected from the water table [15]. By having the
transmitter and receiver a known distance apart, El-Said was able to measure the
time delay of the received wave reflected from the water table in comparison to
the direct wave between transmitter and receiver. This measurement allowed him
25 Ground Penetrating Radar System: Principles 733

Fig. 25.14 Radargram from a horizontal measurement carried out on the northern wall, across a
crack

application. Because of its nondestructive and nonintrusive nature, it is well adapted

to be used in the inspection of historic structures. The flexibility of GPR, with
antennas capable of a range of investigation depths, deployment modes, and differ-
ing resolutions, makes it a valuable tool to use in the analysis of such complex
structures.

Acknowledgments This research has been partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy
and Competitiveness (MINECO) of the Spanish Government and by the European Regional
Development Fund (FEDER) of the European Union (UE) through projects referenced as
CGL2011-23621 and CGL2015-65913-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE). The research is also a contri-
bution to the EU-funded COST Action CA17131 (SAGA), “The Soil Science & Archaeo-
Geophysics Alliance: going beyond prospection,” and COST Action CA18120 (CertBond), “Reli-
able roadmap for certification of bonded primary structures.” We appreciate the support of Duhok
Polytechnic University, University of Minho, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.

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