Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work

Student name
Juan Carlos Cabrales Yeneris
Group_11
1102875417

Presented to
OMAR LEONARDO LEYTON MENDIETA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2023-03-23
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1.
It refers to the propagation of electromagnetic waves in free space, Although free
emptiness really implies in a vacuum, propagation through the Earth's atmosphere is
often called free space propagation. The main difference is that the atmosphere of the
earth introduces signal losses that are not in a vacuum. Electromagnetic waves
propagate through any dielectric material including air but do not propagate through
conductive materials.

2.
The tangent of losses is a measure of the state of an isolation. It is also known as a
dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric losses of a solid or liquid insulator.
Therefore, its magnitude depends on the type of insulation and its conditions and is
independent of its volume. The disadvantage of this test is that it only determines the
average insulation condition, that is, it does not detect the worst condition point. Its
value can be affected by moisture and dirt on the surface of the insulation that allows
a current flow to the ground through the presence are properly supported the surface
thereof increasing losses.

3.
- Dissipative dielectrics have both effects and neither is negligible compared to the
other.

- Good insulators do not present conduction currents and have losses die to the Joule
effect, but it is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect

- Perfect dielectrics do boy present conduction current, therefore, they do boy have
losses due to the Joule effect.

- Good conductors present polarization current, therefore, they have capacitive or

change accumulation effects.

-Perfect conductors also do not present bias currents therefore, they do not have
capacitive or charge accumulations effects.

4.
The penetration depth of an electromagnetic wave on a conductive medium is the
distance over the wave decays to 1/e (approximately 37% of its value) Can be
expressed as
σ s=(2 /σ μ ω)1 /2=(2/σ )(ε /μ)1 /2

δs = Film depth
σ = Electric conductivity
ω = 2nf = angular frequency in radians/s
f = frequency in Hz

μ = μrμ0 = magnetic permeability

μr= Relative magnetic permeability of the conductive medium

μ0= Relative magnetic permeability of free space = 4n x 10-7 newton perampere

squared

ε = εrε0 dielectric permittivity

εr= Relative dielectric permittivity of the material

ε0= Free space dielectric permittivity = 8,854x10-12 farads per meter (F/m)

Application exercise:
The following 4-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity σ and electrical permittivity ε rof some media.

Media σ [S /m] εr [ ]
1. Copper 5.80 x 107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5 x 10−15 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00 x 10
−2
14
5. Dry soil 1.00 x 10
−4
3
−3
6. Sweet water 1.00 x 10 80
7. Vacuum 0 1
−12 2 2
ε =ε r ε o ; ε o =8.8542 x 10 C /N m

Step 1: Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of
the medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E
of frequency f =(CCC+ 20) MHz . Note that CCC are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o
6
f =417+20 Mhz=437 Mhz=437∗10 Hz
σ =580∗107 ( Conductivity copper )
ε r=1 ( Permittivity of the medium )
1 −9
ε o= ∗10
36 π
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation editor.
s
580∗10 7
σ m
tan ( δ )= = =2389901601830.66364
ωε 6 Hz∗1∗1 −9
2∗π∗437∗10 ¿ 10 F /m
36 π

2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *

3. Paste the calculator image into the report.

4. Write the answer with your units.

The angle of losses (δ)

If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Presentation example:
Equation editor (values and units)
σ 4 S /m
tan ( δ )= = =1.30633
2 πf ε r ε o 2 π∗688 x 10 Hz∗80∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 /N m2
6

Calculator evidence

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Step 2: According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the
chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.
Step 3: According to the classification obtained in step 2 and using Table 3
shown below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in
the chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
γ jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
α 0 ση/2 ℜ¿) √ πf σ μ o
β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
η √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/( σ + j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.
−6
μ=μ r μ o ; μ r=1 ( non−magnetic media ) ; μ o=1.2566 x 10 T m/ A

Note that ω=2 πf , μ=μ r μ o and ε =ε r ε o

Example:
γ=¿
α =¿
β=¿

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.

γ= √ jωσ μ o

s
√ jω σ μo= √ j∗2∗π∗437∗10
6
Hz∗580∗10 7
∗1.2566∗10−6 N / A ²
m
γ=14150186014047.611

α =√ πf σ μ o

√ πf σ μ o= √ 6
π∗437∗10 Hz∗¿ 580∗10
7 s
m
−6
∗1.2566∗10 ¿

α =3163211.124414314

β=√ πf σ μ o

√ πf σ μ o= √ 6
π∗437∗10 Hz∗¿ 580∗10
7 s
m
−6
∗1.2566∗10 ¿

β=3163211.124414314
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
 3. Paste the calculator image into the report.

4. Write the answer with your units.

γ=14150186014047.611
α =3163211.124414314
β=3163211.124414314

If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.

* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Step 4: According to the results obtained in step 3 and using the following
equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen
medium:
d. Propagation speed v p .

e. Wavelength λ .

f. The penetration depth of the δ pwave in the medium.

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the
operation on the report, then write the result including the units.
V p=¿

λ=¿

…
 Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Interpretation
Interpretation: The speed propagation of electromagnetic waves will be
inversely proportional to the density of the medium in which it propagates, this
is the phase constant which is deeply related to the length of an
electromagnetic wave.
The example where we can use the propagation of electromagnetic waves in
cooper can be in television signal communications through a coaxial cable, in
these cases it is essential to use amplifiers to increase the distance and for the
signal to reach correctly.

Video link

URL: https://studio.youtube.com/video/AN0chE5MZAI/edit

References

Reference 1:

Examples of reference formats:

 Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's
Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction
for First-year Undergraduates. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 46-
60). https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscoh
ost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press.

(pp. 513-519). https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=https://
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

 Leyton L., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic

waves in open media. VIO [Virtual Information
Object]. https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/30439