Pembangkitan

Bilangan Acak
Diskret
Gustriza erda
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 Bernouli Distribution

02 Binomial Distribution

03 Poisson Distribution

04 Geometric Distribution

05 Negative Binomial Distribution

06 Hypergeometric Distribution
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3

1 2
6

4 5
 01
Bernouli
Distribution
 01
Bernouli
Distribution
Bernouli Distribution

The Bernoulli distribution is a discrete

distribution having two possible outcomes
labelled by n=0 and n=1 in which n=1
("success") occurs with probability p and n=0
("failure") occurs with probability q=1-p,
where 0<p<1.
 Bernouli Distribution

1. Will you pass or fail a test?

2. Will your favorite sports team win or lose their next
match?
3. Will you be accepted or rejected for that job you applied
for?
4. Will you roll a six in the opening round of your favorite
board game?
5. Will you win or lose the lottery?
Generate random numbers from B(1,p)
using U(0,1) distribution, where p is the
probability of success.
 Ten random numbers from
One random number from B(1,0.5) distribution
B(1,0.5) distribution
n=10
p=0.5 X={}
U=runif(1,0,1) p=0.5
U for(i in 1:n)
if(U<=p) X=1 else X=0 {
print(X) U=runif(1,0,1)
X if(U<=p) {X[i]=1} else {X[i]=0}
}
print(X)
 02
Binomial
Distribution
Binomial Distribution

● The number of observations or trials is fixed. In

other words, you can only figure out the
probability of something happening if you do it a
certain number of times.
● Each observation or trial is independent
● The probability of success is exactly the same
from one trial to another.
Generate random numbers from B(n,p)
using U(0,1) distribution, where n is the
number of trials and p is the probability of
success.
 Five random numbers from
B(10,0.5) distribution

m=5 *No. of Binomial random variales

n=10 *No. of Bernoulli random variales
One random number from Y={}
B(10,0.5) distribution p=0.5
for(j in 1:m)
{
n=10 X={}
X={} for(i in 1:n)
p=0.5 {
for(i in 1:n) U=runif(1)
{ if(U<=p) X[i]=1 else X[i]=0
U=runif(1) }
if(U<=p) X[i]=1 else X[i]=0 Y[j]=sum(X)
} }
Y=sum(X) print(Y)
print(Y)
 03
Poisson
Distribution
Poisson Distribution

● A Poisson distribution is a tool that helps to

predict the probability of certain events happening
when you know how often the event has
occurred. It gives us the probability of a given
number of events happening in a fixed interval of
time.
 n=10
Ten random numbers lm=2
x={}
from P(2) for(i in 1:n)
distribution {
P=1;x[i]=0
while(P>exp(-lm))
{
P=P*runif(1,0,1)
x[i]=x[i]+1
}
x[i]=x[i]-1
}
print(x)
 04
Geometric
Distribution
Geometric Distribution

● The geometric distribution represents the number

of failures before you get a success in a series of
Bernoulli trials.
Generate random numbers from G(p)
distribution, (p is the probability of success)
using U(0,1) distribution
 Ten random numbers from
G(0.5) distribution

n=10
X={}
One random number from p=0.5
G(0.5) distribution for(i in 1:n)
{
U=runif(1)
X[i]=as.integer(log(U)/log(1-p))
p=0.5
}
U=runif(1)
print(X)
X=as.integer(log(U)/log(1-p))
print(X)
 05
Negative
Binomial
Distribution
 Negative Binomial Distribution
1. the number of trials, n is not fixed.
2. Each trial is independent.
3. Only two outcomes are possible
(Success and Failure).
4. Probability of success (p) for each trial
is constant.
5. A random variable Y= the number of
trials needed to make r successes..

A negative binomial distribution (also

called the Pascal Distribution) is a discrete
probability distribution for random
variables in a negative binomial
experiment.
One random number from m=5 # NB random numbers
r=10
NB(10,0.5) distribution p=0.5
Y={} Five random
r=10
for(j in 1:m) numbers from
p=0.5
X={}
{ NB(10,0.5)
X={}
for(i in 1:r)
for(i in 1:r)
distribution
{
{
U=runif(1)
U=runif(1)
X[i]=as.integer(log(U)/log(1-
X[i]=as.integer(log(U)/log(1-p))
p))
}
}
Y[j]=sum(X)
Y=sum(X)
}
print(Y)
print(Y)
 06
Hypergeometric
Distribution
 Geometric Distribution

● The hypergeometric distribution is a probability distribution that’s very similar to the binomial
distribution.
● In fact, the binomial distribution is a very good approximation of the hypergeometric distribution as
long as you are sampling 5% or less of the population.
 N=10
M=5
Three random n=3
numbers from x={}
H(10,5,3) for(j in 1:n)
{
distribution x[j]=0
for(i in 1:n)
{
if(runif(1)<=((M-x[j])/(N-i+1)))
x[j]=x[j]+1
}
}
print(x)
Any question?