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Random Sampling: Study Guide
Random Sampling: Study Guide
Table of Contents
Introduction .....................................................................................................................................2
Test Your Prerequisite Skills ........................................................................................................ 3
Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 1: Parameter, Statistic, and Sampling Plan
- Warm Up! ........................................................................................................................... 4
- Learn about It!.................................................................................................................... 5
- Let’s Practice! ..................................................................................................................... 9
- Check Your Understanding! ............................................................................................ 12
Lesson 2: Sampling Distribution
- Warm Up! ......................................................................................................................... 16
- Learn about It!.................................................................................................................. 17
- Let’s Practice! ................................................................................................................... 18
- Check Your Understanding! ............................................................................................ 23
Lesson 3: Problems Involving Random Sampling
- Warm Up! ......................................................................................................................... 24
- Learn about It!.................................................................................................................. 24
- Let’s Practice! ................................................................................................................... 25
- Check Your Understanding! ............................................................................................ 29
Challenge Yourself! ..................................................................................................................... 31
Performance Task ....................................................................................................................... 31
Wrap-up ....................................................................................................................................... 32
Key to Let’s Practice! .................................................................................................................... 33
References ................................................................................................................................... 35
1
STUDY GUIDE
UNIT 5
Random Sampling
During election period, we often hear different
survey results representing the choice of the
constituents of the different candidates. Do you
have any idea how survey companies come up
with their data?
In the previous unit, you learned how to convert a normal random variable to a standard
normal variable. You were also able to calculate probabilities and percentiles using the
standard normal table and solve problems involving normal curve.
At the end of this chapter, you will be able to distinguish between a parameter and a
statistic, illustrate random sampling, and learn the different methods of obtaining
samples from a population.
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STUDY GUIDE
Before you get started, answer the following items on a separate sheet of paper. This will
help you assess your prior knowledge and practice some skills that you will need in
studying the lessons in this unit. Show your complete solution.
1. Divide the following and express the answer in four decimal places if necessary.
a. 2 ÷ 15
b. 3 ÷ 20
c. 1 ÷ 30
d. 4 ÷ 25
e. 3 ÷ 50
Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be able to
• illustrate random sampling;
• distinguish between a parameter and a statistic;
• identify sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean); and
• solve problems involving random sampling.
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STUDY GUIDE
Warm Up!
OPM Mix!
Instructions:
1. This activity can be done individually or by pair.
2. List 15–20 OPM (Original Pinoy Music) artists.
3. Make a survey of the whole class on who is each student’s favorite music artist
from your list.
4. Record the frequency in a table similar to the following:
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STUDY GUIDE
Recall that a population is a group where members have something in common, that is,
the total set of observations that can be made. Some examples include the population of
women aged 20 and above, the population of registered voters in Quezon City, and the
population of daily maximum temperatures for the month of April in Baguio City. A
sample is a smaller group or subset of the population in question.
Suppose you want to know the mean income of teachers in Makati City. The mean here is
a parameter of a population. But if you draw a random sample of 100 teachers and
determine their mean income, the mean you get here is a statistic of a sample. If you get a
mean income ₱17 500 from the sample, you conclude that the population mean income 𝜇
is likely to be close to ₱17 500 as well. This is an example of a statistical inference.
In Warm Up!, can you name which is the parameter and which is the statistic?
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STUDY GUIDE
In most cases, getting a parameter is close to impossible, much more if the population is
very large. So at times, for practicality, we just collect data from a sample. But how do we
know if the statistic is reliable? The knowledge of sampling plan or experimental design
would be useful. The simplest way of getting samples is by using simple random sampling.
Suppose you want to survey Grade 11 students in your school about their preference in
the use of e-learning. You found out that there are 240 Grade 11 students and due to time
constraints, you can only ask 50 students.
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STUDY GUIDE
For example, if a study is taking young adults into consideration, the population may need
to be divided into subgroups like male young adults and female young adults, educated
young adults and uneducated young adults, high income young adults and low income
young adults, etc.
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STUDY GUIDE
Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling is a sampling method where the population is first divided into separate
groups called clusters. Then a simple random sample of clusters from the available
clusters in the population is selected. This sampling technique is usually used when the
elements of a population are spread over a wide geographical area.
For example, if the population is composed of all citizens residing in the Philippines, the
clusters could be citizens from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Data is then gathered from
a selected cluster.
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STUDY GUIDE
Suppose in 240 grade 11 students, you can only choose 50 students as members of your
sample.
To select which students will be part of the sample, we just divide the population size 240
by the sample size 50, which results in 4.8 or 5 when rounded off to a whole number. That
means every 5th student among the 240 grade 11 students will be included in the sample.
The researcher may also opt to start on any randomly selected number from 1 to 240 then
select every 5th element successively until the desired sample size is completed.
Multistage Sampling
Let’s Practice!
Example 1: Suppose a researcher wants to know the average weight of females aged 25
years or older in Cavite. From a random sample of 100 females, the
researcher obtains the average weight of 55 kilograms. Identify the
parameter and statistic.
Solution: In the study, 100 females are chosen as sample and it was shown that their
average weight is 55 kg. The statistic describes the sample. Therefore, 55 kg is
the statistic in the study.
Moreover, the parameter is the mean weight of all females aged 25 years or
older in Cavite.
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STUDY GUIDE
Try It Yourself!
You want to know the mean income of teachers in the National Capital Region. You
draw a random sample of 100 teachers and determine that their mean income is
₱25,000. Identify the parameter and statistic in the study.
Example 2: As part of customer their customer survey, every 26th customer entering a
fast-food restaurant is asked to select his/her favorite food offered by the
restaurant. Determine whether the survey employs simple random sampling,
stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, or 1-in-𝑘 systematic random
sampling.
Solution: Since this survey chooses every 𝑘th element as member of the sample, it
employs a 1-in-𝑘 systematic random sampling.
Try It Yourself!
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STUDY GUIDE
Solution: In determining the origin of the sample voters, cluster sampling is used,
where each political unit is considered as a cluster. In determining the
sample voters from each barangay, simple random sampling is used. Thus,
the research used multistage sampling.
Try It Yourself!
Real-World Problems
Solution: In the research, the target population will be the market where their
beverage products are sold. Since their products are sold nationwide, the
geographic region of their target population is large. The population is not
only spread over a wide geographical region but is also dispersed. A
multistage sampling can be employed in this survey. After determining select
cities/municipalities in the country, they can still divide each into strata: lower
class, middle class, and upper class. This is because people belonging to
different classes may have different beverage preferences.
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STUDY GUIDE
Try It Yourself!
The schools’ division superintendent wants to study the quality of education in the
whole division by giving a standardized test to select students. What sampling
method can be used to determine the students who will take the test? Explain.
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STUDY GUIDE
2. A teacher divides her classroom into juniors and seniors. In each group, she
divides her students into boys and girls. From each of these four new groups,
she picks one student randomly. What type of sampling method does she use?
a. cluster sampling
b. multistage sampling
c. stratified random sampling
d. systematic random sampling
3. Cluster sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling are types of what
kind of sampling method?
a. direct sampling
b. indirect sampling
c. random sampling
d. non random sampling
4. This is a type of sampling where each element of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
a. irregular sampling
b. error free sampling
c. cluster sampling
d. simple random sampling
6. If a researcher selected ten schools at random and then interviewed each of the
teachers in those schools, the researcher used what kind of sampling method?
a. simple random sampling
b. stratified random sampling
c. cluster random sampling
d. two-stage random sampling
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STUDY GUIDE
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STUDY GUIDE
15
STUDY GUIDE
Warm Up!
Height Is Might!
Instructions:
1. This activity should be done individually.
2. Open the Microsoft Excel on your computer. Rename the
worksheet as “Two Dice.”
3. Type “Die 1” on cell A1, “Die 2” on cell B1, and “Sample
Mean” on cell C1.
4. List all the possible combinations when rolling two dice.
5. On cell C2, type “=Average(A2:B2).”
6. On cell C2, position the cursor on the lower right until the
“+” appears. It means you can drag the cursor downward
to copy the formula.
7. Your sheet should look like the figure at the right.
8. Copy the sample mean starting in cell F3. Write the
frequency of each mean starting in cell G3.
9. You can also use the formula
“=COUNTIF($C$2:$C$37,F3).” Drag the formula until the
last sample mean.
10. Find the probability of each mean beside the frequency
by dividing each frequency by the sum of the frequencies.
11. Create a histogram of the sample mean and the probability.
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STUDY GUIDE
The graph you created in Warm Up! is the sampling distribution of the sample mean when
two dice are rolled.
Samples help to make inferences about a population. When we get a statistic from a
sample, we want this to represent the corresponding parameter of the population as
accurately as possible. But what if we get another set of samples? Will the statistic be
equal to the statistic of the first sample? Clearly, different samples will give different
values for the same statistic. Thus, we are interested in determining the distribution of the
possible values of the statistic for all possible sets of samples. This distribution is called
the sampling distribution of a sample statistic.
In repeated random sampling, we are provided with the following information: (1) what
values of the statistic can occur; and (2) how often each of these values occurs. There are
three ways of determining the sampling distribution of a statistic:
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STUDY GUIDE
Suppose that a sample of size 𝑛 = 10 is taken from a population. The mean of the 10
numbers is calculated. A new sample of size 10 is taken and the mean is again calculated.
This process is repeated an infinite number of times. The distribution of the infinite
number of sample means obtained is called the sampling distribution of the sample
mean.
Let’s Practice!
Solution: List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement. Then solve for the
sample mean of each sample.
Try It Yourself!
A six-sided die is rolled twice and the mean of the two results is solved. Construct
the sampling distribution of the sample mean of the results of the two rolls.
Example 2: Using the same experiment in Example 1, construct the sampling distribution
of the sample range of the label of the balls chosen.
Solution: Since the sample range is also a statistic, its sampling distribution can also be
constructed. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement. Then
solve for the sample range of each sample.
Try It Yourself!
Using the same experiment in Try It Yourself! 1, construct the sampling distribution
of the sample range of the results of the two rolls.
Example 3: Let “max” be the highest value in a set. Using the same experiment in
Example 1, construct the sampling distribution of the sample max of the
label of the balls chosen.
Solution: Since the sample max is also a statistic, its sampling distribution can also be
constructed. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement. Then
solve for the sample max of each sample.
Try It Yourself!
Using the same experiment in Try It Yourself! 1, construct the sampling distribution
of the sample max of the results of the two rolls.
Real-World Problems
Example 4: A box contains four candy bars with varying sugar content as shown below.
Two candy bars are picked at random as sample. The sugar content of the
chosen bars are checked and the mean is solved. What is the probability the
mean sugar content of the chosen bars is at least 100 g.
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STUDY GUIDE
Solution: To solve the problem, the mean sugar content of all possible samples of 2
candy bars should be determined. Thus, we need to construct the sampling
distribution of the sample mean sugar content with sample size 𝑛 = 2.
List all the possible samples of size 2 without replacement. Then solve for the
sample mean of each sample. Since we are only interested whether the
sample mean is at least 100 or not, we will create a random variable that will
denote whether the sample mean satisfies this condition. Let 𝑥 be a sample
statistic whose value is 1 if the sample mean is at least 100, or 0 otherwise.
𝒙 Probability
2
0 3
1
1 3
Thus, the probability that the average sugar content of the sample candy
1
bars is at least 100 g is 3.
Try It Yourself!
Using the same information in Example 4, what is the probability that the mean
sugar content of the sample candy bars is at most 99 g.
22
STUDY GUIDE
1. A box contains 6 balls labeled from 0 to 5. Three balls are drawn without
replacement. Construct the sampling distribution of the following sample statistics
of the labels of the balls drawn.
a. sample mean
b. sample range
c. sample max (the highest number in a set)
d. sample min (the lowest number in a set)
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STUDY GUIDE
Warm Up!
Instructions:
1. This activity involves the whole class but data gathering and analysis will be done
individually.
2. Everyone in the class will write his/her name in a small piece of paper.
3. All the papers will be placed in a covered box.
4. The class president will draw 10 papers from the box.
5. The ten students drawn will answer the question “What are the 3 things that people
need most in life?” The sample students must be presented with six choices.
6. The class president will report the 3 things that are chosen by the most number of
students.
The activity in Warm Up! is an example of a simple survey where simple random sampling
is done. All of the students had an equal chance of being chosen since all their names are
included in the draw.
Let us work on more problems involving random sampling through the examples
provided in Let’s Practice!.
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STUDY GUIDE
Let’s Practice!
Example 1: A random sample of people residing in a city was obtained by selecting every
15th person who passed by the busiest corner in the business district. Will
the sample have the characteristics of a random sample selected from the
city’s residents? Explain.
Solution: The sample may not be representative of the population of the city since only
residents who go to the business district had a chance of being included in
the sample. This implies that the respondents are mostly business owners
and employed workers. Thus, this does not include students, senior citizens,
unemployed adults, and other groups.
Try It Yourself!
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STUDY GUIDE
Solution: The table assigns two random numbers to each of the 500 experimental
2 1
units. Thus, each experimental unit has a or chance of being included
1000 500
in the sample and has the same chance of being chosen.
Try It Yourself!
Twelve players from a basketball club check in to a hotel for an out-of-town game.
Ten of them will share a basic room good for ten guests while the remaining two will
share a deluxe twin room with spa and other special amenities. All of them wanted
the deluxe twin room so they decided to determine which two will stay in it by a
simple raffle. The twelve names are put into a hat and the contents are shaken well.
Included in the team are John and Greg who are bestfriends. What is the probability
that John and Greg will be drawn?
Solution: There are 10 possible random samples of size 𝑛 = 3. Each of these is equally
1
likely to be chosen with probability . Determine the sample median for all
10
possible samples.
26
STUDY GUIDE
Try It Yourself!
Using the same experiment in Example 3, construct the sampling distribution of the
sample statistic 𝑥 if 𝑥 is the number of even integers in the sample.
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STUDY GUIDE
Solution: Since the supervisor aims to classify the participants according to age
bracket, stratified random sampling should be employed, where the strata
will be based on the age brackets.
Determine the sample size per age bracket by dividing the population of each
age bracket by the population size then multiplying the quotient to the
sample size. Then round off the results. We will have the following number of
samples from each age bracket.
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STUDY GUIDE
Try It Yourself!
In a junior high school with 580 students, a researcher wants to sample 60 students
where Grades 7 to 10 are represented. The population of Grades 7, 8, 9, and 10
students are 120, 150, 130, and 180, respectively. How many respondents from each
grade level should the researcher select if he wants to employ stratified random
sampling?
A certain public high school has 2000 students. The principal wants to obtain
information from parents regarding school homework policies.
2. The principal takes a numbered list of all students in the school and randomly
selects samples whose parents will participate. Which sampling technique does this
illustrate?
a. systematic
b. simple random
c. cluster
d. stratified
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STUDY GUIDE
3. The principal wants to be sure she has a proportionate sample of parents based on
the grade level of the students. Which sampling method should she consider using?
a. systematic
b. simple random
c. cluster
d. stratified
6. During the course of his study, Felipe noted that 514 patients were categorized
based on their developmental stage. The following were listed: Adolescence 163,
Young Adult 201, and Late Adult 150. Compute for the number of samples Felipe
should select from each stratum using stratified random sampling if he needs 40
patients for a study.
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STUDY GUIDE
Challenge Yourself!
1. Give an example of a situation where both stratified random sampling and cluster
sampling should be used in different stages. Explain your answer.
2. Contrary to current thought about omega-3 fatty acids, new research shows that
the beneficial fats do not help reduce the risk of recurring attacks in heart attack
survivors. The study observed 4 837 men and women being treated for heart
disease. The experimental group received an additional 400 mg of omega-3 daily.
Suppose that this experiment is to be repeated with 50 individuals in the control
group and 50 individuals in the experimental group. Suggest the best
randomization scheme to get the 100 individuals for the two groups.
Performance Task
Make an online poll or survey about a topic that is interesting to grade 12 students or any
topic that affects the lives of Filipinos today. The number of respondents should not be
less than 30. Your report must include the following: the title of the survey, sample size,
sampling technique, sample statistic, and interpretation of the results. You have one week
to complete the task.
Wrap-up
Terms Description
Parameter description of data from a population
Statistic description of data from a sample
• Every element has an equal chance
Simple Random Sampling of being selected.
• Elements are selected randomly.
• Elements are selected at a regular
1-in-𝑘 random sampling
interval (may be time, order, or
(Systematic Random Sampling)
space)
• It is used when a population is
Stratified Random Sampling
heterogeneous.
• It is usually used when the target
population is homogenous but is
spread over a wide geographical
Cluster Sampling
region.
• Instead of elements, clusters are
randomly selected.
• It is a sampling method where two
Multistage Sampling or more probability sampling
techniques are combined.
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STUDY GUIDE
Lesson 1
1. parameter: mean income of teachers in the National Capital Region; statistic: mean
income of 100 teachers in NCR
2. cluster sampling, where each school district is considered a cluster; other possible
answers with correct explanation
3. stratified random sampling
4. Answers may vary.
Lesson 2
1.
Sample Mean Probability
1
1
36
1
1.5
18
1
2
12
1
2.5
9
5
3
36
1
3.5
6
5
4
36
1
4.5
9
1
5
12
1
5.5
18
1
6
36
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STUDY GUIDE
2.
Sample Range Probability
1
0
6
5
1
18
2
2
9
1
3
6
1
4
9
1
5
18
3.
Sample Max Probability
1
1
36
1
2
12
5
3
36
7
4
36
1
5
4
11
6
36
1
4. 2
Lesson 3
1. The sample may not be representative of the students in the university since the
number of students who passed the mathematics course may not be equal to the
number of those who failed. Thus, one of the two subgroups is underrepresented.
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STUDY GUIDE
1
2. 66
3.
𝒙 Probability
3
1
10
3
2
5
1
3
10
4. 12, 16, 13, and 19 students should be selected from grades 7, 8, 9, and 10,
respectively.
References
“Sampling in Statistics: Different Sampling Methods, Types & Error”. Accessed September
24, 2018. http://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/sampling-in-
statistics/
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