CONFIDENTIAL

FINAL EXAMINATION SEMESTER 1

SESSION 2013/2014

COURSE CODE : SKEE 2133

COURSE NAME : INSTRUMENTATION AND ELECTRICAL

MEASUREMENT

LECTURERS : ASSOC.PROF.DR SALLEHUDDIN IBRAHIM

DR ANITA AHMAD
DR MOHD HAFIS IZRAN ISHAK
DR MUHAMAD AMRI MD YUNUS
DR LEOW PEI LING

PROGRAMME : SKEE,SKEL,SKEI,SKEM,SKET

SECTION : 01,02,03,04,05

TIME : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE :

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATE :

ANSWER FOUR QUESTIONS ONLY

THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET CONSISTS OF 9 PAGES INCLUDING THE FRONT COVER.

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SKEE 2133

QUESTION 1

a) PMMC is widely used in electrical instruments.

i. Identify three suitable applications for D’Arsonval or permanent magnet

moving coil (PMMC) movement.
(3 marks)

ii. List three advantages and one disadvantage of PMMC.

(4 marks)

b) An ohmmeter with zero adjustment as shown in Figure Q1(b) has Eb = 2.0 V,

R1= 15kΩ, Rm = 100 Ω, R2 = 50 Ω and meter is at Full Scale Deflection (FSD),
Im = 50µA.

i. Calculate the scale reading of the meter at half (0.5) FSD.

(3marks)

ii. The new resistance value which R2 should be adjusted when Eb

experience fall to 1.8V.
(3 marks)

IB Im
Rx
A B
R1 I2
Rm
Vm
Eb
R2 PMMC

Figure Q1(b)
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c) A voltmeter is to be built using a galvanometer which values for Rm and Ifsd

are given as 5 kΩ and 100 µA respectively. The voltmeter must conform to the
requirement of 5 changeable voltage ranges i.e. 5 V, 20 V, 50 V, 100 V and
200 V. Figure Q1(c) shows the voltmeter circuit.

i. Calculate the sensitivity of the voltmeter.

(2 marks)

ii. Calculate the resistance values for resistors R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5.
(10 marks)

R2 R1

G _

5V
20V
R3

+
50V

R4
100V
200V

R5

Figure Q1(c)
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SKEE 2133

QUESTION 2

a) A strain gauge is used to measure the deformation of the pillar of a bridge.

Figure Q2(a) shows the circuit connection of the strain gauge used for
measuring the deformation of the pillar.

Ra Strain Gauge

+ + -
Vin = 6 V m Meter n
-

Rb Rc

Figure Q2(a): Wheatstone Bridge

i. At night, no cars are on the bridge, therefore there is no reading shown

on the meter. Calculate the value of the strain gauge if Ra = Rc = 250 Ω
and Rb= 500 Ω.
(2 marks)
ii. During the day, there are cars on the bridge which causes deformation
of the pillar. The value of the strain gauge reduces 0.5 Ω from the
original value. What is the voltage reading of the meter?
(5 marks)

b) The cathode ray oscilloscope generally referred to as the oscilloscope or

simply ‘scope’ is probably the most versatile electrical measuring instrument
available. Sketch and explain the construction parts of a cathode ray tube used
in oscilloscope.
(8 marks)
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SKEE 2133

c) Maxwell Bridge and Hay Bridge are used for measuring unknown inductive
impedance.
i. What is the difference between the circuit design of the Maxwell Bridge
and Hay Bridge?
(2 marks)

ii. Figure Q2(c) shows a balanced Maxwell Bridge where R1 = 160 Ω, R3 =

250Ω, C2 = 1 µF, R2 = 200 Ω, and Vs = 12 sin(10000t). Find the value of
the components in Zx and the Q value.
(8 marks)

R2
R1
C2

Vs a Detector b

Rx
Lx R3

Figure Q2(c): Maxwell Bridge

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QUESTION 3

a) Draw the diagram of a Current-to-Voltage Converter.

(7 marks)

b) Describe the operation of the Current-to-Voltage Converter which you draw in

Q3(a).

(8 marks)

c) An 8-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) has a reference voltage VR= 5V.

What is the output voltage when the binary input is 101101002?
(4 marks)

d) Find also the least significant bit voltage,VLSB, from question Q3(c).

(2 marks)

e) Given a 3-bit DAC with a 1V full-scale voltage and accuracy ± 0.2%, find its
resolution.

(2 marks)

f) Find the accuracy of the DAC in question Q3(e).

(2 marks)
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QUESTION 4

a) Explain the basic concept of radio transmission.

(4 marks)

b) Explain the difference between noise and disturbance.

(2 marks)

c) Explain briefly the following electrical noises occur in a measurement system

i. White noise
(3 marks)

ii. Avalanche noise

(3 marks)

d) Define active and passive transducers with examples.

(6 marks)

e) A resistant strain gauge with a gauge factor of 4 is fastened to a steel member,

which is subjected to a strain of 2 x 10-6. If the original resistance value of the
gauge is 200 Ω, calculate the change in resistance.

(4 marks)

f) A strain gauge with a resistance of 350 Ω undergoes a change of 0.25 Ω

during a test. The strain is 2.5 x 10-4. What is the gauge factor?

(3 marks)
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SKEE 2133

QUESTION 5

a) What is the definition of measurement?

(2 marks)

b) Please state the difference in terms of physical quantities between CGS

(centimeter-gram-second) and MKS (meter- kilogram-second) unit system.
(2 marks)

c) Given that the dimension of electric charge and work based on the
electrostatic CGS unit system are [Q]=[ε1/2 M1/2 L3/2T-1] and [W]=[ML2T-2]

i. Calculate the dimension of current, [I] and potential difference, [E]

(4 marks)

ii. Then, find the dimension of inductance, [L] and resistance, [R]

(4 marks)

d) A voltage of 20 µV is amplified using resistor amplified so that the output is

200 mV. The overlap signal at output voltage signal is noise voltage, 100 µV
that is generated in the amplifier.

i. What is the signal–to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output signal?

(3 marks)

ii. What is the conclusion for this amplification based on the SNR?
(2 marks)

e) Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) has a resistance of 25 Ω at 30 °C.

When the temperature increases, the resistance of RTD will increase linearly
and the relationship is expressed as follows:
𝑅! = 𝑅!" (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇)
where𝛼!" = 0.004/°C

A simple circuit as shown in Figure Q5(e) is used to show the principle of

RTD. Calculate the voltage output (Vo) at temperature 30 °C and 100 °C when
the input voltage is 10V.
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SKEE 2133

RTD Vo

-
DC

40 Ω 40 Ω

Figure Q5(e)

(8 marks)