POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

MACHINE
ELEMENTS
(MEEN 30142)

Submitted By:

Quennan C. Cuesta

Section: BSME 3-1

Submitted to:

Engr. Armingol Morales

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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Quiz 2
1. Define / Explain

a.) Coupling

There are several different types of couplings, including:

Rigid Couplings: Rigid couplings are used to connect two shafts in a

mechanism without any relative motion between them. They are typically used to
transmit high torque and provide precise shaft alignment.

Flexible Couplings: Flexible couplings are used to connect two shafts in a

mechanism with a degree of relative motion between them. They are typically
used to absorb misalignment and shock loads, and to reduce vibrations in the
system.

Universal Joints: Universal joints are used to connect two shafts in a

mechanism with a degree of angular misalignment between them. They are
typically used to transmit torque and rotational motion over a range of angular
misalignments.

Clutch Couplings: Clutch couplings are used to connect and disconnect

two shafts in a mechanism. They are typically used to provide a means of
disconnecting the driving shaft from the driven shaft in order to stop the motion
of the mechanism.

These are some of the most common types of couplings used in mechanism
design. The choice of coupling will depend on the specific requirements of the
application, including the type of motion required, the torque and power
transmission requirements, and the available space and resources.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

b.) Toggle Mechanism

A toggle mechanism is a mechanical linkage that uses a series of

connected bars or links to produce a large mechanical advantage. The toggle
mechanism is characterized by its ability to store and release energy, and it is
often used in applications where a large force is required to be exerted over a
small distance.

The toggle mechanism works by using a series of links that are connected
by joints, and each link is pivoted at its end. When the mechanism is actuated, the
links move in such a way that the overall length of the mechanism increases,
producing a large mechanical advantage. This mechanical advantage can be
used to produce a large force at the end of the mechanism.

Some common applications of toggle mechanisms include:

Clamping and Locking: Toggle mechanisms are often used in clamping and
locking devices, where a large force is required to be exerted over a small
distance.

Power Presses: Toggle mechanisms are commonly used in power presses

to generate a large force that is applied over a small distance.

Automotive Engine Components: Toggle mechanisms are used in some

automotive engine components, such as rocker arms, to provide a large
mechanical advantage in the operation of the engine.

Robotics: Toggle mechanisms are used in robotics to produce a large force

for gripping and manipulating objects.

The design of toggle mechanisms can be quite complex, and it is important

to carefully consider the forces and movements involved in the application in
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

order to optimize the design and ensure that the mechanism operates reliably and
efficiently.

c.) Quick return mechanism

Output force refers to the force produced by a system as a result of an input

force or action. In physics, output force is the force that is produced by an object
or system in response to an input force. For example, in mechanical systems, an
input force applied through a lever or pulley can produce an output force that
performs work on another object.

In engineering, output force is a critical factor in the design of many

systems, as it can determine the performance and efficiency of the system. For
example, in electrical or hydraulic systems, the output force produced by
actuators or other components can be used to perform work on other objects. In
information technology, the output force can refer to the force produced by a
computer mouse or touchpad to produce a desired movement or action on a
screen.

In general, output force is a measure of the energy that is produced by a

system in response to an input force, and it is an important factor to consider
when designing or analyzing any type of system. The relationship between input
and output forces can be described by physical laws and equations, and can be
used to predict the behavior of a system under different conditions.

d.) Straight line mechanism

A quick return mechanism is a type of mechanical linkage used to generate

a fast cutting or striking action in a machine. It is often used in machine tools, such
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

as shapers and planers, where a rapid cutting motion is required to be applied to

the workpiece.

The quick return mechanism works by using a crank-slider linkage to

produce a rapid cutting or striking action. The mechanism consists of a crank that
is connected to a slider by a connecting rod. When the crank is rotated, the
connecting rod causes the slider to move in a reciprocating motion, producing
the rapid cutting or striking action.

The main advantage of the quick return mechanism is that it allows a fast
cutting motion to be produced with a relatively small amount of power. This makes
it well suited for applications where a fast cutting motion is required, but the
available power is limited.

Some common applications of quick return mechanisms include:

Machine Tools: Quick return mechanisms are widely used in machine tools,
such as shapers and planers, where a rapid cutting motion is required.

Robotics: Quick return mechanisms are used in some robotic applications

to produce a rapid striking or cutting action.

Power Presses: Quick return mechanisms are also used in power presses
to produce a rapid striking action.

The design of quick return mechanisms can be quite complex, and it is

important to carefully consider the forces and movements involved in the
application in order to optimize the design and ensure that the mechanism
operates reliably and efficiently.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

e.) Universal Joint

A universal joint, also known as a U-joint, is a type of coupling that is used

to transmit power and rotation between two shafts that are not in a straight line.
The universal joint allows the two shafts to be connected while still allowing them
to rotate relative to each other, which enables the transfer of power and rotation
through a flexible and adjustable connection.

The universal joint consists of two yokes that are connected by a cross-
shaped member, known as a cross shaft or cardan shaft. The yokes are attached
to the shafts that are to be connected, and the cross shaft is mounted in bearings
in the yokes. When one shaft rotates, the cross shaft rotates and transfers the
rotation to the other shaft.

Some common applications of universal joints include:

Automotive Driveline: Universal joints are widely used in automotive

driveline systems to transfer power and rotation between the transmission and
the wheels.

Machinery: Universal joints are used in a variety of machinery, such as

conveyor systems, pumps, and compressors, to transfer power and rotation
between rotating shafts.

Robotics: Universal joints are used in some robotic applications to transfer

power and rotation between robotic arms and other components.

The design of universal joints can be quite complex, and it is important to

carefully consider the forces and movements involved in the application in order
to optimize the design and ensure that the joint operates reliably and efficiently.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

f.) Rotating Cranks

Rotating cranks are a type of mechanism that are used to convert rotary
motion into linear motion, or vice versa. They consist of a crank that rotates
around a fixed pivot point and a connecting rod that is attached to the crank and
the load that is being moved. When the crank rotates, the connecting rod moves
the load in a linear motion.

Rotating cranks are widely used in a variety of mechanical systems,

including engines, pumps, and presses. In an engine, for example, the rotating
cranks convert the linear motion of the pistons into rotary motion that is used to
turn the crankshaft. In a pump, the rotating cranks are used to transfer the rotary
motion of a motor or other power source into linear motion that is used to move
fluid.

The design of rotating cranks can be quite complex, and it is important to

carefully consider the forces and movements involved in the application in order
to optimize the design and ensure that the mechanism operates reliably and
efficiently. Factors such as the size and shape of the cranks, the length of the
connecting rods, and the load being moved can all have an impact on the
performance of the mechanism.

g.) Oscillating Cranks

An elliptical trammel is a tool used in geometry and drafting. It is a type of

straightedge that is shaped like an ellipse, and it is used to draw and measure the
dimensions of elliptical shapes.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

An elliptical trammel consists of two arms that can be adjusted to change

the shape of the ellipse. The arms are attached to a pivot point, and the end of
each arm has a sharp point that can be used to trace the outline of the ellipse. The
length of the arms and the position of the pivot point determine the shape of the
ellipse that is produced.

Elliptical trammels are commonly used in woodworking and metalworking,

as well as in architectural and engineering drawings. They are also used in artistic
and decorative applications, such as calligraphy and illuminated manuscripts.

The use of an elliptical trammel allows for the precise and accurate drawing
of elliptical shapes, which can be difficult to produce using other methods. It is a
versatile and flexible tool that can be used to produce a wide range of elliptical
shapes, and it is an important tool for anyone who needs to draw or measure
elliptical shapes in their work.

h.) Acceleration

An intermittent motion mechanism is a type of mechanism used in machines

and mechanical systems that produces a series of short, repeated movements or
motions. The mechanism is designed to provide a series of repetitive motions over
a specific period of time, with brief pauses between each motion.

Intermittent motion mechanisms are used in a variety of applications,

including packaging and labeling machines, printing presses, and assembly line
systems. They are typically designed to be compact, reliable, and efficient, and
they offer a high degree of accuracy and precision in the control of the timing and
duration of the intermittent motions.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

There are several types of intermittent motion mechanisms, including cam-

driven mechanisms, crank-driven mechanisms, and indexing mechanisms. Each
type of mechanism is designed to meet specific requirements and is suited to
particular applications.

The design and analysis of intermittent motion mechanisms involves a

combination of mechanical engineering, kinematics, and control systems.
Understanding the behavior of these mechanisms is important for optimizing their
performance, reducing wear and tear, and ensuring reliable and efficient
operation.

Overall, intermittent motion mechanisms play an important role in many

areas of manufacturing and industry, and they are critical components in many
automated systems that require precise and repetitive motions.

i.) Drag Link

The Coriolis acceleration component is a term used in physics and

engineering to describe the effect of the Earth's rotation on the motion of objects.
The Coriolis acceleration is a type of centrifugal acceleration that is caused by
the rotation of the Earth, and it affects the motion of objects that are in motion
relative to the rotating Earth.

The Coriolis acceleration component acts in a direction perpendicular to

the object's velocity and to the axis of rotation of the Earth. This means that it
causes objects moving in the northern hemisphere to be deflected to the right,
while objects moving in the southern hemisphere are deflected to the left.

The magnitude of the Coriolis acceleration component depends on the

speed of the object, the latitude, and the rotational speed of the Earth. It is
negligible for small-scale motions, but it becomes increasingly significant for
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

larger-scale motions, such as the ocean currents and the atmospheric

circulation.

The Coriolis acceleration component is important in many areas of science

and engineering, including atmospheric science, oceanography, and
engineering. It is used to explain and model the behavior of fluids and other
objects that are in motion relative to the rotating Earth. Understanding the
Coriolis acceleration component is essential for accurately predicting and
understanding the behavior of these systems, and it is an important tool for a wide
range of scientific and engineering applications.

j.) Scotch yoke

The Euler-Savary equation is a mathematical equation used in fluid

mechanics and engineering to describe the motion of a fluid in a rotating system.
The equation is named after the mathematicians Leonhard Euler and Charles
Savary, who independently developed it in the 18th century.

The Euler-Savary equation describes the interaction between a rotating

fluid and the centrifugal force caused by the rotation. It is used to describe the
behavior of fluids in rotating systems, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and other
rotating storms, as well as in industrial processes, such as mixing in tanks and
centrifugation.

The Euler-Savary equation can be used to calculate the velocity, pressure,

and other characteristics of a fluid in a rotating system. It is a fundamental
equation in the study of rotating fluids, and it is used in a wide range of
applications, including oceanography, meteorology, and chemical engineering.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

The equation is based on the Navier-Stokes equations, which are the

fundamental equations of fluid mechanics. The Euler-Savary equation takes into
account the effects of the Earth's rotation and the centrifugal force generated by
the rotation, and it is a useful tool for understanding and predicting the behavior
of rotating fluids.

Overall, the Euler-Savary equation is an important tool in the study of

rotating fluids, and it has been widely used in scientific and engineering
communities for over two centuries.

2. Give and explain the different types of mechanisms in machine elements

Mechanisms in machine elements are used to transmit power and motion from
one part of a machine to another. There are several different types of
mechanisms, each with its own unique features and characteristics. Some of the
most common types of mechanisms include:

Gear mechanisms: These mechanisms use gears, or toothed wheels, to

transmit power and motion. They are often used in applications that require high
torque transmission, such as in automobiles, machines, and conveyor systems.

Linkage mechanisms: Linkage mechanisms are used to transmit power and

motion through the movement of interconnected links or rods. They are
commonly used in applications that require a wide range of motion, such as in
articulated robots and in machines that require multi-axis motion.

Cam mechanisms: Cam mechanisms use a rotating cam, or a shape that

changes with rotation, to transmit power and motion. They are often used in
applications that require complex and precise motion, such as in printing
presses, packaging machines, and assembly line systems.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Belt and chain mechanisms: Belt and chain mechanisms use a flexible belt or
chain to transmit power and motion. They are often used in applications that
require high speed and efficiency, such as in conveyor systems and machine
tools.

Screw and nut mechanisms: Screw and nut mechanisms use a screw and nut
to transmit power and motion. They are often used in applications that require
precise and accurate motion, such as in actuators, machine tools, and robotics.

Lever mechanisms: Lever mechanisms use a lever to transmit power and

motion. They are often used in applications that require a simple and efficient
mechanism, such as in doors, clamps, and machines that require simple linear
motion.

These are some of the most common types of mechanisms in machine

elements. The choice of mechanism will depend on the specific requirements of
the application, including the type of motion required, the torque and power
transmission requirements, and the space constraints.

3. Enumerate and discuss applications of parallel mechanisms.

Parallel mechanisms are kinematic structures that consist of multiple

independent kinematic chains that work together to accomplish a specific motion
task. They have several unique features and characteristics that make them well-
suited for a wide range of applications. Some of the most common applications of
parallel mechanisms include:

Robotics: Parallel mechanisms are commonly used in robotic applications due

to their high level of precision, accuracy, and stability. They are used in a variety
of applications, including multi-axis robots, articulated robots, and rehabilitation
robots.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Aerospace and Aviation: Parallel mechanisms are used in a variety of

aerospace and aviation applications, including aircraft flight control systems and
aerospace manipulators. They provide precise and accurate motion control for
critical systems, such as wing flaps and landing gear.

Medical Devices: Parallel mechanisms are used in medical devices, such as

surgical robots, to provide high precision and accuracy during procedures. They
can also be used to enhance the accuracy and stability of prosthetic devices and
assistive technology.

Machine Tools: Parallel mechanisms are used in machine tools, such as CNC
machines and lathes, to provide precise and accurate cutting and machining
operations. They can be used to control the position and orientation of cutting
tools, as well as the speed and direction of motion.

Automation: Parallel mechanisms are used in automation applications, such

as assembly lines and packaging systems, to provide precise and accurate
motion control. They are used to control the position and orientation of objects,
as well as the speed and direction of motion.

Automotive: Parallel mechanisms are used in automotive applications, such as

suspension systems and power steering, to provide precise and accurate motion
control. They can be used to control the position and orientation of wheels, as well
as the speed and direction of motion.

These are some of the most common applications of parallel mechanisms. The
choice of mechanism will depend on the specific requirements of the application,
including the type of motion required, the torque and power transmission
requirements, and the space constraints.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

4. What are the resolution and compositions method in the velocity of

mechanism?

The resolution and composition methods are techniques used to determine

the velocity of a mechanism, which is a measure of the rate of change of its
position over time. These methods allow us to analyze the motion of a mechanism
and determine its velocity at any given instant in time.

Resolution Method: The resolution method involves breaking down the

velocity of a mechanism into its components in a specific reference frame. This
involves transforming the velocity of each component into a common reference
frame and then summing the individual components to obtain the total velocity of
the mechanism.

Composition Method: The composition method involves determining the

velocity of a mechanism by analyzing the velocity of one of its points and then
transforming that velocity to other points within the mechanism. This method
involves finding the derivative of the position vector with respect to time and then
transforming it to the other points of the mechanism.

Both of these methods are commonly used in the analysis of mechanisms

and play a crucial role in understanding their motion and behavior. The choice of
method will depend on the specific requirements of the analysis and the level of
detail required. In some cases, a combination of both methods may be used to
provide a more complete understanding of the mechanism's velocity.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

5. Identify and discuss the driving force required to attain motion of linkages
for the mechanism.

The driving force required to attain motion in linkages for a mechanism

depends on the type of mechanism and the specific requirements of the
application. The driving force can be provided by a variety of sources, including
motors, actuators, and springs. Some common driving forces used in mechanism
design include:

Electric Motors: Electric motors are commonly used as the driving force in
mechanism design. They provide high torque and precise control, making them
well-suited for a wide range of applications. Electric motors can be used in
combination with gearboxes and other transmission elements to provide the
required driving force.

Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuators: Pneumatic and hydraulic actuators are

commonly used in mechanism design as they provide high force and precision
control. These actuators use pressurized fluid to generate motion, and they are
well-suited for applications that require high power and large forces.

Springs: Springs are commonly used in mechanism design as they provide a

controlled driving force that can be used to store and release energy. They can
be used in combination with other elements, such as dampers, to control the
motion of a mechanism and reduce vibrations.

Gravity: Gravity can also be used as a driving force in mechanism design. This
is commonly seen in mechanisms such as pendulum systems and inclined plane
mechanisms, where the weight of the mechanism provides the driving force.

Human Power: In some cases, human power may be used as the driving force
for a mechanism. This is common in applications such as bicycles, where the rider
provides the force to drive the mechanism.
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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

These are some of the most common driving forces used in mechanism design.
The choice of driving force will depend on the specific requirements of the
application, including the type of motion required, the torque and power
transmission requirements, and the available space and resources.

References:

··· - Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Meccanica. (n.d.). Retrieved January 24,

2023, from https://www.unife.it/ing/lm.meccanica

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Damping. Encyclopædia Britannica.

Retrieved January 24, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/science/damping

Admin. (2022, December 8). What is motion - motion definition, types of motion,
examples, video and faqs. BYJUS. Retrieved February 1, 2023, from
https://byjus.com/physics/introduction-to-
motion/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20nature%20of,Oscillatory%20Motion