ELECTRICAL MACHINE LAB MANUAL

Revised: 2022
Student’s Manual

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, MULTAN
INSTITUTE OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, MULTAN

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY

Lab Manual

Version 3.0

October 2022

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

Engr. Usman Tariq Engr. Usman Tariq
Senior Lecturer Senior Lecturer
Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department

Approved by:
Dr. Rizwan Akbar
HOD. Electrical Engineering
Department (ISP)
Name

Registration
Semester Session
Instructions to the students:
1. Students should come with thorough preparation for the experiment to be conducted.
2. Students will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring the practical record
fully completed in all respects pertaining to the experiment conducted in the previous class.
3. Experiment should be started only after the staff-in-charge has checked the circuit diagram.
4. All the calculations should be made in the observation book. Specimen calculations for one set
of readings have to be shown in the practical record.
5. Wherever graphs are to be drawn, A-4 size graphs only should be used and the same should be
firmly attached to the practical record.
6. Practical record should be neatly maintained.
7. The students should obtain the signature of the staff-in-charge in the observation/manual book
after completing each experiment.
8. Theory regarding each experiment should be written in the practical record before procedure in
your own words.
9. Come prepared to the lab with relevant theory about the experiment you are conducting.
10. Before switching on the power supply, make sure that the voltage knobs are in minimum
position and current knobs are in maximum position.
11. While using electrolytic capacitors, connect them in the right polarity.
12. Before doing the circuit connection, check the active components, CRO probes, equipment etc.,
for their good working condition.
13. Do not use the mustimeter, if the low battery indication comes 6. While using function
generators make sure that DC offset is off.

Caution:
1. Don’t play with electricity.
2. Carelessness not only destroys the valuable equipment in the lab but also costs your life.
3. Mere conduction of the experiment without a clear knowledge of the theory is of no value.
4. Before you close the switch, think consequences.
5. Don’t close the switch until the faculty-in0charge checks the circuit.
Signature _____________________
Visiting hours for students:
Days Time
From To
Monday 09 AM 12 PM
Wednesday 12 PM 2 PM

Objectives:
The main objective of these laboratory courses on Electrical machines is to provide the practical
exposure to the student regarding construction and operation of various electrical machines like DC
generators, DC Motors, Alternators, Synchronous motors, Induction Motors, Special Motors and
Transformers. Students are allowed to conduct various experiments on all the machines for the
validation of performance characteristics of all the machines. From these lab courses student will gain
the skill to select correct machine for a specific application. UG and PG students and Research scholars.

CLO/PLO:
Domain Taxonomy Mapped
CLO# CLO Description
Level PLO#
Exploring the working of linear machine as
CLO1 generator, motor and transformer by applying Cognitive C2 PLO-1
basic electromagnetic laws on them.
Execute experiments in a laboratory to enabling
CLO2 the students to gain insight into the functioning Psychomotor P2 PLO-4
Electrical Machines (DC, AC and transformer).
Restate the attributes of DC machines and their
CLO3 Affective A2 PLO-11
implementations for industrial solutions.

Mapping of Course and Program Learning Outcomes:

Modern Tool Usage
Design/Developmen

Lifelong Learning
Environment and
Problem Analysis

Communication
Individual and
Sustainability
Engineer and

Management
Investigation
t of Solution
Engineering
Knowledge

Teamwork

Project
Society

Ethics

Skills

PLO1 PLO2 PLO3 PLO4 PLO5 PLO6 PLO7 PLO8 PLO9 PLO10 PLO11 PLO12
CLO1 √
CLO2 √
CLO3 √
List of experiment:
1. Demonstrate the transformer polarity test on a single phase transformer by studying step up
and step down transformer.
2. Demonstrate the open circuit test of a single phase transformer to find out its iron losses.
3. Demonstrate the short circuit test of a single phase transformer to obtain the copper losses.
4. Calculate the efficiency and regulation of a single phase transformer by direct loading methods.
5. Calculate the efficiency and regulation of a three phase transformer by direct loading methods.
6. Identify the DC machine, its components and all of its types.
7. Demonstrate how load Characteristics of dc (SHUNT) motors depend upon the nature of the
field excitation.
8. Demonstrate how load Characteristics of dc (SERIES) motors depend upon the nature of the
field excitation.
9. Demonstrate the parameters of the machine model and to obtain the DC Generator
magnetization curve.
10. Demonstrate the load characteristics of separately excited DC generators.
11. Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-Phase cage asynchronous motor at no load and
full load.
12. Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-Phase winding rotor asynchronous motor with star
connection at no load and full load.
13. Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-Phase Synchronous motor with WYE connected
resistors at armature winding.
14. Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-Phase Synchronous motor with Delta connected
resistors at armature winding.
15. Open Ended Lab.
16. Open Ended Lab.
Student Evaluation Sheet:
Marks Obtained

S. # Date Experiment CLO1 CLO2 CLO3 Total

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Total Marks Obtained

( )
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒔 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 = = ________________
𝟏𝟔

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ____________________
 Date#___________________
Experiment#01
Objective:
Demonstrate the transformer polarity test on a single phase transformer by studying step up and step
down transformer.
Apparatus:







Theory:

The principle of transformer action is based on the work of Michael Faraday, who showed that,
when mutual induction exists between two windings, a change in current through one induces a voltage
in the other. Transformers are very versatile. They range in size from miniature units in transistor
radios to huge units used in ac distribution and transmission systems.

Polarities of a transformer identify the relative direction of induced voltages in the two windings.
The polarities result from the relative directions in which the two windings are wound on the core. The
question of the polarity of transformers is of particular importance in making the proper connections for
parallel operation. The winding polarities of a single-phase transformer can be checked by a simple test.

Connect a primary terminal to one of the secondary terminals, and connect a voltmeter across the
other two terminals as shown in Figure. Apply a voltage to the high voltage side and measure the
voltmeter reading. If the voltmeter reads less than the value of the applied voltage, the polarity is
subtractive and indicates that the joint terminals have the same instantaneous polarities. If the voltmeter
reads the sum of the impressed primary voltage and the induced secondary voltage, it indicates that the
joint terminals have opposite instantaneous polarities. The high-voltage terminals are marked H1, H2
and the low-voltage terminals are designated X1, X2.

H1 X1

120 V

H2 X2

V
Figure: Circuit for Polarity Test of a Transformer
Procedure:
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Table # 1:
Sr. No. Input Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V)
Step Up Transformer

Step down Transformer

Table#02:
Sr. No. Input Voltage Output Voltage Voltmeter reading Additive/
(V) (V) (V) Subtractive

Result:
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Self-Assessment:
How you can identify the primary and secondary coils of a transformer?
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Viva:

Evaluation:
Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart
CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#___________________
Experiment#02
Objective:
Demonstrate the open circuit test of a single phase transformer to find out its iron losses.
Apparatus:







Theory:
The principle of transformer action is based on the work of Michael Faraday, who showed that,
when mutual induction exists between two windings, a change in current through one induces a voltage
in the other. Transformers are very versatile. They range in size from miniature units in transistor
radios to huge units used in ac distribution and transmission systems.
Wattmeter
L1 Load
A CC
VC
L2 H1 X1

120 V V Open Circuit

H2 X2

Figure: The open-circuit test

Procedure:
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
Table:
S. # Observations Calculations
Voltage Current Power P.F=P0/V1I0 R0=V1/I0cosθ Xm=V1/I0sinθ
(V1) (I0) (P0)

Result:
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Self-Assessment:
What material is used for the cores of transformer and why?

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Viva:

Evaluation:
Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart
CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#___________________
Experiment#03
Objective:
Demonstrate the short circuit test of a single phase transformer to obtain the copper losses.
Apparatus:







Theory:
The principle of transformer action is based on the work of Michael Faraday, who showed that,
when mutual induction exists between two windings, a change in current through one induces a voltage
in the other. Transformers are very versatile. They range in size from miniature units in transistor
radios to huge units used in ac distribution and transmission systems.

Replace the ac ammeter with a 0-10 A range and short circuit the low-voltage side as shown in
Figure. The primary is supplied from a variac
Wattmeter
L1 Load
A CC

Variac VC
L2 H1 X1
0  10 A
120 V Short Circuit


Use 2 leads
V Vsc X2
H2

Figure: Short-circuit Test

Procedure:
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Caution:
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO ADJUST THE VARIAC TO ZERO BEFORE TURNING ON THE AC
POWER SWITCH.
With the variac set for zero input voltage to the primary turn on the variac. While observing the
primary current, increase the primary voltage slowly and with caution until 1/2 full-load rated current
(5A) flows in the primary.
Record voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings.
S. # Observations (Primary side) Calculations (Secondary side)
Voltage Current Power Secondary P.F=P0/V1I1 Zp=V1/I0 R01=Zp.cosθ X01=Zp.sinθ
(V1) (I0) (P0) Current (I1)

Result:
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Self-Assessment:
Why short circuited test is conducted on HV side?
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Viva:

Evaluation:
Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart
CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#___________________
Experiment#04
Objective:
Calculate the efficiency and regulation of a single phase transformer by direct loading methods.
Apparatus:







Theory:

The efficiency of transformer is also introduced as the same ratio of output energy to the input
energy (efficiency = output/input). Electrical machines like transformers are greatly efficient
instruments. We know that various types of transformers exist in the market according to the application
where the full power efficiency of these transformers differs from 95% to 98.5%. Once a transformer is
typically efficient, then the output, as well as the input, has almost the same value. Therefore, it is not
common to calculate the efficiency of the transformer by employing output/input. So, this post explains
a complete overview of the efficiency of transformer.

1. Large amount of energy has to be wasted in such a test.

2. It is impossible for large transformers to arrange a load large enough for direct loading.
Yet this test is used to find out the efficiency and voltage regulation for small transformers.

Efficiency (η) = (Power Output/Power Input)

η=P0/Loss+P0×100

Figure: Short-circuit Test

Table:
S. # Load V0 I0 P0 V1 I1 P1 Efficiency
(Ω) (V) (A) (Watt) (V) (A) (P) (%)

Calculations:
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Efficiency= 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 x 100
𝑃1
Efficiency= 𝑥100
𝑃0
Voltage Regulation Table:
S. # Secondary no Secondary Load Regulation
load voltage Voltage (%)
(𝑽𝟎 ) (𝑽𝑳 ) Up Down

Calculations:
𝑉 −𝑉
Voltage regulation up = 0𝑉 𝐿 x 100
𝐿
𝑉0 −𝑉𝐿
Voltage regulation Down = x 100
𝑉0
Procedure:
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Result:

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Self-Assessment:
What are the factors effecting the regulation of transformer?

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Viva:

Evaluation:
Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart
CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#_____________________
Experiment#05
Objective:
Calculate the efficiency and regulation of a three phase transformer by direct loading methods.
Apparatus:







Theory:
Three-phase transformers are passive machines that pass electrical energy between circuits. In
the secondary circuit, a magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf), thus stepping up (increase)
or stepping down (decrease) voltages without altering the frequency. There are different kinds of
electrical systems, and therefore transformers have to operate alongside compatible systems. A three-
phase transformer works with a three-phase AC (alternating current) electrical system to provide
consumers with stable and device-safe electricity. Depending on the industry or application, the size,
design, volt-ampere rating, and load-bearing capabilities of the three-phase transformer will different.

A three-phase transformer having three sets of windings on both primary and secondary sides

Three-phase transformer configurations:

There are two significant connections for these three-phase machines; the star and delta configurations.

Star and delta connections

Connection Phase voltage Line voltage Phase current
Star VP = VL / √3 VL = √3 * VP IP = IL
Delta VP = VL VL = VP IP = IL / √3
Table:
Secondary no load Low-voltage
Efficiency
voltage Measurements
Transformer
(L-L) (L-n) Current (L-L) (L-n) Current
connections
VXL VXP (A) VXL VXP (A)

Wye-Wye

Wye-Delta

Delta-Delta

Table:
High voltage Secondary load
% Regulation
Transformer Measurements voltage
connections (L-L) (L-N) (L-L) (L-n) Up Down
VHL VHP VXL VXP
Wye-Wye

Wye-Delta

Delta-Delta

Procedure:

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Result:
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Self-Assessment:

Why KVA rating is used in transformer?

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Viva:

Evaluation:
Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart
CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#___________________
Experiment#06
Objective:
Identify the DC machine, its components and all of its types.
Apparatus:






Theory:
A DC motor is designed to run on DC electric power. Two examples
of pure DC designs are Michael Faraday's homo-polar motor (which is
uncommon), and the ball bearing motor, which is (so far) a novelty. By far
the most common DC motor types are the brushed and brushless types, which
use internal and external commutation respectively to create an oscillating
AC current from the DC source -- so they are not purely DC machines in a
strict sense.

COMPONENT OF D.C MOTORS:

D.C motors are made up of
following major
components:
 Frame
 Shaft
 Bearings
 Main field winding
(Stator)
 Armature (Rotor)
 Commutator
Brush assembly:
It
is important to
understand the
characteristics of main frame winding, known as the stator, and of the rotating windings, known as
the armature winding. An understanding of these two components will help understanding the
various functions of D.C drivers

BASIC CONSTRUCTION:
The field windings
are mounted on pole pieces to form the stator
electromagnets. (In smaller D.C motors, the field
may be formed by permanent magnets.) Field
winding and pole pieces are bolted to the frame.
The armature is inserted between the field
windings and supported by bearings and end
brackets. Carbon brushes are held against the
Commutator.
ARMATURE:

The armature rotates between the field windings. It is

made up of shaft, core, windings and Commutator. The
armature winding are usually wound on a form and
then placed in slots in the core.

COMMUTATOR AND BRUSHES:

Brushes ride on the side of Commutator to provide supply

voltage to the motor. The construction makes D.C motor
mechanically complex, which can leads to problems in adverse
environment. Dirt on Commutator, for example, can prevent
supply voltage from reaching the armature. Corrosives can
damage the Commutator.
Another potential problem with D.C motors steam from the action
of carbon brushes on the Commutator. The normal making and
breaking of armature circuits on the Commutator causes sparking.
This can be a problem in hazardous environments.
Armature Field:
The armature is made up of many coils of conductor. The
magnetic field of these
conductors combines to form a
resultant armature field with
north and south poles. The
north pole of armature field is
attracted to the South Pole of
the main field. The south
armature pole, likewise, is
attracted to the North Pole of
the main field. This attraction
exerts a continuous torque on
the armature.
Even though the armature is
continuously moving, the
resultant field appears to be fixed. This is due to commutation.

Armature reaction:
In a dc machine the main field is produced by field coils. In both the generating and
motoring modes the armature carries current and a magnetic field is established which is called the
armature flux. The effect of armature flux on the main field is called the armature reaction.
The armature reaction:
 Demagnetizes the main field
 Cross magnetizes the main field.

The demagnetizing effect can be overcome by adding extra ampere turns on the main field.
The cross magnetizing effect can be reduced by having common poles.
Procedure:

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Table:

Sr. # Applied Voltages Current Speed Torque

(V) (A) (rpm) (N-m)

Result:

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Self-Assessment:
1._____________________ 2. _______________________

3. _____________________ 4. _______________________

5.______________________

Viva:

Evaluation:

Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart

CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date____________________
Experiment #07
Objective:
Demonstrate how load Characteristics of dc (SHUNT) motors depend upon the nature of the field
excitation.
Apparatus:






Theory:
The shunt motor is loaded by means of the dynamometer. Connect the dynamometer as a
separately-excited dc generator. If necessary, zero the dynamometer scale. With starting resistance at
the IN position and the field rheostat set for minimum resistance, start the motor. When the motor
comes to speed, short the starting resistor. With the dynamometer on no-load and its field winding open
(dc supply off) adjust the dc motor field rheostat for no-load speed (with field rheostat set to its
minimum value). Record the following data for the motor in Table 1: the dc supply voltage, armature
current, field current, motor speed and the dynamometer pull. Keep the motor field rheostat constant
through this test. Energize the dynamometer field and adjust its field rheostat for a generated emf in the
range of 50-110 V (to observe the dynamometer voltage connect a voltmeter across the load bank).
Using the load resistor for coarse adjustments and the dynamometer field rheostat for fine adjustment,
load the motor in step until it draws an armature current of approximately 8 A.

Ia
B R
SERIES
B
R R R B R
R A A 0-10A
S S
H DC H R
U DC U If
N
GEN Motor N
T
T B
B B
Dynamometer B 5, 1KW
Field Rheostat STARTING
LOAD: six parallel RESISTOR
60 resistive load
R
Coarse Control ON OFF
R R
START
Field Rheostat
Fine Control V
STOP
B B DC ONLY

120 V DC
Procedure:
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Table:
Measured Data Calculated Data
V Ia If n Pull I L  Ia  I f Pi  VI L Torque Po  T 
Volts Amps Amps RPM Kg Amps Watts N-m Watts Percent

Result:
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Self-Assessment:
Discuss the properties and applications of DC Shunt motor?
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Viva:

Evaluation:

Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart

CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#___________________
Experiment #08
Objective:
Demonstrate how load Characteristics of dc (SERIES) motors depend upon the nature of the field
excitation.
Apparatus:






Theory:
Series motor
Remove the shunt field connection and connect the motor for series operation as shown in Figure 3.
Ia
SERIES
B R B
R R R A 0-10A
S
H R
DC DC
U
GEN Motor
N
T
B B
Dynamometer B 5, 1KW
STARTING
LOAD: six parallel RESISTOR
60 resistive load
R
Coarse Control ON OFF
R R
START
Field Rheostat
Fine Control V
STOP
B B DC ONLY

120 V DC
Figure 3 Circuit for series motor

A series motor at no-load will attain a dangerously high speed. To prevent overspeed, before
starting the motor turn the dynamometer field supply on and leave one load resistor in. Start the motor.
If the motor speed is too high add more load resistor on the dynamometer. Short the starting resistor.
Adjust the load for an armature current of approximately 8 A. Record all the load data in Table III.
Reduce the load in step until speed reaches almost 3000 rpm and at each step measure the readings. (Do
not exceed 3000 rpm).
Procedure:
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Table:
Measured Data Calculated Data
V Ia I f  Ia n Pull IL  Ia Pi  VI L Torque P  T
o

Volts Amps Amps RPM Kg Amps Watts N-m Watts Percent

Result:

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Self-Assessment:
Discuss the properties and applications of DC Series motor?
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Viva:

Evaluation:
Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart
CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#_______________
Experiment #09
Objective:
Demonstrate the parameters of the machine model and to obtain the DC Generator magnetization curve.
Apparatus:






Theory:
MAGNETIZATION CURVE OF A DC GENERATOR

CAUTION: High voltages are present in this Laboratory Experiment! Do not make any connections
with the power on! The power must be turned off before the circuit is modified.
The dc machine, as a generator was the first device used to provide a significant amount of
electrical energy. They are widely used in vehicles that have electric storage batteries. However, most
direct current generators are being increasingly replaced by solid-state devices, which convert available
ac to direct current for dc drive systems and other dc applications. The dc motor was also the first
electrical device to provide rotating mechanical energy. Because of the ease with which their speed can
be controlled, dc motors are often used in applications requiring a wide range of motor speeds such as
paper and steel industries.
There is no real difference between a generator and a motor except for the direction of the power
flow. In the dc machine, the field winding is placed on the stator and the armature on the rotor. The
field windings are wound around the poles of the stator and are supplied with dc current, which produces
the main magnetic field of the machine. The armature windings are placed in the rotor slots, which are
uniformly distributed around the rotor’s periphery. Voltage induced in the armature winding is
alternating. A mechanical commutator and a brush assembly function as a rectifier or inverter, making
the armature terminal voltage unidirectional. The commutator is essentially a mechanical switch that is
arranged to short out and then reverse the current direction in each coil of the armature winding
consecutively.
The field current in a generator produces an mmf, which results in the field flux in accordance
with the magnetization curve. When the machine is driven by a prime mover an emf is induced in the
armature. The generated emf in the armature winding is proportional to the field flux times the speed (
Ea   n ). The magnetization curve of a generator shows the relation between the field current and the
armature terminal voltage on open circuit. The curve is drawn with induced armature voltage on the y-
axis and field current on the x-axis. The magnetization curve is of great importance because it represents
the saturation of the magnetic circuit of the dc machine.
DC generators are classified according to the manner in which their field flux is produced.
These include separately excited generator, where the flux is derived from a separate dc source. When
certain conditions are fulfilled, the generator own armature circuit may be employed as a source of field
excitation. These machines are referred to as self-excited shunt generator, series generator and
compounded generator. The first condition for self-excitation is that there must be some residual
magnetism in the poles of the generators.
In a shunt generator, the voltage generated by this residual flux produces a field current given by
V
If  . If the flux produced by this current is aiding the residual flux, it will result in the voltage
Rf
buildup. The voltage will build up to a value given by the intersection of the field resistance line and the
magnetization curve. At some resistance value R fcrit , the resistance line is almost coincident with the
linear portion of the magnetization curve. This coincidence condition results in an unstable voltage
situation. This resistance is known as the critical field resistance. Thus, for voltage buildup the other
requirements are: the field winding must be connected in such a way that its mmf would be aiding the
residual magnetism; also, for a given speed the field circuit resistance must be less than the critical field
circuit resistance.

R R
M D
O R R
T I START
V SHUNT ARM M O V Bl
R E
DC B STOP

Bl Bl Generator 3 AC Motor

R
A START
Two Field
Rheostat in Series Bl STOP
DC ONLY

120 V DC 208 V 3

Procedure:
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Table and Calculation:
Measurement of Machine Constants
Using the DMM as an ohmmeter, measure the resistance of the armature, the series field and the shunt
field of the dc generator (dynamometer).

Armature resistance, Ra  _________________________

Series field resistance, Rs  _________________________

Shunt field resistance, R f  _________________________

The resistance as measured between the armature terminals is composed of two distinct components.
One component is the resistance of the copper winding, and the other is the combined resistance of the
carbon brushes and the brush contact. The latter component is not constant and varies approximately
inversely as the armature current.

Increasing field current Decreasing field current

Field current I f , A Generated voltage Field current I f , A Generated voltage

E, Volts E, Volts

Result:

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Self-Assessment:
Discuss the properties and applications of DC Shunt Generator?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Viva:

Evaluation:

Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart

CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#_______________
Experiment #10
Objective:
Demonstrate the load characteristics of separately excited DC generators
Apparatus:






Theory:
Drive the dc generator at constant speed by means of the synchronous reluctance motor.
Connect the synchronous reluctance motor to the 3-phase 208 V supply through a manual ac starter as
shown. Place an ac ammeter in one phase. Because of the high starting current a toggle switch shorts
the ammeter during starting. This ammeter indicates the current drawn by the ac motor. During the test
observe this meter so as not to exceed the rated current of the ac motor.
Separately excite the dc generator by connecting the dc shunt field through a dc ammeter, a
rheostat and a pushbutton switch to the 120 V dc source. Connect the 120 V resistor bank in series with
a dc ammeter across the armature and use a dc voltmeter to measure the terminal voltage. Zero the
dynamometer scale. The ac ammeter is provided with a bypass toggle switch, press the switch to read
the ammeter. Turn on the ac power and start the ac motor. Turn on the dc power and adjust the
open-circuit voltage to 80 V. With the load bank off record in Table I the field current I f , armature
current ( I a  I L ), the terminal voltage V , speed n , and the dynamometer pull. Now, without changing
the field rheostat, load the generator using the load bank and repeat the measurements as each load is
switched on. You may load the dynamometer up to 9 A for a short time if readings are taken quickly.

0-10A
IL  Ia A
A
R R
M D
O R R
I START
T
V SHUNT ARM M O V Bl
R E
150V DC B STOP

DC Bl Bl Generator 3 AC Motor

LOAD: six parallel

60 resistive load R
A START
If Field Rheostat
Bl STOP
DC ONLY

120 V DC 208 V 3

Evaluate the calculated data and enter in Table I.

CAUTION: TURN OFF POWER BEFORE MAKING ANY CHANGES
Procedure:
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Table:
Measured Data Calculated Data
V Ia If n Pull IL  Ia P0  VI L Torque P  T 
i
Volts Amps Amps RPM Kg Amps Watts N-m Watts Percent

Result:

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____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Self-Assessment:
Discuss the properties and applications of separately excited DC Generator?
____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
Viva:

Evaluation:

Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart

CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#__________________
Experiment #11
Objective:
Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-Phase cage asynchronous motor at no load and full load.
Apparatus:






Theory:
A 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor is a type of three phase induction motor which
functions based on the principle of electromagnetism. It is called a ‘squirrel cage’ motor because the
rotor inside of it – known as a ‘squirrel cage rotor’ – looks like a squirrel cage.
This rotor is a cylinder of steel laminations, with highly conductive metal (typically aluminum or
copper) embedded into its surface. When an alternating current is run through the stator windings, a
rotating magnetic field is produced.
This induces a current in the rotor winding, which produces its own magnetic field. The interaction of
the magnetic fields produced by the stator and rotor windings produces a torque on the squirrel cage
rotor.
One big advantage of a squirrel cage motor is how easily you can change its speed-torque
characteristics. This can be done by simply adjusting the shape of the bars in the rotor. Squirrel cage
induction motors are used a lot in industry – as they are reliable, self-starting, and easy to adjust.

Procedure:
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Table:
Sr. Voltage Current Load Torque Power RPM
No. (V) (A) (Ω) N-m (W)

Result:
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Self-Assessment:
What is the working principal of cage induction motor?
___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Viva:
Evaluation:
Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart
CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#____________________
Experiment #12
Objective:
Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-Phase winding rotor asynchronous motor with star connection at
no load and full load.
Apparatus:







Theory:
Wound rotor induction machine:
A wound rotor induction motor has a stator like a squirrel cage induction motor, but a
rotor with insulated windings brought out via slip rings and brushes. However, no power is applied to
the slip rings. Their sole purpose is to allow resistance to be placed in series with the rotor windings
while starting (figure below). This resistance is shorted out once the motor is started to make the rotor
look electrically like the squirrel cage counterpart.
Squirrel cage induction motors draw 500% to over 1000% of full load current (FLC) during
starting. While this is not a severe problem for small motors, it is for large (10’s of kW) motors.
Placing resistance in series with the rotor windings not only decreases start current, locked rotor
current (LRC) but also increases the starting torque, locked rotor torque (LRT). The figure below
shows that by increasing the rotor resistance from R 0 to R1 to R2, the breakdown torque peak is
shifted left to zero speed. Note that this torque peak is much higher than the starting torque available
with no rotor resistance (R 0) slip is proportional to rotor resistance, and pullout torque is proportional
to slip. Thus, high torque is produced while starting.

Speed control:
Motor speed may be varied by putting variable resistance back into the rotor circuit. This
reduces the rotor current and speed. The high starting torque available at zero speed, the downshifted
break down torque, is not available at high speed. See R 2 curve at 90% Ns, the figure below.
Resistors R 0, R1, R2 , R3 increase in value from zero. A higher resistance at R 3 reduces the speed
further. The speed regulation is poor with respect to changing torque loads. This speed control
technique is only useful over a range of 50% to 100% of full speed. Speed control works well with
variable speed loads like elevators and printing presses.
Wound rotor induction machine qualities:
1. Excellent starting torque for high inertia loads.
2. Low starting current compared to squirrel cage induction motor.
3. Speed is the resistance variable over 50% to 100% full speed.
4. Higher maintenance of brushes and slip rings compared to squirrel cage motor.
5. The generator version of the wound rotor machine is known as a double-fed induction
generator, a variable speed machine.
Procedure:

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Table:
Sr. No Voltage Current Load Torque Power Speed
resistance
1
2
3
4
5
Result:
_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Self-Assessment:

Viva:

Evaluation:
Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart
CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#_____________________
Experiment #13
Objective:
Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-Phase Synchronous motor with WYE connected resistors at
armature winding.
Apparatus:





Theory:
Synchronous Motor:
For synchronous motor the speed of the rotor of the motor is the same as the rotating magnetic
field. It is a fixed speed motor because it has only one speed, which is synchronous speed. This
speed is synchronized with the supply frequency. The synchronous speed is given by:

Where:
 N= The Synchronous Speed (in RPM – i.e. Rotations Per Minute)
 f = The Supply Frequency (in Hz)
 p = The number of Poles

Its construction is almost similar to that of a 3 phase induction motor, except the fact that
here we supply DC to the rotor, the reason of which we shall explain later. Now, let us first go through
the basic construction of this type of motor. From the above picture, it is clear that how we design this
type of machine. We apply three phase supply to the stator and DC supply to the rotor.
Main Features of Synchronous Motors:
1. Synchronous motors are inherently not self-starting. They require some external means to
bring their speed close to synchronous speed to before they are synchronized.
 2. The speed of operation of is in synchronism with the supply frequency and hence for constant
supply frequency they behave as constant speed motor irrespective of load condition
3. This motor has the unique characteristics of operating under any electrical power factor.
4. This makes it being used in electrical power factor improvement.

Application of Synchronous Motors:

1. Synchronous motor having no load connected to its shaft is used for power
factor improvement. Owing to its characteristics to behave at any electrical power factor, it is
used in power system in situations where static capacitors are expensive.
2. Synchronous motor finds application where operating speed is less (around 500 rpm) and high
power is required. For power requirement from 35 kW to 2500 KW, the size, weight and cost
of the corresponding three phase induction motor is very high. Hence these motors are
preferably used. Ex- Reciprocating pump, compressor, rolling mills etc.

Procedure:
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____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________________________________

Table:
Sr. No Voltage Current Load Torque Power Speed
resistance
1
2
3
4
5

Result:
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____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
 Self-Assessment:

Discuss the effect of WYE connected resistor with armature winding?

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Viva:

Evaluation:

Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart

CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________
 Date#_____________________
Experiment #14
Objective:
Demonstrate the characteristics of 3-Phase Synchronous motor with Delta connected resistors at
armature winding.
Apparatus:





Theory:

Synchronous Motor:
For synchronous motor the speed of the rotor of the motor is the same as the rotating magnetic
field. It is a fixed speed motor because it has only one speed, which is synchronous speed. This
speed is synchronized with the supply frequency. The synchronous speed is given by:

Where:
 N= The Synchronous Speed (in RPM – i.e. Rotations Per Minute)
 f = The Supply Frequency (in Hz)
 p = The number of Poles

Its construction is almost similar to that of a 3 phase induction motor, except the fact that
here we supply DC to the rotor, the reason of which we shall explain later. Now, let us first go through
the basic construction of this type of motor. From the above picture, it is clear that how we design this
type of machine. We apply three phase supply to the stator and DC supply to the rotor.
Main Features of Synchronous Motors:
1. Synchronous motors are inherently not self-starting. They require some external means to
bring their speed close to synchronous speed to before they are synchronized.
2. The speed of operation of is in synchronism with the supply frequency and hence for constant
supply frequency they behave as constant speed motor irrespective of load condition
3. This motor has the unique characteristics of operating under any electrical power factor.
4. This makes it being used in electrical power factor improvement.
Application of Synchronous Motors:
1. Synchronous motor having no load connected to its shaft is used for power
factor improvement. Owing to its characteristics to behave at any electrical power factor, it is
used in power system in situations where static capacitors are expensive.
2. Synchronous motor finds application where operating speed is less (around 500 rpm) and high
power is required. For power requirement from 35 kW to 2500 KW, the size, weight and cost
of the corresponding three phase induction motor is very high. Hence these motors are
preferably used. Ex- Reciprocating pump, compressor, rolling mills etc.

Procedure:
_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Table:
Sr. No Voltage Current Load Torque Power Speed
resistance
1
2
3
4
5

Result:
_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
 Self-Assessment:

Discuss the effect of WYE connected resistor with armature winding?

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Viva:

Evaluation:

Experimental CLO/PLO Based Evaluation Chart

CLO#01/PlO#01 CLO#02/PlO#04 CLO#03/PlO#11
(Cognitive) (Psychomotor) (Affective)
Apparatus Theory Circuit Procedure Readings/ Result Viva
(1) (1) Diagrams (1) Tabulations (1) (2)
(2) (2)

Total= Total= Total=

Instructor: Muhammad Usman Tariq

Signature: ________________________