STATICS

7 Friction
Masni-Azian Akiah, PhD.
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan
 7 Friction

Characteristics of Dry Friction

Problems Involving Dry Friction

Friction Wedges
FRICTION

Force which restrict the Force exerted to

create motion
movement of two connected
surface that slide relative to one
another.

Direction of friction:

• tangent to the surface of the

contact point.

Friction
• opposite to the external force
exerted to create motion.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION
Occurs between contacting surface of bodies when there is NO LUBRICATING FLUID.

Ideal free-body diagram

consists of resultant normal
microscopic irregularities and frictional force.
between contacting surface
weight of the body, W W

△ F1 △ F2

P △ N1 △ N2 P
subjected ceHFr'G[
to external
force △ Nn upward force to balance F
the weight of the body.
△ Fn frictional force which
restrict motion caused x
N
by P.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION
Impending Motion
• As P increases, friction F also increases.

When the surface of contact is

“slippery”, the frictional force, F
may not be great enough to
balance P and consequently the
block will tend to SLIP.
P
• Impending motion is a state when P reach
the maximum frictional force, Fs.




 Fs = μsN
where μs is the coefficient of static friction.

N is the resultant normal force.

• μs defines the limit of the contact surface to

Slipping
F be in static state. 

Example metal on ice, μs = 0.03 - 0.05

Slippery
surface aluminium on aluminium, μs = 1.10 - 1.70
CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION
Impending Motion
• When the body begins to move/slip, the
frictional force typically drop and measured
as kinetic friction, Fk






 Fk = μk N


where μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction.

N is the resultant normal force.
Impending
motion
PROBLEMS INVOLVING DRY FRICTION
1) No apparent impending motion

• From the Figure, frictional force, F at A and

C have to be determined.

• The bar will remain in equilibrium if:

FA ≤ 0.3NA , and

FC ≤ 0.5NA

Example: There are two contact point,

6 unknowns can be which have different μs value. So,
solved with 6 equilibrium maximum static friction force, Fs
equations. (3 equations differs. Impending motion is not
from each member) aparent for this structure.
PROBLEMS INVOLVING DRY FRICTION
2) Impending motion at all points of contacts

• In this case, if motion if impending, have to

use formula Fs = μsN.

• If the body is slipping, have to use formula

Fk = μk N

Example:
5 unknowns can be solved
with 3 equilibrium equations
+ 2 frictional equations.
PROBLEMS INVOLVING DRY FRICTION
3) Impending motion at some points of contacts

• As P increases, it will either;

✦cause slipping at A (FA = 0.3NA), no slipping at C

(FC ≤ 0.5NC); or

✦cause slipping at C (FC = 0.5NC), no slipping at A

(FA ≤ 0.3NA)).

Example:
7 unknowns can be solved
with 6 equlibrium equations
+ 2 frictional equations.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY FRICTION
Tipping vs. Slipping
If P < F, the body will
remain in equilibrium.
If location of resultant friction
If P increases and it reached force x reached the end of the
Fs = μskN, the body will contact surface, the body will
begin slipping. begin tipping.

W W W

P P P

F F
Fs = μs N
x
x x N
N N
Example 1: Dry Friction

The uniform crate shown has a

mass of 20 kg. If a force P = 80 N
is applied to the crate, determine
if it remains in equilibrium. The
coefficient of static friction is 

μs = 0.3.
Solution will be given in the video
lecture.
Example 2: Dry Friction
The uniform crate shown has a mass
of 20 kg. If a force P = 80 N is
applied to the It is observed that
when the bed of the dump truck is
o
raised to an angle of θ = 25 the
vending machines will begin to slide
off the bed. Determine the static
coefficient of friction between a
vending machine and the surface of
the truck-bed.

Solution will be given in the video

lecture.
Example 3: Dry Friction
The uniform crate shown has a mass
of 20 kg. If a force P = 80 N is
applied to the It is observed that
when the bed of the dump truck is
o
raised to an angle of θ = 25 the
vending machines will begin to slide
off the bed. Determine the static
coefficient of friction between a
vending machine and the surface of
the truck-bed.

Solution will be given in the video

lecture.
Example 3: Dry Friction
The uniform 10 kg ladder rests against the
smooth wall at B and ends A rests on the
rough horizontal plane for which the
coefficient of static friction is μs = 0.3 .
Determine the angle of inclination θ of the
ladder and the normal reaction at B if the
ladder is on the verge of slipping.

Solution will be given in the video

lecture.
Additional Example: Dry Friction
If the coefficient of static friction
between the 150 kg crate and the
ground is µs = 0.3. Determine the
minimum coefficient of static friction
between the 80 kg man’s shoes and
the ground so that the man can
move the crate.

Solution will be given in the video

lecture.
Additional Example: Dry Friction
Box A and Box B are having weight
of 10 kg and 20 kg respectively. The
coefficient of static friction between
Box A and Box B is µs = 0.3, and the
coefficient of static friction between
Box B and floor is µs = 0.4.The angle
of inclination θ = 20°. Determine
tension in the cable .

Solution will be given in the video

lecture.
 WEDGES

• An inclined object used

to adjust elevation and
provide stability of heavy
objects.

Figure: Wedges application on large vessel

 F3

WEDGES Free-body
W

diagram of N3
Simple machine that is often used to transform an
OBJECT.
applied force into a much larger forces, directed at
appropriate right angles to the applied force. F2
Wall

N2
W
Small force, P N2
used to lift an
object with weight Free-body F2
W using wedge at diagram of P
θ
angle θ. WEDGE.
F1

N1
P
Fn Friction force
θ Nn Normal force at contact
Impending surfaces.
motion
WEDGES

Wall

If P is +ve, then the wedge W

must be pulled out.

If P is 0, then the wedge will

stay in place (self-locking).

If P is -ve, then the wedge will

P
come out on its own.
θ
Impending
motion
Example 1: Wedges

The uniform stone has a mass of 500 kg and

is held in the horizontal position using a
wedge at B. If the coefficient of static
friction is μs = 0.3 at the surfaces of
contact, determine the minimum force P
needed to remove the wedge.

Assume that the stone does not slip at A.

Solution will be given in the video lecture.

Example 2: Wedges

The load weighs 100 N and the μs between

surfaces AC and BD is 0.3. Smooth rollers
are placed between wedges A and B.
Assume the rollers and the wedges have
negligible weights. Find the force P needed
to lift the load.

Solution will be given in the video lecture.

Additional Example 1: Wedges

The crate weighs 300 N and mS at all

contacting surfaces is 0.3. Assume the
wedges have negligible weight. Find the
smallest force P needed to pull out the
wedge.

Solution will be given in the video lecture.

Additional Example 2: Wedges

Blocks A and B weigh 50 N and 30 N

respectively. Find the smallest weight of
cylinder D which will cause the loss of
static equilibrium.

Solution will be given in the video lecture.