TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
THAPATHALI CAMPUS

SUBMITTED BY:

Name Roll no
Puspagya Joshi THA077BAM026
Bipana Bhujel THA077BAM027
Rohan Shrestha THA077BAM028
Rojit Timilsina THA077BAM029
Rupak Chaulagain THA077BAM030

SUBMITTED TO: Obtain Marks:

Department of Automobile and Mechanical Engineering Remarks:

Signature:
Lab Date: 1st Feb, 2023
Submission Date:
TORSION TEST OF CIRCULAR SHAFT
OBJECTIVES:

 To determine the shear modulus (modulus of rigidity) of given mild steel from the
torque-angle of twist data.
 To understand the relationship between the torque and the angle of twist for solid
circular shafts of given material.
 To determine the maximum shear stress at the elastic limit and at failure.
INTRODUCTION:
In many applications, such as axles, coil springs, and derives shafts; an engineering material
must have good resistance to stresses induced by twisting (TORSION). The stress resulting from
such torsion load can be determined by means of the torsion test. This test resembles the
tension test in that a load deflection curve is also development (which is transformed to a
shear-strain curve). In a torsion test, a solid
or hollow cylindrical specimen is twisted
and the resultant deformation, measured
as the angle through which the bar is
twisted. The test then consists of
measuring the angle of twist, Φ (rad) at
selected increments of torque, T (N.m).
Expressing Φ as the angular deflection
curve per unit gage length, one is able to
plot a T-Φ curve that is analogous to the
load deflection curve of the torsion test. To
be useful for engineering purpose, it's
necessary to convert this T-Φ curve to the
shear stress τ, and shear strain γ.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

 Torsion test machine

 Drive unit with geared motor.
 Test rod of mild steel or cast iron, aluminium, brass
 Test rod holder (commercially available ¾" socket).
 Dolly on guide rails, can be set up rapidly, with torque measuring device.
 Torsion resistant base plate.
 Transparent protective cover.
 Steel rule
 Vernier calliper or a micrometre
  Other requirements: Electrical Power Supply : 240VAC/1-phase/50Hz

Fig: Torsion Test Machine

THEORY:
To obtain a relationship between the internal torque and the stresses it sets up in members
with circular and tubular cross sections, it is important to make few assumptions:
i. A plane section of material perpendicular to the axis of a circular member
remains plane after the torque is applied (note that this is not true for large
deformations).
ii. In a circular member subject to torque, shearing strains vary linearly from the
central axis.
iii. Shearing stress is proportional to shearing strain.
When a shaft is subjected to torque it undergoes torsional deformation characterized by the
angle of twist. The relation between the angle of twist (∅) and the torque (T) is a measure of
the torsional stiffness, and the shear modulus of material (G) can be found from this relation.
Relations for the engineering strain,
L
𝛾¿𝜌* ¿𝛾 ~ 𝛾]
A
Where 𝜌 is the radius at which the square element is
taken and L is the length of the shaft.
Shear stress is related to shear strain by,
 Tc
𝜏 = ; 𝜏max¿
J
Where J is the polar moment of inertia, and c is the radius of the shaft.
4
πd
So, for a solid circular shaft, J=
32
Where,
d= 2 𝑟 = Diameter of the shaft
Another useful relation for angle of twist is;
TL
∅=
JG
DESCRIPTION OF TEST MACHINE:
The testing unit consists of the following components: base plate (1), drive unit (2) with geared
motor to generate the testing moment. The
moment is transferred to the testing rod (4) via
a square drive (3/4") and standard socket
spanners (3). The rotational angle sensor, the
electronic system for the recording and display
of the measured values, and the drive motor
control are located in the drive unit housing. A
frequency converter is used to adjust the speed
of the drive motor. The other end of the testing
rod (4) is fixed to the support (5) with torque
measurement device. The support (5) can be
shifted on guide rails (6) and can be braced with
two clamp levers (7), to allow for the testing of
samples of different lengths. The torque is
measured using a metering shaft equipped with
a strain gauge. The shaft has ball bearings on
the sample side to avoid measuring errors
resulting from friction. The electrical power is connected to the basic unit via a cable with a 5-
pin plug (8). The base plate (1) is reinforced with box sections in order to ensure a high degree
of torsion rigidity and low inherent distortion. This ensures that a high degree of precision
during torsion measurement has been reached in conjunction with the high-resolution
optoelectronic torsion sensor. A transparent protective hood (9) protects against flying
fragments. This can occur when especially hard and brittle materials fracture.
All display and operating elements required for conducting the test are arranged on the front
plate of the drive unit. The unit is turned on with
the main switch (1). The unit can be stopped and
de-energized with the emergency stop switch (2)
at any time. The motor control switch (3) switches
the drive motor in both rotational directions. The
motor stops in the middle position, and rotates to
the left in the left position and to the right in the
right position. The switch has two positions. The
first, non-locking position permits jogging
operation; the motor stops when the switch is
released. The motor runs continuously in the
second, locking position. The speed selection
switch (4) has 4 different deformation speeds: 50
rpm, 100 rpm, 200 rpm, and 500 rpm.
The LCD display (5) shows the current testing moment (torque) in Nm and the angle of rotation
in degrees. Before the test run the displayed values can be set to zero with the tare key (6). The
operating switch (7) is used to select between manual operation at the unit or remote control
via a PC. Special control software is required for remote control with the PC. The power supply
connection (230 V / 50 Hz) and an interface socket are located on the back of the drive unit to
link the PC. A button on the back panel is used to reset the overheating protection of the drive.
MACHINE AND SPECIMEN SPECIFICATION:

 Max. test moment : 200Nm

 Test speeds : 50, 100, 200, 500 rpm
 Specimen length: max. 300 mm
 Specimen holder : hexagonal socket 19 mm A/F
 Strain gauge torque measurement : up to 199.9 N-m
 Absolute angle encoder, optoelectronic
- measuring range : up to 3200°
- resolution : 0.1°
 PC interface : RS232
 Frequency converter with 4 fixed speeds
 Motor output : 0.12 kW
PRECAUTION:

 Remember to use emergency stop button when required.

 Check whether emergency stop button is at OFF position before starting the machine.
  The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.
 Select the suitable rod holder sockets to suit the size of the specimen.
 The specimen should be properly placed to get between the holder sockets and
remember to clamp the dolly tight on guide rails.
 No attempt should be made to remove a specimen when under load.
 Take reading accurately as possible.
 Continue operating the machine till fracture of the specimen.
 After the completion of experiment, do not forget to switch OFF the main supply.

FIGURES:

Fig: Torsion Test Machine Fig: Material after Torsion test

Fig: Before experiment Fig: After experiment

OBSERVATION TABLE:
1. At Speed= 50 rpm,
 Total length : 82.7 mm
 Effective length : 72.7 mm
 Diameter of specimen= (10.4+10.3+10.4)/3= 10.367 mm
SN Torque Angle of twist (Φ) Angle of twist (Φ) Shear strain Shear stress (τ)
(N.m) (in degree) (in radians) (Г) (MNm2)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 50.8 20 0.35 0.03 230.98
3 55.2 40 0.70 0.05 250.99
4 61.6 60 1.05 0.08 280.09
5 66.4 80 1.40 0.10 301.92
6 71.6 100 1.75 0.12 325.56
7 75.2 120 2.09 0.15 341.93
8 78.8 140 2.44 0.17 358.30
9 82.4 160 2.79 0.20 374.67
10 84.8 180 3.14 0.22 385.58
11 87.2 200 3.49 0.25 396.49
12 88.8 220 3.84 0.27 403.77
13 90.8 240 4.19 0.30 412.86
14 92.4 260 4.54 0.32 420.14
15 94 280 4.89 0.35 427.41
16 95.2 300 5.24 0.37 432.87
17 97.2 320 5.58 0.40 441.96
18 98.4 340 5.93 0.42 447.42
19 99.2 360 6.28 0.45 451.06
20 100.4 380 6.63 0.47 456.51
21 101.2 400 6.98 0.50 460.15
22 102.4 420 7.33 0.52 465.61
23 103.6 440 7.68 0.55 471.06
24 104.4 460 8.03 0.57 474.70
25 104.8 480 8.38 0.60 476.52
26 105.6 500 8.73 0.62 480.16
27 106.4 520 9.07 0.65 483.79
28 106.8 540 9.42 0.67 485.61
29 107.6 560 9.77 0.70 489.25
30 108.4 580 10.12 0.72 492.89
31 108.8 600 10.47 0.75 494.71
32 109.2 620 10.82 0.77 496.52
33 110 640 11.17 0.80 500.16
34 110.4 660 11.52 0.82 501.98
35 111.2 680 11.87 0.85 505.62
36 111.6 700 12.22 0.87 507.44
37 96.4 720 12.56 0.90 438.32

2. At Speed= 200 rpm,

 Total length : 89.48 mm
 Effective length : 79.48 mm
 Diameter of specimen= (10+10+10.2)/3= 10.067mm
Torque Angle of twist (Φ) Angle of twist (Φ) Shear strain Shear stress (τ)
SN (N.m) (in degree) (in radians) (Г) (MNm2)
1 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 46.5 20 0.35 0.02 231.74
3 48.2 40 0.70 0.04 240.21
4 54 60 1.05 0.07 269.12
5 57.8 80 1.40 0.09 288.06
6 59.9 100 1.75 0.11 298.52
7 61.8 120 2.09 0.13 307.99
8 65.2 140 2.44 0.15 324.93
9 67.2 160 2.79 0.18 334.90
10 70.4 180 3.14 0.20 350.85
11 71.6 200 3.49 0.22 356.83
12 76.2 220 3.84 0.24 379.76
13 74 240 4.19 0.27 368.79
14 75.6 260 4.54 0.29 376.76
15 76.8 280 4.89 0.31 382.75
16 77.6 300 5.24 0.33 386.73
17 83 320 5.58 0.35 413.64
18 79.6 340 5.93 0.38 396.70
19 80 360 6.28 0.40 398.69
20 81.6 380 6.63 0.42 406.67
21 82 400 6.98 0.44 408.66
22 83.2 420 7.33 0.46 414.64
23 84.4 440 7.68 0.49 420.62
Result Analysis

Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain (50 rpm)

600

500

400
Shear Stress (MN/m2)

300

200

100

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Shear Strain

Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain (200 rpm)

450.00

400.00

350.00

300.00
Shear Stress (MN/m)

250.00

200.00

150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60

Shear Strain
 Mild Steel Torque vs. Angle of Twist
120

100

80
Torque ( Nm )

60

40

20

0
0 40 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68

Angle of Twist (degrees)

50 rpm 200 rpm

Considering only the elastic region from the shear stress vs shear strain graph, we get;
I. For 50 RPM
6
230.98× 10
Slope= = 9.24×109 Pa= 9.24 GPa
0.025
So, the modulus of rigidity for the first specimen is 9.24 GPa.
II. For 200 RPM
6
231.74 ×10
Slope= = 10.49×109 Pa= 10.49 GPa
0.0221
So, the modulus of rigidity for the second specimen is 10.49 GPa.
Conclusion
1. Modulus of rupture is defined as the maximum fictitious shear stress required to
rupture the shaft based on the ultimate torque.
Tu R
τ r=
J
Where, τr : Modulus of rupture in torsion
Tu : Ultimate torque at failure
R: Outer radius of the shaft
J: Polar moment of inertia
So, calculating for each specimen
I. For 50 RPM
111.6 ×0.005184
τ r= = 507486315.8 = 507.5 MPa
1.14 ×10−9

II. For 200 RPM

84.4 × 0.005034
τ r= = 420662970.3 = 420.7 MPa
1.01 ×10−9

2. Proportional limit is the point on the stress-strain diagram where the curve becomes
nonlinear. The proportional limit stress is the value of stress corresponding to the elastic
limit of the material.
σ = Eε
where, E is the constant of proportionality called Young’s Modulus.
σ : Proportionality shear stress
ε : Shear strain
So, calculating for each specimen,
I. For 50 RPM
σ = 230.8 MPa
II. For 200 RPM
σ = 237.74 MPa

The standard value for modulus of rigidity of a mild steel is approximately 79 GPa.
Standard value−Calculated value
Error %= × 100 %
Standard value
 1. For 50 RPM,
79−9.24
Error% = ×100 %=88.3 %
79

2. For 200 RPM,

79−10.49
Error% = × 100 %=86.7 %
79

RESULT:
In this lab, we performed the torsion test of the solid circular shaft. We can say that torsion test
defines the shear modulus of a material. It is basically the relation between the torque and the
angle of twist. Many factors could have affected our experiments result such as if the load was
applied to quickly, if the material was already been used. These factors might have varied our
answers. However this experiment helped us to understand the materials’ properties by
analysing the torsion graphs and the shear modulus. The data we got from this experiment help
us to understand the behaviour of each material. In fact, it help us to know whether the
material is going to fail or not.