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Dual band Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure

Conference Paper · January 2008

DOI: 10.1109/APACE.2007.4603904 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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 Dual Band Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structure

Osman Ayop1, Mohamad Kamal A.Rahim1 and Thelaha Masri1

1
Wireless Communication Centre,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Universiti teknologi Malaysia,
81310 Skudai Johore Baharu.
osmanayop@yahoo.com, mkamal@fke.utm.my, ithelaha@yahoo.com.

Abstract - In this paper, a 3 by 3 dual band where they are reflected back and diffracted by the
Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure has been edges giving rise to end-fire radiation [5].
designed to cover the two frequency of unlicensed
Band at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz. The characteristic of
the EBG structure is investigated by measuring the
forward transmission coefficient, S21. The discussion
of the design and the evaluation of the structure itself
have been made. The simulation process was carried
out using microwave office software. This structure
has been designed using 1.6 mm Fire Retardant-4
(FR4) board which has relative permittivity of 4.9 and
loss tangent of 0.019. The simulated result for S21
shows the band gap frequencies measured are found to Figure 1: Propagation of surface waves in substrate of
patch antenna [5]
be between 2.037 GHz and 2.609 GHz with cover 2.4
GHz ISM band GHz and between 4.738 GHz and
The operation mechanism of EBG structure can
5.492 GHz which cover 5.2 GHz UNI band.
be explained as a distributed LC network with specific
resonant frequencies [6]. The electromagnetic
Keywords: Dual band antenna, Electromagnetic band Gap properties of the EBG unit cells can be described using
(EBG); ISM Band; Surface wave; radiation pattern;
lump-circuit elements—capacitors and inductors, as
shown in Figure 2. The EBG structure for the figure
2.26 is also known as mushroom like EBG structure
1. Introduction [6]. This structure has frequency range where the
surface impedance is very high. The equivalent LC
In recent years, there has been growing interest in circuit acts as a two-dimensional electric filter in this
utilizing electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures in range of frequency to block the flow of the surface
the electromagnetic and antenna community. The EBG waves [7].
terminology has been suggested based on the photonic
band-gap (PBG) phenomena in optics that are realized
by periodical structures [1]. This structure is compact
which has good potential to build low profile and high
efficiency antenna surface [2]. The main advantage of
EBG structure is their ability to suppress the surface
wave current [3]. The generation of surface waves
decreases the antenna efficiency and degrades the
radiation pattern [3, 4].
Surface wave are excited on microstrip antenna
when the substrate єr > 1. Besides end fire radiation,
surface wave give rise to coupling between various
elements of an array. Surface wave are launched into Figure 2: 2D Dipole antenna [6].
the substrate at an elevation angle θ lying between π/2
and sin-1 (1/√єr). These waves are incident on the The centre frequency of the band gap
ground plane at this angle shown, get the reflected is f c = 1 (2π LC ) . The inductor L results from the
from there, then meet the dielectric-air interface, which current flowing through the vias, and the capacitor C
also reflect them. Following this zig-zag path, they due to the gap effect between the adjacent patches.
finally reach the boundaries of the microstrip structure Thus, the approach to increase the inductance or

1-4244-1435-0/07/$25.00©2007 IEEE
capacitance will naturally result in the decrease of
band-gap position [7].

2. The Design and Construction

The 3 by 3 dual band Electromagnetic Band Gap

structure is simulated based on 1.6 mm Fire Retardant-
4 (FR4) board which has a relative permittivity 5.4.
The shape of the single element of the EBG structure
is shown in figure 3 below.

Figure 5: 3D view of dual band Electromagnetic band

Gap (EBG) structure

Figure 3: Single element dual band Electromagnetic 3. Result and Discussion

band Gap (EBG) structure
The above structure has been simulated using the
Based on figure 3, the design is initially from microwave office software. From the simulated S21
mushroom like EBG structure [6]. The two slots are result, the structure is successfully achieve two band
introduced to make another one square patch structure gap frequencies at the desire frequency. Figure 6
in the larger square patch shape. As a result, this shows the simulated S21 result.
structure has successfully achieve dual band gap
frequency instead of having only one band gap
frequency for conventional square patch EBG
structure. The size of the larger square patch is 9 mm
x 9 mm while the size of the smaller square patch is 5
mm x 5 mm. The two 1 mm width slot line is
introduced to realize the dual band EBG structure.
Figure 4 shows the structure of 3 by 3 dual band
Electromagnetic Band Gap by using the transmission
line technique to measure the S21 value. Each element
is separated by 2 mm each other. The transmission line
is placed 0.5 mm on the EBG structure. Two
connectors are used to test the value of forward
transmission coefficient, S21. The size of 3 by 3 EBG Figure 6: Simulated S21 for dual band Electromagnetic
structures is 50 mm by 50 mm. band Gap (EBG) structure

From the simulated result, two band gap

Figure 4: 2D view of dual band Electromagnetic band
Gap (EBG) structure
frequencies have been found based on -20 dB S21
value. One of the bands covers 2.4 GHz ISM band
which has band gap frequency between 2.037 GHz and
2.609 GHz. Another one band gap frequency covers
5.2 GHz ISM band between 4.738 GHz and 5.492
GHz. As long as the bandwidth of the operational
frequency fall into this band gap frequency range, the
surface wave can be suppressed if the antenna is
integrated with the dual band Electromagnetic Band
Gap structure. The performance of the dual band
antenna in term of radiation pattern is improved by
increasing the front radiation and reducing the back
and side radiation.

Table 1: Properties of dual band Electromagnetic Band
Gap (EBG) structure.
Frequency Band Gap Bandwidth Bandwidth
(GHz) (MHz) (%)
2.037 – 2.609 572 24.81
4.738 – 5.492 754 14.78
Figure 7: Simulated S11 for dual band Electromagnetic
band Gap (EBG) structure
Figure 7 shows the simulated S11 value for dual
band Electromagnetic band Gap (EBG) structure.
From the figure, the S11 value is approaches near 0 dB
in the range of the band gap frequency indicates that
the signal which operates in the range of band gap
frequency cannot propagate on the EBG structure.
Conclusion
From this paper, the characteristic of the dual band
Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure has been
presented. The structure can be used to increase the
performance of the dual band microstrip antenna
which operates at dual ISM band at 2.4 GHz and 5.2
GHz.
Acknowledgements
The authors thanks to the Ministry of Higher
Education (MOSTI) for supporting the research work,
Research Management Centre (RMC) and Wireless
Communication Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(WCC, UTM) for the support of paper.
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References
[1] Fan Yang, “Applications of Electromagnetic
Band-Gap (EBG) Structures in Microwave
Antenna Designs”, Invited presentation at
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[2] Li Yang, Zheng Feng, “Advanced Method to
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[3] Fan Yang and Yahya Rahmat-Samii, “Mutual
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