MULTIPLEXING

GROUP MEMBERS

GERALD MATUNYA
FORTUNATE MASAWI
NYASHA MATSWAYI
VIMBAINASHE MALAMBA

 WHAT IS MULTIPLEXING?

• Multiplexing is the sharing of a medium or bandwidth. It is the process in which multiple signals coming from multiple
sources are combined and transmitted over a single communication/physical line.
• Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into one signal, over a shared medium. If analog
signals are multiplexed, it is Analog Multiplexing and if digital signals are multiplexed, that process is Digital
Multiplexing
• it can also be referred to as allowing multiple signals to travel over just one wire and this is usually cheaper to use.
• Phone calls are a good example of multiplexing, that is, more than one phone call is transmitted over a single
medium.
• Demultiplexer means one to many.
• De-multiplexer receives data from a single medium, identifies each, and sends to different receivers.

THE MULTIPLEXING DIAGRAM

 TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING
• There are mainly two types of multiplexers, namely analog and digital. They are further divided
into FDM, WDM, and TDM.
 ANALOG MULTIPLEXING
• The analog multiplexing techniques involve signals which are analog in nature. The analog signals
are multiplexed according to their frequency (FDM) or wavelength (WDM).
• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) diagram:

• FDM is based on sharing of the available bandwidth of a communication channel among the
signals to be transmitted. It is an analog multiplexing technique that uses a single transmission
medium which is divided into several frequency channels. Here the total bandwidth of the channel
must be higher than the sum of the individual bandwidth. If the channels are closer to each other,
then cross talk may occur; thus, it is necessary to implement channel synchronization. For that
purpose, some bandwidth is allocated as guard band; these are unused channels placed between
the successive transmission channels to avoid cross talk. It does not need synchronization between
the transmitter and receiver. Here a large number of signals can be transmitted simultaneously. It
suffers the problem of cross talk, and intermodulation distortion may take place.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FDM
ADVANTAGES
• A large number of signals (channels) can be transmitted simultaneously.
• Demodulation of FDM is easy.
• FDM does not need synchronization between its transmitter and receiver for proper operation.
• Due to slow narrowband fading, only a single channel gets affected
DISADVANTAGES
• The communication channel must have a very large bandwidth.
• Intermodulation distortion takes place.
• A large number of modulators and filters are required.
• FDM suffers from the problem of cross talk.
• All the FDM channels get affected due to wideband fading.

WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM)

 …

• Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical

signals. In WDM, the available fiber-optic transmission channel is shared by a number of different
light sources. It is designed for high data rate capability fiber cable. In this technique the
bandwidth of the communication channel should be greater than the combined bandwidth of the
individual channels. Here signals are converted to light signals; each light which has different
wavelengths is transmitted through the same fiber cable. WDM transmission system divides the
optical fiber bandwidth into a number of nonoverlapping optical wavelengths; these are referred
to as WDM channels. WDM mixes all incoming signals having different wavelengths and are
transmitted over a common channel.WDM is conceptually quite similar to FDM.
 …

• The advantage of WDM is to exploit the full capacity of the fiber-optic cable by allowing multiple
beams of light at different frequencies to be transmitted on the same fiber-optic cable.
• Wavelength division multiplexing can be divided into two types that is:
• unidirectional WDM- In unidirectional WDM, the data is sent only from one side and received on
the other side
• bi-directional WDM- In bi-directional WDM the data can be sent from both sides which means that
both sides can do multiplexing and demultiplexing

 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WDM

ADVANTAGES
• In WDM full-duplex transmission is possible.
• exploit the full capacity of the fiber-optic cable by allowing multiple beams of light at different frequencies to be
transmitted on the same fiber-optic cable.
• It is easier to reconfigure.
• Optical components are more reliable and provide higher bandwidth.
• Provide high security and faster access to new channel.
• Simultaneous transmission of various signals.
DISADVANTAGES
• Scalability is a concern as optical line termination (OLT); optical line termination has to have transmitter array with
one transmitter for each optical network unit (ONU). Adding a new ONU could be a problem unless transmitters were
provisioned in advance. Each ONU must have a wavelength-specific laser.
• The cost of the system increases with addition of optical components

 DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING
• The term digital represents the discrete bits of information. Hence the available data is in the form
of frames or packets, which are discrete.
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) digram:

• In TDM, the time frame is divided into equal slots. This technique is used to transmit a signal over a
single communication channel, with allotting one slot for each message. Here the signal transmitted
can occupy the total bandwidth of the channel, and each signal will be transmitted in its specified
time period only. In TDM all signal operates at same frequency at different time slots. Of all the
types of TDM, the main ones are Synchronous and Asynchronous TDM.
• Synchronous TDM In synchronous TDM the slots are arranged in a round robin manner, i.e., if there
are n sources, then a single frame consists of n time slots, and each time slot is dedicated to exactly
one source for carrying data from the corresponding input. Each source places its data to the link
only when the corresponding slot arrives. In synchronous TDM, if a device does not have data to
send, then its time slots remain empty

SYNCHRONOUS TDM
 ASYNCHRONOUS TDM

• In synchronous TDM if a particular terminal has no data to transmit at a particular time period, the
corresponding slot in a frame is wasted or an empty slot will be transmitted. Asynchronous TDM is used to
overcome this difficulty. It dynamically allocates the time slots on the demand to separate input channels, thus
saving the channel capacity. Here the time slots are flexible, and the total capacity of input lines can be
greater than the link capacity of the channel. In synchronous TDM if there are n input lines, there must be n
time slots, but in asynchronous TDM if we have n input lines, then the frame may contain less than n slots. Here
the number of slots in a frame is based on a statistical analysis of the number of input lines.
DISADVANTAGES
• Frames have different sizes.
• An output slot in synchronous TDM is totally occupied by data, in Asynchronous TDM; a slot needs to carry
data as well as the address of the destination.

ASYNCHRONOUS TDM DIAGRAM

 What is the Difference Between FDM, TDM and WDM?
FDM is a transmission technique in which
multiple data signals are combined for
simultaneous transmission via a shared
communication medium.
FDM divides the bandwidth into smaller
frequency ranges antransmitsser transmit
data simultaneously through a common
channel within their frequency range.
FDM stands for Frequency Division
Multiplexing.
FDM uses analog signals.
WDM is a transmission technique that
TDM is a transmission technique that allows
modulates numerous data streams, optical
multiple users to send signals over a
carrier signals of varying wavelengths into
common channel by allocating fixed time
a single light beams through a single
slot for each user.
optical fiber.
 Functionality
TDM allocates a fixed time slot for each WDM combines multiple light beams from
user to send signals through a common several channels and combine them to a
channel. User gets the entire bandwidth single light beam and sends through a fiber
within that time slot. optic strand similar to FDM.
Stands for
TDM stands for Time Division Multiplexing. WDM stands for Wave Length Multiplexing.
Type of Signals
TDM uses digital and analog signals. WDM uses optical signals.
 APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLEXER

Multiplexer are used in various fields where multiple data need to be transmitted using a single line. Following are
some of the applications of multiplexers –
• Communication System – Communication system is a set of system that enable communication like transmission
system, relay and tributary station, and communication network. The efficiency of communication system can be
increased considerably using multiplexer. Multiplexer allow the process of transmitting different type of data such as
audio, video at the same time using a single transmission line.
• Telephone Network – In telephone network, multiple audio signals are integrated on a single line for transmission
with the help of multiplexers. In this way, multiple audio signals can be isolated and eventually, the desire audio
signals reach the intended recipients.
• Computer Memory – Multiplexers are used to implement huge amount of memory into the computer, at the same
time reduces the number of copper lines required to connect the memory to other parts of the computer circuit.
• Transmission from the Computer System of a Satellite – Multiplexer can be used for the transmission of data
signals from the computer system of a satellite or spacecraft to the ground system using the GPS (Global Positioning
System) satellites.