Misr University for Science and Technology

Information Technology College

Department: Computer Science Academic Semester: Spring /2021

Course Title:Computer Interface and Multimedia Instructor: Dr. Maged khafagy
Course Code: CS483

Collected Questions for Quiz 1

1) What is meant by multimedia? When it was started? And why?
A combination of text, Graphics, sound, animation, and video that is
delivered interactively to the user by electronic or digitally
manipulated means.

It started in the late 70’s or the early 80’s.

As the development of hardware and software took place and the

appearance of faster desktops, Local and Wide area networks that
connected the world.

2) What is an analog signal? How can a computer deal with it?

It is a continuous signal waveform.
To deal with it the computer have to convert it into digital form

3) What does Nyquist’s Sampling Theorem state?

In order to effectively sample a waveform the sampling frequency must be
at least twice that of the highest frequency present in the signal

4) What are the implications of Nyquist’s Sampling Theorem on both

quality and size of multimedia data?

- Increasing the samples increase the quality

- Increasing the size of the sample representation increase the quality

- On the other hand increasing both the samples and the size of the
samples will increase the storage space required and increase the
time required to transfer the data through the networks.
5) Calculate the storage space required to store an audio file 3 minutes long,
knowing that the minimum frequency is 20Hz and its maximum
frequency is 20 KHz and 16 bits per sample in stereo mode.
Look Q 3 Nyquist’s
Storage = 3*60*20000*2*16*2 = 230,400,000 bit

6) Calculate the uncompressed digital output if a video signal is sampled

using the following values: 25 frames per second 160 x 120 pixels and
True (Full) color depth:
Uncompressed digital output = 25*160*120*3*8 = 11520000 bits Full Color(RGB)= 3 * 8 bit

7) For a 3-minute song audio signal CD quality of 44100 samples per

seconds with 16 bits per sample, stereo sound, what will be the amount of
the played data in Mb?

amount of data per second = 44100*16*2 * 10-6 = 1.411 Mbps(Mega bit per
second) 3-minute song: 1.411 * 180 = 254 Mbit

8) For a 3 minutes of Video signal of 320*240 images and 15 frames/sec with

24-bit colors, what will be the amount of the played data in Mb?
𝟑𝟐𝟎 × 𝟐𝟒𝟎 × 𝟐𝟒
Data per image = = 230 Kbyte/image
𝟖
For 15 frames/sec: Data =15*230KB = 3.45 Mbyte/s
3 minutes of video= 3.45*180 = 622Mbyte

9) State the advantages and disadvantages that the digital audio has over
the analog.
Advantages:
- Digital recordings do not degrade with re-recording.
- The recording performance is independent of the recording medium.
- Digital audio is easy to process, because the signal processing can be
performed by mathematical algorithms.
Disadvantages:
- It requires two conversion stages: one to convert the analogue signals into
a digital format and a second to convert the digital signals to analogue.
- These conversion processes can introduce their own types of distortion
and defects.
- The digital data requires a far higher density storage than its analogue
equivalent.
- Whilst effects are simple to achieve using algorithms, a very fast
processor is required, which can be expensive compared with an analogue
equivalent with far less performance and flexibility.
10) Define the following terms:
Quantization error – Echo generation in analog signal

Quantization error:
it happens when converting from analog to digital this may result due to
inability to convert the analog value to the exact corresponding digital value
we can overcome this by increasing the number of bits per sample.

Echo generation in analog signal:

Analogue echo and reverb units usually rely on an electro-mechanical method
of delaying an audio signal to create reverberation or echo. The WEM
Copycat used a tape loop and a set of tape heads to record the signal onto tape
and then read it from the three or more tape heads to provide three delayed
copies of the signal.
11) What are the application of multimedia, explain

1● Creative industries
- Creative industries use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from
fine arts, to entertainment, to commercial art, to journalism, to media and
software services.

2● Commercial
- Much of the electronic old and new media utilized by commercial artists is
multimedia.
- Exciting presentations are used to grab and keep attention in advertising.

3● Entertainment and Fine Arts

- Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to
develop special effects in movies and animations.

- Interactive Multimedia: is an applications that allow users to actively

participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information.

4● Engineering
- Software engineers may use multimedia in Computer Simulations for
anything from entertainment to training such as military or industrial
training.

5● Mathematical and Scientific Research

- In Mathematical and Scientific Research, multimedia is mainly used for
modeling and simulation.

6● Medicine
- In Medicine, doctors can be trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they
can simulate how the human body is affected by diseases spread by viruses
and bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent it.

7● Multimedia in Public Places

- In hotels, railway stations, shopping malls, museums, and grocery stores,
multimedia will become available at stand-alone terminals or kiosks to
provide information and help.

8● Education
- In Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training
courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedia and
almanacs.

- Edutainment is an informal term used to describe combining education

with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment.
12) What are the multimedia requirements?
1- Demand from the consumer.
2- Compression techniques: to make transmission viable or re-duce the amount of
bandwidth needed.
3- Processing power: to handle the compression / decompression.
4- Standards: It guides both the producer and consumer to be in the same track..
5- Back channels to provide an interactive loop
6- Bandwidth
7- Internal distribution

13) We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate, assuming 8
bits per sample?

The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0 to 4000 Hz. So the
sampling rate and bit rate are calculated as follows:

Sampling rate= 4000 X 2 = 8000 samples/s

Bit rate = 8000X 8 = 64000 bps = 64 kbps

14) What is the distinction between Lossless and Lossy compression?

Lossless compression techniques: involve no loss of information. If data

have been losslessly compressed, the original data can be recovered exactly
from the compressed data

Lossy compression techniques: involve some loss of information, and data

that cannot be recovered or reconstructed exactly.

15) Define the following terms:

a-law and  low:

The a-law codec in the UK and the μ-law codec in the US.

Allocating more digital bits improve the resolution. However, the less
important areas are given less bits; the quality reduction is not noticeable
because of the small part they contribute to the signal

Byte sized sampling:

Save on processing the data to align it on byte boundaries. Most processors
are byte orientated in that they can handle 8 and 16 bit words quite easily and
are most efficient at moving data when using data that aligns with byte
boundaries.
16) What broad types of multimedia data are each most suited to?
Graphics and graphical → images
Text → (txt)
Audio → MP3
Photographic images → (JPEG)
Video → (MP4)

17) What are different types of Lossless compressions?

- RLE compression
- Delta compression
- Huffman compression
- Dictionary compression

18) What is Run Length Encoding (RLE) Compression.

- Data files frequently contain the same character repeated many times in a
row.

19) What is Delta Compression.

- The term delta encoding refers to several techniques that store data as the
difference between successive values, rather than directly storing the
values themselves.
- The first value in the delta-encoded file is the same as the first value in the
original data. All the following values in the encoded file are equal to the
difference (delta) between the corresponding value in the input file, and
the previous value in the input file.

20) What is Huffman compression? Showing its compression ratio?

- It is found that more than 96% of data files consist of only 31 characters:
the lower case letters, the space, the comma, the period, and the carriage
return.
- A five bit binary code is assigned for each of these 31 common characters.
- This allows 96% of the file to be reduced in size by 5/8.
- The last of the five bit codes, 11111, will be a flag indicating that the
character being transmitted is not one of the 31 common characters.
𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
The compression ratio =
𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
21) Write a brief note on Dictionary Compression.

It is a compression where we Detect frequent sub strings of a source string and

translating such groups of characters into a corresponding symbol. This achieves
faster compression. The dictionary can be:

1- A static dictionary where it is created before encoding or decoding begins and

must remain fixed.

2- Semi-adaptive dictionary compression uses a different dictionary for each text

encoded.

3- Adaptive (also called dynamic) dictionaries where better compression is

achieved by that allow additions, deletions, and changes to the collection of
referenced strings during compression. As examples the LZ77 code, LZ78,
LZSS, LZW, LZFG, LZW, etc.

22) Show how you would encode the following token stream using RLE
run length encoding: ABC000AAB00000000DEFAB00000

ABC03A2B08DEFAB05

23) (i) Apply Delta compression to compress the following stream of 8-bit
Integer number: 4 6 9 11 13 12 13 14 12 11

(ii) Can the result be encoded in 3 bits?

Answer: