1

1 Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons which can be separated into fractions with different boiling
points.

Name the method used to separate these fractions.

Fractional distillation
.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 The structures of four organic compounds, C, D, E and F, are shown.

C D

H H H H H H

H C C C H C C C O H

H H H H H

E F

H H H H Br Br

H C C C C H H C C H

H H H H H H

Answer the following questions about these compounds.

Each compound may be used once, more than once or not at all.

State which compound, C, D, E or F:

(a) decolourises aqueous bromine .........................................................................................

[1]

D
(b) is an alcohol ......................................................................................................................

[1]
E
(c) is unsaturated ...................................................................................................................

[1]

(d) is in the same homologous series as ethane. ..................................................................

[1]

[Total: 4]
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3 Complete the table to show the name of some petroleum fractions.

name of fraction use of fraction

refinery gas

gasoline

waxes and polishes

[3]

[Total: 3]

4 The structure of four organic compounds, C, D, E and F, are shown.

C D

H H O H H H H H

H C C C H C C C C C H

H H O H H H H H H

E F

H H H H H

H C C C H C C

H H H H H

State which compound, C, D, E or F, is the monomer used to make poly(ethene).

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 Toothpaste contains glycerol.

The structure of glycerol is shown.

H C O H

H C O H

H C O H

H
 3

(a) Deduce the formula of glycerol to show the number of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
C3H7O3
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Glycerol is an alcohol.

Ethanol is an alcohol.

Draw the structure of ethanol to show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(c) Name the two products formed when ethanol undergoes complete combustion.
carbon dioxide
Water
................................................................ and ..........................................................................

[2]

[Total: 4]

6 The structure of four organic compounds, C, D, E and F, are shown.

C D

H H O H H H H H

H C C C H C C C C C H

H H O H H H H H H

E F

H H H H H

H C C C H C C

H H H H H

State which compound, C, D, E and F, is a carboxylic acid.

C
.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 4

7 The structure of four organic compounds, C, D, E and F, are shown.

C D

H H O H H H H H

H C C C H C C C C C H

H H O H H H H H H

E F

H H H H H

H C C C H C C

H H H H H

State which two of the compounds, C, D, E and F, are in the same homologous series.
E
D
..................................................................... and ...........................................................................

[1]

[Total: 1]

8 Ethanol can be manufactured by fermentation and by hydration.

 5

(a) Describe these two processes of ethanol manufacture.

In each case you should:

● identify the reactants

● give the reaction conditions

● write a chemical equation for the reaction which produces ethanol.

fermentation ......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

hydration ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [6]

(b) Give two advantages of ethanol manufacture by fermentation compared to by hydration.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) State two major uses of ethanol.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 10]

9 The table shows the structures of some organic compounds.

compound structure of compound homologous series

H H O

G H C C C O H carboxylic acid

H H
 6

H H

H H C C C Propene

H H H

H H

J H C C H

H H

(a) Complete the table by naming the homologous series.

The first one has been done for you. [2]

(b) Draw the structure of a compound containing two carbon atoms which belongs to the same
homologous series as compound H.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

(c) State which compound in the table is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State which compound in the table reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) State the names of the two compounds formed during the complete combustion of compound
J.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(f) Compound H can be polymerised.

(i) State the general name given to the small units which join together to form a polymer.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Terylene is also a polymer.

Give one use of Terylene.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 9]

10 Molecules A and B can form condensation polymers.

A B

HO OH HOOC COOH

(a) Each molecule has two identical functional groups.

(i) Name the functional group in B.

Carboxylic acids
................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Draw the part of the structure of the synthetic polymer that would form when two
molecules of A and two molecules of B combine. Show all of the bonds in the linkages.

[3]

(iii) Name the other product formed when molecules of A and B undergo polymerisation.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Molecule A is a simple sugar unit which can be made by hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates.

(i) Draw part of the complex carbohydrate that could be hydrolysed to make molecules of
A.

Include one linkage and show all of the bonds in the linkage.

[1]
 8

(ii) State two sets of conditions which could be used to hydrolyse the complex carbohydrates
to form A.

1 ...........................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Name the technique used to identify the individual sugar units made by the hydrolysis
of a complex carbohydrate.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 9]

11 The structures of five carbon compounds are shown below.

A B C

H H H H H Br Br

H C C C H C C H C C H

H H H H H H H

D E

H H O

H C H H C C

H H O H

(a) Answer the following questions about these compounds. Each compound may be used once, more
than once or not at all.

(i) Which compound, A, B, C, D or E, is ethanoic acid? .............................................. [1]

B
(ii) Which two compounds are saturated hydrocarbons?. .................. E
and. .................. [1]

D
(iii) Which compound is the main constituent of natural gas?.. ..................................... [1]

(iv) Which compound reacts with steam to form ethanol? .............................................. [1]

(v) Which compound is causing concern as a greenhouse gas? ..... ........................... [1]
A
(vi) Which two compounds are in the same homologous series?.... .........and.... D
......... [1]

(b) Deduce the molecular formula for compound C.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 9

(c) Complete the symbol equation for the complete combustion of compound A.

C3H8 + .........O2 → 3CO2 + .........H2O [2]

[Total: 9]

12 The structure of five organic compounds, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.

Answer the questions that follow.

Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.

A B C
H
H H H O H H H H
H C
H C C C C H C C C H H
C C
H H H O H H H H H H

D E
C4H8OOH
H H H H H O
H C C C O H H C C C

H H H H H O H

(a) Give the letter of the compound that is propan−1−ol.

D
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Give the letter of the compound that has the empirical formula CH2.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Give the letter of one compound that reacts with bromine in an addition reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Give the letter of one compound that reacts with chlorine to form the compound shown.

H Cl H

H C C C H

H H H

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(e) Give the letters of two compounds that can react with each other to form an ester.

A
.................................................................. D
and .................................................................

[1]

(f) Give the letter of the compound that is in the same homologous series as hex-1-ene.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(g) Give the letter of one compound that is an acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(h) Draw a structural isomer of compound D.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

[1]

[Total: 8]

13 Aluminium is extracted from its ore. The ore is converted into pure aluminium oxide, which then
undergoes electrolysis as shown.

+ power –
supply wires
anodes

+ +
cathode
electrolyte

molten aluminium

(a) (i) Name an ore of aluminium.

Bauxite
................................................................................................................................ [1]
 11

(ii) What is meant by the term electrolysis?

electrolysis is the breakdown of ionic compounds in molten or aqueous state by the passage
................................................................................................................................
of electricity
................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Aluminium oxide has a melting point of about 2000 °C, but the electrolysis process operates at
about 900 °C.

(i) Name the compound added to aluminium oxide to reduce the operating temperature.

Cryolite
................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Suggest one benefit to the environment of reducing the operating temperature.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction taking place at:

the negative electrode (cathode) .........................................................................

the positive electrode (anode). ............................................................................ [4]

(iv) Explain why the anodes need frequent replacement.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 11]

14 The diagram shows part of the structures of caesium chloride and carbon dioxide.

caesium chloride carbon dioxide

O O
Cl –
Cl –
Cl – C
C
O
+ + +
Cs Cs Cs O O
O
Cl –
Cl –
Cl – C
O C
+ + +
Cs Cs Cs
O
 12

(a) Describe both caesium and carbon dioxide in terms of:

• bonding

...........................................................................................................................................

Caesium chloride is an ionically bonded molecule with high electrostatic force between atoms as
...........................................................................................................................................
chlorine has a negative charge and caesium has a positive charge the force of attraction between
atoms is strong. Carbon dioxide a a covalent bond between carbon and oxygen the force off
...........................................................................................................................................
attraction between these elements is weaker compared to that of an ionically bonded element this
is because they share electrons in order to gain stability.
...........................................................................................................................................

• solubility in water

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

• arrangement of particles.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [5]

(b) Caesium oxide is a compound.

What is meant by the term compound?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain why caesium is not extracted from caesium oxide by heating with carbon.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Caesium is a metal.

Describe two properties that are characteristic of most metals.

Metals are good conductors of heat

1 ......................................................................................................................................
Metals are malleable
2 ...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

15 A list of substances is shown.

aluminium oxide carbon dioxide carbon monoxide chlorine copper

glucose iron(III) oxide limestone nitrogen oxygen

Answer the questions using the substances in the list.

 13

Each substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.

State which substance is:

(a) a product of respiration

carbon dioxide
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) the main constituent of hematite

iron oxide
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) an element which has a sulfate that is used to test for water
copper
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) a colourless toxic gas

Carbon monoxide
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) a reactant in fermentation

Glucose
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) a reducing agent in the extraction of iron

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(g) a conductor of electricity when solid

Copper
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(h) a gas that is approximately 21% of clean, dry air.

Oxgen
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

16 The table shows the properties of four substances.

electrical electrical
boiling density
substance conductivity conductivity 3
point in g / cm
of solid when molten

aluminium high conducts conducts 2.70

diamond high does no conduct 3.51

potassium bromide high does not conduct conducts 2.75

sulfur low does not conduct 2.07

(a) Complete the table to show the electrical conductivity of solid diamond and molten sulfur. [2]
 14

(b) Give one piece of evidence from the table that shows that sulfur is a simple covalent substance.

boiling point
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) What information in the table shows that potassium bromide is an ionic compound?

Conducts electricity when molten but not solid state

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) (i) State one property of aluminium given in the table which makes it suitable for making
aircraft.

Low density
................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Aluminium oxide is obtained from the ore bauxite.

What method is used to extract aluminium from aluminium oxide?

Electrolysis
................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 7]

17 Ethanol is a member of the alcohol homologous series.

Members of the same homologous series have the same general formula.

(a) State the general formula of alcohols.

CnH2n+OH
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State two general characteristics, other than the same general formula, of all homologous
series.

Having the same functional group

1 ........................................................................................................................................
Sharing different chemical properties
2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) One alcohol containing three carbon atoms is propan-1-ol.

Draw the structure of one other alcohol containing three carbon atoms.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

Name the alcohol you have drawn.

name.................................................................................................................................. [2]
15

[Total: 5]