ENG 203 PIPE DRAWING and FITTINGS

By Engr. Okonkwo B.U.

Coordination System Piping Isometrics

Unlike orthographics, piping isometrics allow the pipe to be drawn in a manner by

which the length, width and depth are shown in a single view. Isometrics are usually
drawn from information found on a plan and elevation views. The symbols that
represent fittings, Valves and flanges are modified to adapt to the isometric grid.
Usually, piping isometrics are drawn on preprinted paper, with lines of equilateral
triangles form of 60°.
The ISO, as isometric are commonly referred, is oriented on the grid relative to
the north arrow found on plan drawings. Because ISO'S ARE NOT DRAWN TO
SCALE, dimensions are required to specify exact lengths of piping runs.

Pipe lengths are determined through calculations using coordinates and elevations.
Vertical lengths of pipe are calculated using elevations, while horizontal lengths are
caculated using north-south and east-west coordinates.
Piping isometrics are generally produced from orthographic drawings and are
important pieces of information to engineers. In very complex or large piping
systems, piping isometrics are essential to the design and manufacturing phases of
a project.
Piping isometrics are often used by designers prior to a stress analysis and are also
used by draftsmen to produce shop fabrication spool drawings. Isometrics are the
most important drawings for installation contractors during the field portion of
the project.

How to read a Piping Isometric

A pipe into a isometric view, is always drawn by a single line. This single line is the
centerline of the pipe, and from that line, the dimensions measured. So, not from
the outside of a pipe or fitting.
The image below shows a orthographic view of a butt welded pipe with three sizes
(A, B, C).
  The A size is measured from the front to the center line of the elbow /
pipe.
 The B size is measured from centerline to centerline.
 The C size is like the A size, measured from the front to the center line of
the elbow / pipe.

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
(DOUBLE LINE PRESENTATION)

ISOMETRIC VIEW
The isometric view shows the same pipe as in the orthographic view.

As you can see, this drawing is very simple and quick to implement. The red lines
show the pipe, the black dots are the butt welds and A, B and C are the dimensions
of front to center line and center line to center line.
The simplicity with which a pipe isometric can be drawn is one reason to made iso's.
A second reason to made isometrics; if a pipe should be drawn in several planes
(north to south, then down and then to the west, etc.), orthographic views really
not an option. In a orthographic view it is not a problem if the pipe runs in one
plane, but when a pipe in two or three planes to be drawn, a orthographic view can
be unclear.
Another reason why isos are preferred, is the number of drawings that for
orthographic views should be made.
For example: for a complex pipeline system, 15 isometrics must be drawn. I've
never tried, but I think for orthographic views maybe 50 drawings are needed to
show the same as the Iso's.

Isometric, Plan and Elevation Presentations of a Piping System

The image below show the presentation used in drafting. The isometric view clearly
shows the piping arrangement, but the plan view fails to show the bypass loop and
valve, and the supplementary elevation view is needed.
.
Isometric views in more than one plane

Below are some examples of isometric drawings. The auxiliary lines in the shape of
a cube, ensure better visualization of the pipeline routing.

Figure 1 shows a pipeline which runs through three planes. The pipe line begins and
ends with a flange.
Routing starting point X

 pipe runs to the east

  pipe runs up
 pipe runs to the north
 pipe runs to the west
 pipe runs down

Figure 2 is almost identical to the drawing above. A different perspective is shown,

and the pipe that comes from above is longer.
Because this pipe in isometric view, runs behind the other pipe, this must be
indicated by a break in the line.
Routing starting point X

 pipe runs to the south

 pipe runs up
 pipe runs to the west
 pipe runs to the north
 pipe runs down
Figure 3 shows a pipe that runs through three planes and in two planes it make a
bow.
Routing starting point X

 pipe runs to the south

 pipe runs up
 pipe runs up and to the west
 pipe runs up
 pipe runs to the west
 pipe runs to the north-west
 pipe runs to the north

Figure 4 shows a pipe that runs through three planes, from one plane to a opposite
plane.
Routing starting point X

 pipe runs to the south

 pipe runs up
 pipe runs up and to the north-west
 pipe runs to the north

Hatches on Isometric Drawing

Hatches on isometric drawings being applied, to indicate that a pipe runs at a

certain angle and in which direction the pipe runs.
Sometimes, small changes in the hatch, the routing of a pipe is no longer the east,
but for example suddenly to the north.
Figure 5 shows a pipe, where the hatch indicates that the middle leg runs to the
east.
Routing starting point X

 pipe runs up
 pipe runs up and to the east
 pipe runs up

Figure 6 shows a pipe, where the hatch indicates that the middle leg runs to the
north.
Routing starting point X

 pipe runs up
 pipe runs up and to the north
 pipe runs up
The two drawings above show, that changing from only the hatch, a pipeline
receives a different direction. Hatches are particularly important in isometric
views.

Threaded Fittings general

Threaded joints probably represent the oldest method of joining piping systems.
Like Socket Weld fittings, threaded fittings are mainly used for small pipe
diameters (Small Bore Piping); generally for piping whose nominal diameter is NPS 2
or smaller.
The dimensional standards for taper pipe threads are given in ASME B1.20.1. That
document gives all required dimensions including number of threads per inch, pitch
diameter, and normal engagement lengths for all pipe diameters.

 Threaded piping is commonly used in low-cost, noncritical applications such as

domestic water, fire protection, and industrial cooling water systems.
 Threaded fittings are normally made of cast gray or malleable iron, cast
brass or bronze, or forged alloy and carbon steel.
 They are available in three pressure ratings: Class 2000, 3000 and 6000.

What is a Flange

Flanges General

A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to

form a piping system. It also provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or
modification. Flanges are usually welded or screwed. Flanged joints are made by
bolting together two flanges with a gasket between them to provide a seal.
TYPES OF FLANGES
The most used flange types in Petro and chemical industry are:

 Welding Neck Flange

 Slip On Flange
 Socket Weld Flange
 Lap Joint Flange
 Threaded Flange
 Blind Flange

All types except the Lap Joint flange are provided with a raised flange face.

SPECIAL FLANGES
Except the most used standard flanges, there are still a number of special flanges
such as:

 Orifice Flanges
 Long Welding Neck Flanges
 Weldoflange / Nipoflange
 Expander Flange
 Reducing Flange

Materials for Flanges

Pipe flanges are manufactured in all the different materials like stainless steel,
cast iron, aluminum, brass, bronze, plastic etc. but the most used material is forged
carbon steel and have machined surfaces.
In addition, flanges, like fittings and pipes, for specific purposes sometimes
internally equipped with layers of materials of a completely different quality as the
flanges themselves, which are "lined flanges".
The material of a flange, is basically set during the choice of the pipe, in most
cases, a flange is of the same material as the pipe.
All flanges, discussed on this website fall under the ASME en ASTM standards,
unless otherwise indicated. ASME B16.5 describes dimensions, dimensional
tolerances etc. and ASTM the different material qualities.

Dimensions of Flanges

Each flange ASME B16.5 has a number of standard dimensions. If a draftsman in

Japan or a work preparer in Canada or a pipefitter in Australia is speaking about a
Welding Neck flange NPS 6, Class 150, Schedule 40 ASME B16.5, then it goes over
the flange which in the image here below is shown.
If the flange is ordered, the supplier want to know the material quality. For
example ASTM A105 is a forged carbon steel flange, while A182 is a forged
stainless steel flange.
So, in a correct order to a supplier two standards must be specified:
WELDING NECK FLANGE NPS 6, CLASS 150, SCHEDULE 40, ASME B16.5 /
ASTM A105

The flange above has 8 bolt holes, and a welding bevel of 37.5 degrees (red circle).
All given dimensions are in millimeters. The raised face (RF) does not need to be
specified, because ASME B16.5, each flange is standard delivered with a raised
face. Only a different design (Ring Type Joint (RTJ), Flat Face (FF) etc.), should
be specified.
Bolted Flange connections

A bolted flange connection is a complex combination of many factors (Flange, Bolts,

Gaskets, Process, Temperature, Pressure, Medium). All these various elements are
interrelated and depend upon one another to achieve a successful result.
The reliability of the flanged joint depends critically upon competent control of
the joint making process.

TYPICAL BOLTED FLANGE CONNECTION

The industry has recognized the critical nature of installation and assembly for
several years.
In Europe, the emphasis has been on ensuring that joint making is undertaken by
trained and validated technicians and this has led to the publication of a European
Technical standard: TS EN 1591 Part 4 entitled "Flanges and their joints. Design
rules for gasketed circular flange connections. Qualification of personnel
competency in the assembly of bolted joints fitted to equipment subject to the
Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)".
The standard provides a methodology for the training and assessment of
technicians involved in the making and breaking of flange joints and can be viewed
as being analogous to the training required for welders involved with pressure
vessel work. Its publication demonstrates the importance placed upon the
competent control of joint making process in ensuring leak-free performance from
the flange.
The gasket is but one of many reasons a bolted flange joint connection can leak.
Even when all the complex inter-related components of a bolted joint flange
connection work in perfect harmony, the single most important factor leading to
success or failure of that bolted flange connection will be attention given to proper
installation and assembly procedures by the person installing the gasket. If done
properly, the assembly will remain leak-free for the target life expectancy
FLANGED CONNECTIONS VERSUS WELDED CONNECTIONS

There are no standards that define whether or not flange connections may be
used.
In a newly built factory is customary to minimize flange connections, because only
one weld is needed to connect two pieces of pipe. This saves the costs of two
flanges, the gasket, the Stud Bolts, the second weld, the cost of NDT for the
second weld, etc..
Some other Disadvantages of flange connections:

 Each flange connection can leak (some people claim that a flange connection
is never 100 percent leak proof).
 Flanged pipe systems need much more space (just think of a pipe rack).
 Insulation of flanged pipe systems is more expensive (special flange caps).

Of course, flange connections have great benefits; some examples:

 A new line can contain multiple pipe spools and can be manufactured in a
workshop.
 This pipe spools can be assembled in the plant without the need to be
welded.
 NDO (X-ray, Hydro test etc.) in the plant is not necessary, because this has
been done in the workshop.
 Blasting and painting in the plant is not necessary, because even this has
been done in a workshop
(only paint damages during installation should be repaired).

As with many things, everything has its pros and cons.

NPT Thread

All fittings on this page are described, are provided with NPT thread, ASME
B1.20.1. The American National Pipe Thread Tapered, is the best known and most
widely used connection where the pipe thread provides both the mechanical joint
and the hydraulic seal. NPT has a tapered male and female thread which seals with
Teflon® tape or jointing compound.
DIMENSIONS OF AMERICAN TAPER PIPE THREAD, WITH SEALANT
COMPOUND
Major Tapping
Pitch
DN-NPT Diameter Drill Size TPI
mm
mm mm

1/16" 7.895 6.00 27 0.941

1/8" 10.242 8.25 27 0.941

1/4" 13.616 10.70 18 1.411

3/8" 17.055 14.10 18 1.411

1/2" 21.223 17.40 14 1.814

3/4" 26.568 22.60 14 1.814

1" 33.228 28.50 11.5 2.209

1¼" 41.985 37.00 11.5 2.209

1½" 48.054 43.50 11.5 2.209

2" 60.092 55.00 11.5 2.209

2½" 72.699 65.50 8 3.175

3" 88.608 81.50 8 3.175

3½" 101.316 94.30 8 3.175

4" 113.973 107.00 8 3.175

5" 141.300 134.384 8 3.175

6" 168.275 161.191 8 3.175

 8" 219.075 211.673 8 3.175

10" 273.050 265.311 8 3.175

12" 323.850 315.793 8 3.175

TYPES OF THREADED FITTINGS BY CLASS AND SIZE

Class Designation
Description
2000 3000 6000

1/2 - 4 1/2 - 2 1/2 - 2

Elbows 45 and 90 degrees
Tees, Crosses, Coupling 1/2 - 4 1/2 - 2 1/2 - 2
Half-Coupling, Cap
1/2 - 4 1/2 - 2 1/2 - 2

Pipe Wall SCH 80 / XS SCH 160 XXS

Plugs and Bushings are not identified. They may be used up through Class 6000
 Fittings for Threaded Pipe systems

ELBOW 90°
This Elbows make 90° changes of direction in the run of pipe.

TEE
This Tee makes 90° branch from the main run of pipe.

CROSS
Crosses makes 90° branch from the main run of pipe.
ELBOW 45°
This Elbows make 45° changes of direction in the run of pipe.

FULL-COUPLING
A Full Coupling, joins pipe two pipe or to a nipple etc...
CAP (END CAP)
Seals the threaded end of pipe.

HALF-COUPLING
The Half Coupling can be directly welded to the run pipe, to make a branch
connection.

SQUARE HEAD PLUG

Seals the threaded end of fitting.
HEX HEAD PLUG
Seals the threaded end of fitting.

ROUND HEAD PLUG

Seals the threaded end of fitting.

HEX HEAD BUSHING

Can be used to reduce a threaded fitting.
UNION (MSS SP-83)
Unions are primarily used for maintenance and installation purposes. It is a screwed
joint design and it consists of three interconnected pieces. Two internally threads
and a centerpiece that draws the ends together when rotated.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Threaded Fittings

ADVANTAGES

 Installation productivity is moderately high, and specialized installation skill

requirements are not extensive.
 Leakage integrity is good for low-pressure, low-temperature installations
where vibration is not encountered.

DISADVANTAGES

 Rapid temperature changes may lead to leaks due to differential thermal

expansion between the pipe and fittings.
 Vibration can result in fatigue failures of screwed pipe joints due to the high
stress intensification effects caused by the sharp notches at the base of
the threads.
 In hazardous piping systems threaded connections should be avoided, if
possible. Their vulnerability to fatigue damage is significant, especially
where exposed threads are subject to corrosion.

Definition and Details of Pipe

What is a Pipe

Pipe is a hollow tube with round cross section for the conveyance of products. The
products include fluids, gas, pellets, powders and more. The word pipe is used as
distinguished from tube to apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly used
for pipeline and piping systems. On this website, pipes conforming to the
dimensional requirements of: ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel
Pipe and ASME B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe will be discussed.

Pipe or Tube

In the world of piping, the terms pipe and tube will be used. Pipe is customarily
identified by "Nominal Pipe Size" (NPS), with wall thickness defined by "Schedule
number" (SCH).
Tube is customarily specified by its outside diameter (O.D.) and wall thickness
(WT), expressed either in Birmingham wire gage (BWG) or in thousandths of an
inch.
Pipe: NPS 1/2-SCH 40 is even to outside diameter 21,3 mm with a wall thickness of
2,77 mm.
Tube: 1/2" x 1,5 is even to outside diameter 12,7 mm with a wall thickness of 1,5
mm.
The principal uses for tube are in Heat Exchangers, instrument lines and small
interconnections on equipment such as compressors, boilers etc..

Blind Flange

Buttweld 45 Degree Elbow

Buttweld 90 Degree Elbow

Buttweld Cap

Buttweld Concentric Reducer

Buttweld Eccentric Reducer

Buttweld Elbow

Buttweld Equal Tee

Buttweld Reducing Tee

Flangolet

Lap Joint Flange

Nipolet
Slip On Flange

Socketweld 45 Degree Elbow

Socketweld 90 Degree Elbow

Socketweld Cap

Socketweld Flange

Socketweld Reducing Tee

Socketweld Tee

Spacer

Threaded 45 Degree Elbow

Threaded 90 Degree Elbow

 Threaded Cap

Threaded Equal Tee

Threaded Flange

Threaded Reducing Tee

Weldneck Flange

Weldolet

Materials for Pipe

Engineering companies have materials engineers to determine materials to be used
in piping systems. Most pipe is of carbon steel (depending on service) is
manufactured to different ASTM standards.
Carbon-steel pipe is strong, ductile, weldable, machinable, reasonably, durable and
is nearly always cheaper than pipe made from other materials. If carbon-steel pipe
can meet the requirements of pressure, temperature, corrosion resistance and
hygiene, it is the natural choice.
Iron pipe is made from cast-iron and ductile-iron. The principal uses are for water,
gas and sewage lines.
Plastic pipe may be used to convey actively corrosive fluids, and is especially useful
for handling corrosive or hazardous gases and dilute mineral acids.
Other Metals and Alloys pipe made from copper, lead, nickel, brass, aluminium and
various stainless steels can be readily obtained. These materials are relatively
expensive and are selected usually either because of their particular corrosion
resistance to the process chemical, their good Heat Transfer, or for their tensile
strength at high temperatures. Copper and copper alloys are traditional for
instrument lines, food processing and Heat Transfer equipment. Stainless steels
are increasingly being used for these.

Lined Pipe

Some materials described above, have been combined to form lined pipe systems.
For example, a carbon steel pipe can be internally lined with material able to
withstand chemical attack permits its use to carry corrosive fluids. Linings
(Teflon®, for example) can be applied after fabricating the piping, so it is possible
to fabricate whole pipe spools before lining.
Other internal layers can be: glass, various plastics, concrete etc., also coatings,
like Epoxy, Bituminous Asphalt, Zink etc. can help to protect the inner pipe.
Many things are important in determining the right material. The most important
of these are pressure, temperature, product type, dimensions, costs etc.

Pipe Symbols

Pipe Drawings are much different from specific weld symbols but they do have a
similar relationship from part to symbol. Some individuals will not see these in their
line of work but it is important to be aware of them.

As with weld symbols, pipe symbols are a reflection of what that part would look
like in theory. For example if a 90 degree elbow is to be placed in service the
drawing will reflect a 90 degree angle. There may be multiple symbols for one
fitting or part depending on the fashion it is to be installed (Butt weld, Socket
Weld, Threaded.)

Below is a breakdown of almost every type of fitting and connection.

Note: Symbols are shown in black lines. Lighter lines show connected pipe, and are
not parts of the symbols.

NB: Adequate attention should be paid to the piping and fittings drawing in the
Eng203 practical manual. Most of the examination questions are taken from the
practical book. So be guided appropriately.