Solutions

Chapter 10
Solutions
Chapter Contents
z Introduction Introduction
z Concentration Terms Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more components. Solvent is
z Solubility of Gases the component whose physical state is the same as that of solution. In case
both the components are in same phase, solvent is the component which is
z Vapour Pressure of Solutions
of Solids in Liquids in larger proportions.
Types of solutions
z Azeotropic Mixture
A solution can be solid, liquid or a gas depending upon the physical state
z Colligative properties
of the components. The various types of solutions are tabulated below.
S. No. Solute Solvent Types of Solution Examples
1. Solid Solid Solid in Solid Alloys
2. Liquid Solid Liquid in Solid Hydrated salts
3. Gas Solid Gas in Solid Dissolved gases in minerals
4. Solid Liquid Solid in Liquid Salt solution in water
5. Liquid Liquid Liquid in Liquid Alcohol in water
6. Gas Liquid Gas in Liquid Aerated drinks
7. Solid Gas Solid in Gas Iodine vapours in air
8. Liquid Gas Liquid in Gas Humidity in air
9. Gas Gas Gas in Gas Air
CONCENTRATION TERMS
S.No. Concentration Term Formula Definition
1. Mole fraction nA The ratio of the number of moles of
A 
n A + nB one component to the total number
of moles of all the components
present in the solution.
2. Mass percent wA The number of parts by mass of
Mass % of A = × 100
wA + wB one component (solute or solvent)
per 100 parts by mass of solution.
3. Volume percent VA The number of parts by volume of
Volume % of A = × 100 one component (solute or solvent)
V A + VB per 100 parts by volume of the
solution.
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102 Solutions NEET
S.No. Concentration Term Formula Definition

4. Parts per million Mass of A 6 The number of parts by mass (or
(ppm) ppm = × 10 by volume) of one component per
Mass of solution
million parts by mass (or by
volume of solution).
5. Molarity (M) Gram moles of solute The number of gram moles of the
M= 3
Volume of solution in litres solute dissolved per litre (or dm )
of the solution.
6. Normality (N) Gram equivalents of solute The number of gram equivalents of
N= the solute dissolved per litre of the
Volume of solution in litres
solution.
7. Molality (m) Gram moles of the solute The number of gram moles of
m= solute dissolved in 1000 gm of
Mass of solution in kg
solvent.
Some Important Relations :

z Molarity on mixing solutions of same solute
M1V1 + M2V2 = M3 (V1 + V2)
z Normality on mixing solutions of same solute
N1V1 + N2V2 = N3 (V1 + V2)
z Relation between Molarity and density (g/cc)
Percentage strength (w/w)  Density (gm/ml)  10

Molarity (M) =
Molar mass of solute
z Relation between normality and density (g/cc)
Percentage strength (w/w)  Density (gm/ml)  10

Normality (N) =
Equivalent mass of solute
z Relation between Normality and Molarity : Normality = n factor × molarity
Molarity  100
z Relation between molarity and molality : Molality 
1000  density  Molarity  molar mass of solute
z PPM = mass fraction × 106
SOLUBILITY OF GASES
z Gases can diffuse with each other similarly they dissolve in liquids and solids.
z The solubility of gas in a liquid is determined by several factors like temperature and pressure.
z The solubility of a gas in a liquid is given by Henry's Law, according to which solubility of gas in a liquid
is directly proportional to the pressure of gas.
z The solubility of gases depends on the partial pressure of gas and mole fraction of the gas in the solution
is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase hence
Partial pressure of the gas  KH  mole fraction of the gas

i.e. p = KH × , where KH is Henry’s constant and is the function of nature of the gas.
NEET Solutions 103
Note :
1. Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
2. With increase in temperature solubility decreases.
3. Plot of partial pressure of the gas versus mole fraction of gas in solution is a straight line and slope
of the straight line is equal to Henry’s Constant (KH).
5
Example 1 : Henry's law constant of CO2 in water at 298 K is k bar. If pressure of CO2 is 0.01 bar, find
3
its mole fraction.
Solution : p = KH  X
 pCO2( g)  K H  X(CO2 )
5
 0.01   1000  XCO2
3
 XCO2  6  10 6
Vapour Pressure
The pressure exerted by the vapours in equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature.
Factors on which vapour pressure depends :
z Nature of liquid : When the intermolecular forces of attractions are stronger then the vapour pressure
will be low because less number of molecules can leave the liquid.
o o
e.g. pC2H5OC2H5  pC2H5OH
z Temperature : Higher the temperature, greater would be the vapour pressure. This is because when
temperature is raised, kinetic energy of the molecules increases and therefore more number of molecules
leave the surface of the liquid
Raoult's Law
z In a solution, the vapour pressure of a component at a given temperature is equal to the mole fraction of
that component in the solution multiplied by the vapour pressure of that component in the pure state.
z Let us consider a mixture of two completely miscible volatile liquids A and B, having the mole fraction
A and B. Suppose at a certain temperature, their partial vapour pressures are pA and pB and the vapour
pressures in the pure state are p°A and p°B. According to the Raoult's Law,
pA = Ap°A and pB = Bp°B ...(i)
z If P is the total pressure of the system at the same temperature, then
P = pA + pB = Ap°A + Bp°B ...(ii)
or P = (1 – B)p°A + Bp°B = (p°B - p°A)B + p°A ...(iii)
z Since p°A and p°B are constant at a particular temperature, it is evident from eqn. (iii) that the total vapour
pressure is a linear function of the mole fraction B(or A = 1 – B).
Examples : Benzene + Toluene, Ethanol + Methanol, and CH3CHO + C2H5CHO etc.
z Mole Fraction of a Component in the Vapour Phase: p0A  A  PT  YA and pB0 B  PT  YB .
 A p0A
Mole fraction in vapour phase, (YA )  .
p A  A  pB0 B
0
104 Solutions NEET
Example 2 : Vapour pressure of CH3Cl and CH2Cl2 are 540 mm Hg and 402 mm Hg respectively. 101 g of
CH3Cl and 85 g of CH2Cl2 are mixed together. Determine
(i) The pressure at which the solution starts boiling.
(ii) Molar ratio of solute v/s solvent in vapour phase in equilibrium with solution.
Solution : (i) Boiling occurs when external pressure becomes equal to the vapour pressure. So, the boiling
pressure = V.P. of solution
 pA x A  pB xB
Let A = CH3Cl, B = CH2Cl2, then
2 1
Toal pressure  540   402 
3 3
= 360 + 134 = 494 mm Hg
(ii) Here the solute is CH2Cl2 as mass is less
1
402 
xCH2Cl2  3  134
494 494
2
540 
xCH3Cl  3  360
494 494
nCH2Cl2 nsolute(g) 134
Now,    0.372
nCHCl3 nsolvent(g) 360
VAPOUR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS
If a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent to give a solution, the vapour pressure of solution is solely from
the solvent alone. This vapour pressure of the solution at a given temperature is found to be lower than the
vapour pressure of the pure solvent at the same temperature.
p°
According to Raoults's law if p is vapour pressure of the solvent, 1 be Vapour pressure
its mole fraction, p1 be its vapour pressure in the pure state,
Then,
p1  1
and p1 = 1 p1
The proportionality constant is equal to the vapour pressure of pure
0  solvent 1
solvent, p1 . A plot between the vapour pressure and the mole fraction
of the solvent is linear.
o
Ideal Solutions + pB pB
Vapour pressure
p = pA
o
z The solution in which solute-solute interaction in pure state and pA
solvent-solvent interaction in pure state are almost similar to the pB
solute-solvent interactions in solution.
z H(mix) = 0 pA
z V(mix) = 0
B
z S(mix) > 0 B = 0 B = 1
z G(mix) < 0 A = 1 A = 0
z pA = pºA × A and pB = pºB × B.
NEET Solutions 105
Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions
Non-Ideal Solution
Ideal Solution
Positive Deviation Negative Deviation
1. Obey’s Raoult’s law 1. Dis-obey’s Raoult’s law 1. Dis-obey’s Raoult’s law

2. pA = p°A.XA 2. pA > p°AXA 2. pA < p°AXA
pB = p°B XB pB > p°BXB pB < p°BXB
Ps(obs) = Ps(ideal) Ps(obs) > Ps(ideal) Ps(obs) < Ps(ideal)
3. Hmix = 0, Smix > 0 3. Hmix = +ve, Smix > 0 3. Hmix = –ve, Smix > 0
Vmix = 0, Gmix < 0 Vmix = +ve, Gmix < 0 Vmix = –ve, Gmix < 0
4. Interaction 4. Interaction 4. Interaction
A – B = A – A/B – B A – B < A – A/B – B A – B > A – A/B – B
e.g. Chlorobenzene + e.g. C2H5OH + H2O, e.g. CH3COCH3 + CHCl3,
Bromobenzene,
Benzene + Toluene, Acetone + Carbon Chloroform + Benzene,
n-pentane + n-hexane, disulphide, Acetone + Aniline,
C2H5Br + C2H5I, Acetone + Ethyl alcohol, HCl + Water,
CCl4 + SiCl4 Acetone + Benzene, HNO3 + Water
Ethyl alcohol + Water,
Carbon tetrachloride +
Chloroform
p°A p°A p°A

p°B
p°B p°B
A = 1 A = 0 A = 1 A = 0 A = 1 A = 0
B = 0 B = 1 B = 0 B = 1 B = 0 B = 1
 For these solutions, at a  For these solutions a

particular composition Vapour particular compositon Vapour
pressure in maximum, at this pressure in minimum, at this
point minimum boiling Azeotrope point maximum boiling
is formed. Azeotrope is formed.
AZEOTROPIC MIXTURE
This type of liquid mixture, having a definite composition and boiling like a pure liquid is called azeotropic
mixture or constant boiling mixture. The azeotropic mixture cannot be separated by fractional distillation, such
solutions are called azeotropic solutions and this phenomenon is known as azeotropy.
Maximum Boiling Azeotropes are the solutions formed by solutions with negative deviation under azeotropic
conditions. Examples of this category are aqueous 68% (w/w) solution of HNO3 and 20.3% (w/w) aq. HCl.
Minimum Boiling Azeotropes are the solutions formed by solution with positive deviation from the ideal
behaviour. Examples of this category are aq. 95.37% (w/w) ethanol solution and aq. 71.7% (w/w) propanol.
Note : Azeotropic composition of solution is dependent on external pressure.
106 Solutions NEET
EXERCISE
1. The example of solid solution is
(1) Glucose in water
(2) Copper in gold
(3) Camphor in nitrogen
(4) Oxygen in nitrogen
2. The tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with 11.7% He,
(1) 56.2% N2 and 32.1% O2
(2) 56.2% O2 and 32.1% N2
(3) 50.2% N2 and 38.1% O2
(4) 50.2% O2 and 38.1% N2
3. The increase in the temperature of the aqueous solution placed in a closed vessel will result in its
(1) Molarity to increase
(2) Molarity to decrease
(3) Mole fraction to increase
(4) Mass % to increase
4. In a binary solution
(1) Solvent may be liquid (2) Solvent may be solid
(3) Solute may be gas (4) Any of these
5. The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals external pressure is called
(1) Freezing point (2) Boiling point
(3) Melting point (4) Critical temperature
6. Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by vapours
(1) In equilibrium with liquid (2) In any condition
(3) In an open system (4) In atmospheric conditions
7. A sample of toothpaste weighing 500 g, on analysis was found to contain 0.2 g of fluorine. The concentration
of fluorine in ppm is
(1) 4 × 103 (2) 4 × 102
(3) 4 × 10 (4) 2 × 102
8. 100 ml of liquid A and 25 ml of liquid B is mixed to give a solution which does not obey Raoult's law. The
volume of the solution
(1) Will be 125 ml (2) Can be > or < than 125 ml
(3) Can be >, = or < than 125 ml (4) Will be less than 125 ml
NEET Solutions 107
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
The properties of a solution which depend entirely upon the number of particles of the solute (ions, molecules
or associated molecules) in a given volume of solvent and not on the chemical nature of the solute molecules
are defined as colligative properties
(i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure or lowering of vapour pressure
(ii) Osmotic pressure
(iii) Elevation in boiling point
(iv) Depression in freezing point
z Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure: The relative lowering in vapour pressure of an ideal solution
is equal to the mole fraction of solute at that temperature.
p  p n2
= 2 =
p n1  n2
p  p w M
For dilute solutions,  
p m W
w = wt of solute, m = Mol. wt. of solute
W = wt. of solvent, M = Mol. wt. of solvent
Example 3 : What weight of solute (mol. wt. 60) is required to dissolve in 180 g of water to reduce the vapour
pressure to 4/5 th of pure water?
p  pS w M
Solution : 
p m W
4
p  p
5 w  18

p 60  180
w = 120 g
z Osmotic Pressure: The excess pressure which must be applied on a solution to prevent the passage of
solvent through a semipermeable membrane.
 = CRT
z For isotonic solutions, 1 = 2
z Solution of higher osmotic pressure is hypertonic while solution of lower osmotic pressure is hypotonic.
z 0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl solution, called normal saline solution and it is safe to inject it intravenously.
z Reverse Osmosis : If external pressure is applied higher than Osmotic Pressure of solution then the solvent
will start flowing from solution to pure solvent. This is called Reverse Osmosis.
Example 4 : What will be the concentration of sucrose solution which develops an osmotic pressure of 2 atm
at 27°C?
Solution : Osmotic pressure
  = CRT
 2 = C × 0.0821 × 300
 C = 0.081 M
108 Solutions NEET
Example 5 : What would be osmotic pressure of 0.05 N sucrose solution at 5°C? Find out the concentration
of glucose solution (in g/L) which is isotonic with this sucrose solution.
Solution :  = CRT
 = 0.05 × 0.082 × 278 atm
Concentration of sucrose solution is 0.05 N or 0.05 × 342 g = 17.1 g/L
Isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure.
sugar = glucose
Csugar = Cglucose
17.1 x
=
342 180
x = 9 g/L
z Elevation in Boiling Point or Ebullioscopy: The temperature at which vapour pressure of the liquid
becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure is known as its boiling point.
We know that the vapour pressure of the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent and vapour pressure
increases with increase in temperature. Hence the solution has to be heated more to make the vapour
pressure equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Alternatively, the elevation in boiling point may be expained on the basis of plots of vapour pressure versus
temperature as follows :
B D
Atmospheric E
F
Pressure t
Vapour pressure
n
lve
So
on
A luti
So
C
TO T
Temperature
Elevation in boiling point
Vapour pressure of the solvent increases with increase in temperature as shown by the curve AB. As at
any temperature, vapour pressure of the solution is less than that of the solvent, the curve for the solution
lies below that of the solvent, as shown by the curve CD. The temperatures at which the vapour pressure
of the solvent and the solution become equal to the atmospheric pressure are T0 and T respectively.
Obviously T > T0. The difference, called the elevation in boiling point, Tb, is given by
Tb = T – T0
Molal Elevation Constant or Ebullioscopic Constant, Kb. It is the increase in boiling point when
the molality of the solution is unity. It is a property of solvent.
Tb = Kbm when m = 1, Tb = Kb
K b  WB  1000
Tb 
MB  WA
WB  1000
MB =  Kb
Tb  WA
NEET Solutions 109
RTb2 MoRTb2
Kb   (K kg mol1)
1000 l v 1000 Hv
where, Tb = boiling point of the liquid (pure solvent)
lv = latent heat of vaporization per gram of the solvent,
Hv
lv = Mo , where Mo = molecular weight of solvent,
Hv = heat of vaporization per mole of solvent
Example 6 : The boiling point of pure acetone is 56.38°C. When 0.707 g of a compound is dissolved in
10 g of acetone there is elevation to 56.88°C in b.p. What is the mol. wt. of the compound?
(Kb of acetone = 1.72 K kg mole–1)
Solution : Tb = Kb × m
0.707 1000
 (56.88  56.38)  1.72  
MB 10
 MB = 243.2
z Depression in Freezing Point or Cryoscopy : The property of decrease in freezing point when some
non-volatile solute is dissolved. The depression in freezing point is given by Tf .
Freezing Point : Temperature at which the liquid and the solid forms of the same substance are in
equilibrium and hence have same vapour pressure.
We know that vapour pressure of the solution is less than that of the pure solvent. As freezing point is
the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid and the solid phase are equal, therefore for the
solution, this will occur at lower temperature (lower the temperature lower the vapour pressure).
The graph explains this.
Liquid solvent
n
tio
Vapour pressure
lu
Solid So
solvent
Tf
Tf Tf°
Temperature
Tf = T°f – Tf
Molal Depression Constant or Cryoscopic Constant (Kf). It is the decrease in freezing point when the
molality of solution is unity. It is also a property of solvent.
Tf = Kf.m
when m = 1, Tf = Kf
K f  w 2 / M2
Tf =
w1 / 1000
K f  w 2  1000
M2 =
Tf  w1
110 Solutions NEET
M0RTf2
Kf  (K  kg  mol1)
1000  freezH
freezH° = standard enthalpy of freezing.
Tb and Tf can be represented graphically as
Solvent
Solution
1
uid
liq
lid P
so
uid
VP liq
(atm)
lid Q
so Tb
Tf
Tf Tf Tb Tb
T(K)
At both these points P and Q there is a phase transfer equilibrium between liquid solvent and solid solvent
that clearly show that even in case of solutions, it is only the solvent that freezes.
Example 7 : 5 g of a substance when dissolved in 50 g water lowers the freezing by 1.2°C. Calculate molecular
wt. of the substance if molal depression constant of water is 1.86° K kg mole–1.
1000  K f  w1
Solution : M=
Tf  w 2
1000  1.86  5
M= = 155
1.2  50
Example 8 : An aqueous solution has 5% urea and 10% glucose by weight. What will be the freezing point
of this solution? (Kf water = 1.86 K kg mole–1)
Solution : T = Turea + Tglucose
1000  1.86  5 1000  1.86  10

T = 
60  85 180  85
= 1.824 + 1.216
= 3.04
Freezing point = 0 – 3.04 = – 3.04°C.
Abnormal Molecular Mass
z When the mol. mass determined by any of the colligative properties comes out to be different than the
theoretically expected value, the substance is said to show abnormal mol. mass. This is observed when
the solution is non ideal, when the solute undergoes association or dissociation.
z The various relations as derived above for the colligative properties are applicable only to the solutions of
non-electrolytes which do not undergo any dissociation or association in the solution. In case of the
NEET Solutions 111
aqueous solutions of electrolytes i.e. acids (HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, etc), inorganic bases (NaOH, KOH,
Ca(OH)2 etc) and salts (NaCl, KCl, KNO3, BaCl2 etc) which dissociate completely or to small extent in
the solution, the number of particles in the solution increases.
z For example in case of KCl, in the aqueous solution, each molecule dissociates to give two ions
(KCl  K+ + Cl¯). Thus the number of particles become double, the observed value of colligative property
is double than expected value and molecular mass is half of the expected value.
z Similarly, in case of certain substances, association takes place in the solution. For example, acetic acid,
benzoic acid etc. when dissolved in benzene exist as doubly associated molecules in benzene due to
hydrogen bonding which may be represented as
O H O
R C C R
O H O
z To sum up, abnormal molecular masses are observed in any one of the following cases :
(1) When the solution is non-ideal i.e. the solution is not dilute.
(2) When the solute undergoes association in the solution.
(3) When the solute undergoes dissociation in the solution.
van’t Hoff’s Factor

z It is defined as the ratio of the experimental value of the colligative property to the calculated value of
the colligative property i.e.
Experimental value of the colligative property

z van't Hoff factor (i) =
Calculated value of the colligative property when the solution behaves ideally
Observed value of the colligative property Normal molecular mass

= 
Normal value of the same property Observe molecular mass
i = T(obs)/T(cal) = (obs)/(cal) = p(obs)/p(cal) = M(cal)/M(obs)

z When i = 1 Neither association nor dissociation
i >1 Dissociation
i < 1 Association
1
We know that colligative properties 
Molecular mass of solute
 Normal Molecular mass of solute

i
Observed Molecular mass of solute
Degree of Association :
z Degree of association is defined as the fraction of the total substance which exists in the form of
associated molecules i.e.
No. of moles associated

z Degree of association,  
Total number of moles taken
112 Solutions NEET
z Suppose n simple molecules of the solute A associate to form the associated molecule An so that we have
the equilibrium.
nA An
z If  is the degree of association and we start with one mole of A, then at equilibrium
Number of moles of A = 1 – 
Number of moles of An = /n
 The total number of moles = 1 –  + /n.
z Since the colligative property is proportional to the number of moles of the solute present in solution,
therefore,

1  1 i
n 1 
van't Hoff factor i =  i = 1    1   
1 n  1
1
n
Mc M  Mc n
But i  ,  o  , where n is the no. of simple molecules to form an associated molecule.
Mo Mo (n  1)
Degree of Dissociation
z The degree of dissociation is defined as the fraction of the total substance that undergoes
dissociation i.e.,
z Degree of dissociation ( )  No. of moles dissociated

Total number of moles taken
z Suppose a molecule of an electrolyte dissociates to give n ions An nA

1 0
1  n
1  (n  1) i1
 van't Hoff factor, i = or    i = 1 + (n - 1)
1 n 1
Normal (calculated) molecular mass Mc

But i = 
Observed molecular mass Mo
Mc  Mo

Mo (n  1)
Modified Equation of Colligative Property Involving Van't Hoff Factor :
po  p in
z 
po in  N
z Tf = iKfm
z TB = iKbm
z  = iCRT.
NEET Solutions 113
Example 9 : In a solvent 50% of benzoic acid dimerises while rest ionises, determine molar mass of acid which
is observed and also its van’t Hoff factor.
Solution : Let we have 2 moles of benzoic acid
 
(1    n )   1    
 n
i
2
1
1 1 2  1 1
 2  1.25
2
Molar mass of solute is found to be less than its normal value.
EXERCISE
9. A solution with osmotic pressure 1 is separated from another solution of osmotic pressure 2 by SPM, solvent
flows from 1  2, then
(1) 1 > 2
(2) 1 < 2
(3) Solutions are isotonic
(4) Solutions are ideal
10. 1 mole glucose is added to 1 L of water. Kb(H2O) = 0.512 K kg mole–1, boiling point of solution will be
(1) 373.512°C (2) 100.512°C
(3) 99.488°C (4) 372.488°C
11. The value of ebullioscopic constant depends upon
(1) HSolution (2) Nature of solvent
(3) Nature of solute (4) Freezing point of solution
12. 3% solution of glucose is isotonic with 1% solution of a non-volatile non-electrolyte substance. The molecular
mass of the substance would be
(1) 180 (2) 360
(3) 420 (4) 60
13. van’t Hoff factor for SrCl2 at 0.01 M is 1.6. Percent dissociation of SrCl2 is
(1) 70 (2) 55
(3) 40 (4) 30
14. Correct increasing order of osmotic pressure for the following is
(1) Sucrose(0.1 M) < glucose(0.5 M) < urea(1M) < NaCl(2M)
(2) Glucose(0.5 M) < urea(1M) < NaCl(2M) < Sucrose(0.1 M)
(3) Urea(1M) < NaCl(2M) < glucose(0.5 M) < Sucrose(0.1 M)
(4) NaCl(2M) < sucrose(0.1 M) < glucose(0.5 M) < urea(1M)
15. Which among the following has highest boiling point?
(1) 1 M glucose (2) 1 M KCl
(3) 1 M Al(NO3)3 (4) 1 M Na2SO4
114 Solutions NEET
16. The solution having minimum boiling point is

(1) 0.1 M C6H12O6 (2) 0.1 M CaCl2
(3) 0.1 M NaCl (4) 0.5 M AlCl3
17. What is the boiling point of 1 molal aqueous solution of NaCl [Kb = 0.52 K molal–1]
(1) 99.48°C (2) 98.96°C
(3) 100.52°C (4) 101.04°C
18. For a non electrolytic solution
(1) i = 0.5 (2) i = –1
(3) i = 0 (4) i = 1

nt
me nment
sigAnssig
Assignment
As
Assignment
7. The average osmotic pressure of human blood is 7.8
SECTION - A
bar at 37ºC. The concentration of aqueous NaCl
NCERT Based MCQs solution that could be used in the blood stream is
[NCERT Pg. 54]
1. Which of the following liquid pairs show a positive
deviation from Raoult’s law? [NCERT Pg. 47] (1) 0.15 mol/L (2) 0.32 mol/L
(1) Water – Hydrochloric acid (3) 0.30 mol/L (4) 0.45 mol/L
(2) Ether – Chloroform 8. A 5 molar solution of H2SO4 is diluted from 1 litre to
(3) Water – Nitric acid 10 litres. The normality of the resulting solution is
[NCERT Pg. 38]
(4) Benzene – Acetone
(1) 0.25 N (2) 1.0 N
2. If the elevation in boiling point of a solution of
10 g of solute (mol wt. = 100) in 100 g of water is (3) 2.0 N (4) 0.5 N
Tb, then the ebullioscopic constant of water is 9. Which of the following with respect to negative
[NCERT Pg. 50] deviation is correct? [NCERT Pg. 47]
(1) 100 Tb (2) Tb (1) GSol < 0, HSol < 0, SSol < 0
Tb (2) GSol < 0, HSol < 0, SSol > 0

(3) (4) 10 Tb
10 (3) GSol > 0, HSol < 0, SSol < 0
3. The order of K H values of A, B and C gases is (4) GSol > 0, HSol > 0, SSol > 0
KHA > KHC > KHB . Then, the correct order of their
10. The total vapour pressure, Ptotal (in torr) for a mixture
solubility in a liquid at given temperature is
of two volatile components, A and B is given by:
[NCERT Pg. 41]
Ptotal = 220 – 110 XB
(1) A > C > B (2) B > A > C
where, XB is mole fraction of component, B is mixture
(3) B > C > A (4) A > B > C
Hence, pressure (in torr) of pure components, A and
4. Which of the following aqueous solution will have the
highest freezing point? [NCERT Pg. 58] B are respectively [NCERT Pg. 43]
(1) 0.1 m NaCl solution (2) 0.1 m Sugar solution (1) 110, 220 (2) 220, 110
(3) 0.1 m MgCl2 solution (4) 0.1 m AlCl3 solution (3) 220, 330 (4) 220, 150
5. The molarity of a solution of sodium chloride in 11. 2 m aqueous solution of H2SO4 contains
500 ml of water containing 5.85 g of sodium chloride [NCERT Pg. 39]
is [NCERT Pg. 38] (1) 49 g of H2SO4 per 250 g of solution
(1) 0.25 M (2) 1.0 M (2) 98 g of H2SO4 per 250 g of solvent
(3) 2.0 M (4) 0.2 M (3) 49 g of H2SO4 per 250 g of solvent
6. Which of the following is/are colligative property? (4) 98 g of H2SO4 per 250 g of solution
[NCERT Pg. 49]
12. The concentration of sucrose solution which is
(1) Lowering in vapour pressure isotonic with 0.02 M solution of Na2SO4 (assume
(2) Freezing point complete dissociation) at 30°C is [NCERT Pg. 56]
(3) Boiling point (1) 0.04 M (2) 0.02 M
(4) Both (2) & (3) (3) 0.06 M (4) 0.08 M
116 Solutions NEET
13. The effect of increase in the temperature of an (1) 135 and 254 torr (2) 119 and 135 torr
aqueous solution of a substance is (3) 119 and 254 torr (4) 334 and 135 torr
[NCERT Pg. 36]
4. Calculate the mole fraction of toluene in the vapour
(1) Decrease in its molality phase which is in equilibrium with a solution of
(2) Increase in its molality benzene and toluene having a mole fraction of toluene
0.5. (The vapour pressure of pure Benzene is 119 torr
(3) Increase in its mole fraction
and that of toluene is 37 torr at the same
(4) Decrease in its molarity temperature)
14. When a solute associates in solution, then van’t Hoff (1) 0.5 (2) 0.75
factor (i) is [NCERT Pg. 58]
(3) 0.625 (4) 0.237
(1) Greater than one (2) Less than one
5. What is the molality of C2H5OH in water solution
(3) Equal to one (4) Zero which will freeze at – 10oC? [Mol. wt. of C2H5OH =
15. If degree of dissociation of Al2(SO4)3 is 25% in a 46, Kf for water = 1.86]
solvent, then [NCERT Pg. 58] (1) 6.315 m (2) 63.15 m
(1) Normal boiling point = experimental boiling point (3) 3.540 m (4) 5.3 m
(2) Normal osmotic pressure = 2 × experimental 6. Which of the following pairs of solutions can we
osmotic pressure expect to be isotonic at the same temperature?
(3) Normal molecular weight = 2 × experimental (1) 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M Na2SO4
molecular weight (2) 0.1 M urea and 0.1 M NaCl
1 (3) 0.1 M urea and 0.2 M MgCl2
(4) Normal freezing point = × experimental
4
freezing point (4) 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2 and 0.1 M Na2SO44
7. In the case of osmosis, solvent molecules move from
(1) Higher vapour pressure to lower vapour pressure
SECTION - B
(2) Higher concentration to lower concentration
Objective Type Questions
(3) Lower vapour pressure to higher vapour pressure
1. The boiling points of C6H6, CH3OH, C6H5 NH2 and (4) Higher osmotic pressure to lower osmotic
C 6 H 5 NO 2 are 80 o C, 65 o C, 184 o C and 212 o C pressure
respectively. Which of the following will have highest
8. Assuming salts to be 90% dissociated, which of the
vapour pressure at room temperature?
following will have highest osmotic pressure?
(1) C6H6 (2) CH3OH (1) Decimolar Al2(SO4)3
(3) C6H5NH2 (4) C6H5NO2 (2) Decimolar BaCl2
2. The vapour pressure of a solvent decreased by 10 mm (3) Decimolar Na2SO4
of Hg when a non-volatile solute was added to the (4) A solution obtained by mixing equal volumes of
solvent. The mole fraction of solute in solution is 0.2, (2) and (3) and filtering
what would be the mole fraction of solute if decrease
9. Which of the following aqueous solution has
in vapour pressure is 20 mm of Hg?
maximum freezing point?
(1) 0.8 (2) 0.6 (1) 0.01 M NaCl (2) 0.005 M C2H5OH
(3) 0.4 (4) 0.2 (3) 0.005 M MgI2 (4) 0.01 M MgSO4
3. At 40°C the vapour pressure (in torr) of mixture of 10. The vapour pressure of a dilute aqueous solution of
methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol is represented by glucose is 750 mm Hg at 373 K. Calculate the mole
P = 199x + 135 fraction of solute. (The vapour pressure of pure water
is 760 mm Hg at 373 K)
(where x is the mole fraction of methyl alcohol.) What
are the vapour pressures of pure methyl alcohol and (1) 0.013 (2) 1.3
pure ethyl alcohol at 40°C? (3) 0.13 (4) None of these
NEET Solutions 117
11. If Pº and P are the vapour pressure of solvent and 18. Which of the following equimolar solution have
solution n1 and n2 are the moles of solute and solvent highest vapour pressure?
then (1) Glucose (2) NaCl
 n2   n2  (3) K2SO4 (4) K4[Fe(CN)6]
(1) Pº  P   (2) P  Pº  
 n1  n2   n1  n2  19. If solute-solvent interactions are more than
solute-solute and solvent - solvent interactions then
 n1 
(3) Pº  P   (4) Pº = P × n1 (1) It is ideal solution
 n1  n2 
(2) It is non-ideal solution with positive deviation
12. Which of the following is correct about a solution
showing positive deviation? (3) It is non-ideal solution with negative deviation
(1) Vapour pressure observed will be the less than (4) None of these
that calculated from Raoult’s law 20. On mixing 10 ml of ethanol with 10 ml of benzene
(2) Minimum boiling azeotrope will be formed the total volume of the solution is
(3) Hmix < 0 (1) > 20 ml (2) < 20 ml
(4) Vmix < 0 (3) = 20 ml (4) Can't be predicted
13. If any solute ‘A’ dimerises in water at 1 atm pressure 21. W gm of non-volatile organic substance of molecular
and the boiling point of this solution is 100.52°C. If mass M is dissolved in 250 gm benzene. Molal
2 moles of A is added to 1 kg of water and Kb for water elevation constant of benzene is Kb. Elevation in its
is 0.52°C/molal, calculate the percentage association boiling point is given by
of A M 4K b W
(1) K W (2)
(1) 50% (2) 30% b M
(3) 25% (4) 100% Kb W Kb W
(3) (4)
14. An aqueous solution freezes at –0.36°C. Kf and Kb 4M M
for water are 1.8 and 0.52°C - kg mol–1 respectively 22. The molal elevation constant for water is
then value of boiling point of solution at 1 atm pressure 0.56° K kg mol–1. Calculate the boiling of the solution
is made by dissolving 6.0 gm of urea in
(1) 101.04°C (2) 100.1°C 200 gm of water
(3) 0.104°C (4) 100°C (1) 100.28° C
15. The relationship between osmotic pressure (P) at 273 (2) 100° C
K when 10 g glucose (P1), 10 g urea (P2) and 10 g (3) 0.28° C
sucrose (P3) are dissolved in 250 ml of water is (4) 200.28° C
(1) P1 > P2 > P3 (2) P2 > P1 > P3 23. The graph plotted vapour pressure vs mole fraction
(3) P2 > P3 > P1 (4) P3 > P2 > P1 is the graph for which of the following example
16. Arrange the following aqueous solutions in the order
of their increasing boiling points
(i) 10–4 M NaCl (ii) 10–3 M Urea PB
10–3 10–3
PB
(iii) M MgCl2 (iv) M NaCl V.P
(1) (i) < (ii) < (iv) < (iii) (2) (ii) < (i) = (iii) < (iv)
(3) (i) < (ii) < (iii) < (iv) (4) (iv) < (iii) < (i) = (ii)
17. K4Fe(CN)6 is supposed to be 40% dissociated when
Mole fraction
1M solution prepared. Its boiling point is equal to
another solution of 20% A. Considering molality = (1) Hexane and Heptane
molarity. The molecular weight of A is (2) Ethyl bromide and Ethyl chloride
(1) 77 (2) 67 (3) Ethanol and Water
(3) 57 (4) 47 (4) Chloroform and Acetone
118 Solutions NEET
24. Minimum boiling azeotropes and Maximum boiling 32. The van’t Hoff factor (i) for a 0.3 molal aqueous solution
azeotropes respectively on the examples of of urea is
(1) Non-ideal solution following +ve deviation and (1) 0.3 (2) 0.1
ideal solution (3) 1.3 (4) 1.0
(2) Ideal solution and non-ideal solution following
33. Which of the following mixtures will show positive
negative deviation
deviation from ideal behaviour?
(3) Both are ideal solution (1) H2O and HNO3
(4) Non-ideal solution showing positive deviation and (2) H2O and C2H5OH
Non-ideal solution showing negative deviation
25. The molecular weight of NaCl determined by studying O
freezing point depression of its 0.5% aqueous (3) CHCl3 and CH 3 — C — CH 3
solution is 30. The apparent degree of dissociation (4) n-hexane and n-heptane
of NaCl is
34. What is the mole fraction of the solute in 2.5 m
(1) 0.95 (2) 0.45
aqueous solution?
(3) 0.60 (4) 0.35
(1) 0.043 (2) 0.012
26. Expression relating mole fraction and molality is
(3) 0.43 (4) 4.3
(A : solute and B ; solvent)
35. Consider the following statements.
  1000   1000 (I) Maximum boiling azeotrope is formed by negative
(1) m  A (2) m  B
(1   A )MB (1   A )MB deviation from Raoult’s law.
mMB (II) The value of Kb & Kf depends upon nature of
(3) B  (4) None of these
1  mMB solute.
27. For CrCl 3 .xNH 3 , elevation in boiling point of (III) Minimum boiling azeotrope is formed by positive
1 molal solution is double of 1 molal solution of deviation from Raoult’s law.
glucose; hence x is, if complex is 100% ionised
Choose the correct statements.
(1) 4 (2) 5
(1) (I) & (II) (2) (I), (II) & (III)
(3) 6 (4) 3
(3) (I) & (III) (4) (II) & (III)
28. pH of 1M HA (weak acid) is 3. Hence, van’t Hoff factor
is 36. Which of the following statement is/are correct?
(1) 1.01 (2) 1.001 (1) Higher the value of KH, higher is the solubility of
the gas in the liquid.
(3) 1.1 (4) 1.04
(2) Different gases have different KH values at the
29. Which of the following aqueous solutions has the
same temperature
highest boiling point?
(3) Mole fraction of gas in the solution is inversely
(1) 0.1 M KNO3 (2) 0.1 M Al2(SO4)3
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
(3) 0.1 M BaCl2 (4) 0.1 M Na3PO4
(4) All of these
30. Which of the following is not a colligative property?
37. 0.04 M CaCl2 is isotonic with 0.1 M glucose solution
(1) Vapour pressure of pure liquid solvent at 300 K temperature, then calculate the percentage
(2) Elevation in boiling point of ionisation of CaCl2.
(3) Depression in freezing point (1) 55% (2) 70%
(4) Osmotic pressure (3) 60% (4) 75%
31. Which of the following is correct for a solution showing 38. If a reactant ‘A’ is tetramerised, then the van’t Hoff
positive deviation from Raoult’s law? factor (i) is equal to
(1)  Vmix  0,  Hmix  0 (2)  Vmix  0,  Hmix  0 (1) 0.75 (2) 0.20
(3)  Vmix  0,  Hmix  0 (4)  Vmix  0,  Hmix  0 (3) 0.15 (4) 0.25
NEET Solutions 119
39. Which of the following will not obey Henry law? 3. For an ideal solution, the correct option is
(1) CO (2) H2 [NEET-2019]
(1) mix S = 0 at constant T and P
(3) O2 (4) NH3
(2) mix V  0 at constant T and P
40. Which one of the following gases will have minimum
value of KH (kbar) at same temperature in aqueous (3) mix H = 0 at constant T and P
medium? (4) mix G = 0 at constant T and P
(1) H2 (2) CO2 4. Which of the following is dependent on
temperature? [NEET-2017]
(3) N2 (4) O2
(1) Molality (2) Molarity
41. Match the following correctly.
(3) Mole fraction (4) Weight percentage
a. Positive deviation (i)  Hmix = – ve 5. If molality of the dilute solution is doubled, the
value of molal depression constant (Kf) will be
b. Ideal solution (ii)  Vmix = 0
[NEET-2017]
c. Cryoscopic constant (iii)  Vmix =  ve
(1) Doubled (2) Halved
2
RT0 (3) Tripled (4) Unchanged
d. Negative deviation (iv)
1000lf 6. The van't Hoff factor (i) for a dilute aqueous solution
of the strong electrolyte barium hydroxide is
Rlf 2
(v) [NEET-Phase-2-2016]
1000 To
(1) 0 (2) 1
(1) a(iii), b(ii), c(iv), d(i)
(3) 2 (4) 3
(2) a(i), b(ii), c(v), d(iii) 7. Which one of the following is incorrect for ideal
(3) a(iii), b(ii), c(v), d(i) solution? [NEET-Phase-2-2016]
(1) Hmix = 0
(4) a(i), b(ii), c(iv), d(iii)
(2) Umix = 0
SECTION - C (3) P = Pobs – Pcalculated by Raoult's law = 0

(4) Gmix = 0
Previous Years Questions 8. At 100°C the vapour pressure of a solution of 6.5 g
1. Which of the following statements is correct of a solute in 100 g water is 732 mm. If Kb = 0.52,
regarding a solution of two components A and B the boiling point of this solution will be
exhibiting positive deviation from ideal behaviour? [NEET-2016]
[NEET-2019 (Odisha)] (1) 103°C (2) 101°C
(1) Intermolecular attractive forces between A-A (3) 100°C (4) 102°C
and B-B are equal to those between A-B 9. Which of the following statements about the
composition of the vapour over an ideal 1 : 1 molar
(2) Intermolecular attractive forces between A-A
mixture of benzene and toluene is correct?
and B-B are stronger than those between A-B
Assume that the temperature is constant at 25°C.
(3) mixH = 0 at constant T and P (Given, Vapour Pressure Data at 25°C, benzene
= 12.8 kPa, toluene = 3.85 kPa) [NEET-2016]
(4) mixV = 0 at constant T and P
(1) Not enough information is given to make a
2. The mixture that forms maximum boiling azeotrope prediction
is [NEET-2019]
(2) The vapour will contain a higher percentage of
(1) Water + Nitric acid benzene
(2) Ethanol + Water (3) The vapour will contain a higher percentage of
toluene
(3) Acetone + Carbon disulphide
(4) The vapour will contain equal amounts of
(4) Heptane + Octane benzene and toluene
120 Solutions NEET
10. What is the mole fraction of the solute in a (1) Greater than one and greater than one
1.00 m aqueous solution? [Re-AIPMT-2015] (2) Less than one and greater than one
(1) 0.0354 (2) 0.0177 (3) Less than one and less than one
(3) 0.177 (4) 1.770 (4) Greater than one and less than one
11. Which one is not equal to zero for an ideal 17. The freezing point depression constant for water is
solution? [AIPMT-2015] –1.86° Cm –1. If 5.00 g Na2SO4 is dissolved in 45.0
g H2O, the freezing point is changed by –3.82°C.
(1) P = Pobserved – PRaoult Calculate the van't Hoff factor for Na2SO4
(2) Hmix [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
(3) Smix (1) 0.381 (2) 2.05
(4) Vmix (3) 2.63 (4) 3.11
12. The boiling point of 0.2 mol kg–1 solution of X in 18. A 0.1 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid is 30%
water is greater than equimolal solution of Y in ionized. If Kf for water is 1.86C/m, the freezing point
water. Which one of the following statements is of the solution will be [AIPMT (Mains)-2011]
true in this case? [AIPMT-2015] (1) –0.36C (2) –0.24C
(1) Y is undergoing dissociation in water while X (3) –0.18C (4) –0.54C
undergoes no change
19. 200 mL of an aqueous solution of a protein contains
(2) X is undergoing dissociation in water its 1.26g. The osmotic pressure of this solution at
300 K is found to be 2.57 × 10–3 bar. The molar mass
(3) Molecular mass of X is greater than the of protein will be (R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1)
molecular mass of Y
[AIPMT (Mains)-2011]
(4) Molecular mass of X is less than the
molecular mass of Y (1) 31011 g mol–1 (2) 61038 g mol–1
13. Which one of the following electrolytes has the (3) 51022 g mol–1 (4) 122044 g mol–1
same value of van't Hoff's factor (i) as that of 20. A solution of sucrose (molar mass = 342 g mol–1)
Al2(SO4)3 (if all are 100% ionised)? [AIPMT-2015] has been prepared by dissolving 68.5 g of sucrose
in 1000 g of water. The freezing point of the solution
(1) K4[Fe(CN)6] (2) K2SO4
obtained will be (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
(3) K3[Fe(CN)6] (4) Al(NO3)3
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2010]
14. Of the following 0.10 m aqueous solutions, which
(1) –0.372C (2) –0.520C
one will exhibit the largest freezing point depression?
(3) +0.372C (4) –0.570C
[AIPMT-2014]
21. An aqueous solution is 1.00 molal in K. Which
(1) KCl (2) C6H12O6 change will cause the vapour pressure of the
(3) Al2(SO4)3 (4) K2SO4 solution to increase? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2010]
15. pA and pB are the vapour pressure of pure liquid (1) Addition of NaCl
components, A and B, respectively of an ideal binary (2) Additon of Na2SO4
solution. If x A represents the mole fraction of
(3) Addition of 1.00 molal K
component A, the total pressure of the solution will
be [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012] (4) Addition of water
(1) pB + xA (pB – pA) (2) pB + xA (pA – pB) 22. A 0.0020 m aqueous solution of an ionic compound
Co(NH3)5 (NO2)Cl freezes at –0.00732C. Number
(3) pA + xA (pB – pA) (4) pA + xA (pA – pB) of moles of ions which 1 mol of ionic compound
16. The van't Hoff factor i for a compound which produces on being dissolved in water will be
undergoes dissociation in one solvent and (Kf = 1.86C /m) [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
association in other solvent is respectively (1) 3 (2) 4
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2011] (3) 1 (4) 2
NEET Solutions 121
23. 0.5 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid (HX) is 29. A solution of urea (mol. mass 60g mol-1) boils at
20% ionized. If Kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol–1, the 100.18C at the atmospheric pressure. If kf and kb
lowering in freezing point of the solution is for water are 1.86 and 0.512K kg mol–1 respectively,
the above solution will freeze at
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
(1) –0.56 K (2) –1.12 K [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(3) 0.56 K (4) 1.12 K (1) –6.54C (2) 6.54C
24. A solution containing 10g per dm 3 of urea (3) 0.654C (4) –0.654C
(molecular mass = 60 g mol–1) is isotonic with a
30. A solution has a 1 : 4 mole ratio of pentane to hexane.
5% solution of a non-volatile solute. The molecular
The vapour pressure of the pure hydrocarbons at 20C
mass of this non-volatile solute is
are 440 mm of Hg for pentane and 120 mm of Hg for
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] hexane. The mole fraction of pentane in the vapour
phase would be [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(1) 250 g mol–1 (2) 300 g mol–1
(1) 0.549 (2) 0.200
(3) 350 g mol–1 (4) 200 g mol–1
25. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute (molar mass (3) 0.786 (4) 0.478
250g mol–1) was dissolved in 51.2 g of benzene. If 31. The mole fraction of the solute in one molal aqueous
the freezing point depression constant, K f of solution is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1, the freezing point of
benzene will be lowered by (1) 0.027 (2) 0.036
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] (3) 0.018 (4) 0.009

(1) 0.4 K (2) 0.3 K Questions asked Prior to Medical Ent. Exams. 2005
(3) 0.5 K (4) 0.2 K 32. Which of the following compounds can be used as
26. A solution of acetone in ethanol antifreeze in automobile radiators?
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] (1) Methyl alcohol (2) Glycol
(1) Shows a negative deviation from Raoult's law (3) Nitrophenol (4) Ethyl alcohol
(2) Shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law 33. Mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal aqueous
solution is
(3) Behaves like a near ideal solution
(4) Obeys Raoult's law (1) 1.7700 (2) 0.1770
27. During osmosis, flow of water through a semi- (3) 0.0177 (4) 0.0344
permeable membrane is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] 34. 1 × 10–3 m solution of Pt(NH3)4Cl4 in H2O shows
(1) From solution having higher concentration only depression in freezing point by 0.0054°C. The
structure of the compound will be (Given
(2) From both sides of semi-permeable membrane Kf = 1.860 km–1)
with equal flow rates
(1) [Pt(NH3)4]Cl4 (2) [Pt(NH3)3Cl]Cl3
(3) From both sides of semi-permeable membrane
with unequal flor rates (3) [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2 (4) Pt(NH3)Cl3]Cl
(4) From solution having lower concentration only 35. Which of the following salt has the same value of
28. The vapour pressure of two liquids P and Q are 80 van’t Hoff’s factor i as that of K3[Fe(CN)6]?
and 60 torr, respectively. The total vapour pressure (1) Na2SO4
of solution obtained by mixing 3 moles of P and 2
moles of Q would be [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005] (2) Al(NO3)3
(1) 140 torr (2) 20 torr (3) Al2(SO4)3

(3) 68 torr (4) 72 torr (4) NaCl
122 Solutions NEET
36. At 25°C, the highest osmotic pressure is exhibited mole fraction of the solvent if the decrease in the
by 0.1 M solution of vapour pressure is to be 20 mm of mercury?
(1) Glucose (2) Urea (1) 0.4 (2) 0.6
(3) CaCl2 (4) KCl (3) 0.8 (4) 0.2
37. According to Raoult’s law, the relative lowering of 44. If 0.15 g of a solute, dissolved in 15 g of solvent,
vapour pressure for a solution is equal to is boiled at a temperature higher by 0.216°C, than
(1) Mole fraction of solute that of the pure solvent. The molecular weight of
the substance, (Molal elevation constant for the
(2) Mole fraction of solvent
solvent is 2.16°C) is
(3) Moles of solute
(1) 10.1 (2) 100
(4) Moles of solvent
(3) 1.01 (4) 1000
38. The concentration units, independent of
temperature, would be 45. The vapour pressure of benzene at a certain
temperature is 640 mm of Hg. A non-volatile and
(1) Normality
non-electrolyte solid, weighing 2.175 g is added to
(2) Weight volume percent 39.08 of benzene. The vapour pressure of the
(3) Molality solution is 600 mm of Hg. What is the molecular
weight of solid substance?
(4) Molarity
(1) 69.45 (2) 59.6
39. In liquid-gas equilibrium, the pressure of vapours
above the liquid is constant at (3) 49.50 (4) 79.8
(1) Constant temperature 46. From the colligative properties of solution which one
(2) Low temperature is the best method for the determination of
molecular weight of proteins and polymers?
(3) High temperature
(1) Osmotic pressure
(4) None of these
(2) Lowering in vapour pressure
40. The vapour pressure of CCI4 at 25ºC is 143 mm Hg.
If 0.5 gm of a non-volatile solute (mol. weight = 65) is (3) Lowering in freezing point
dissolved in 100 g CCI4, the vapour pressure of the
(4) Elevation in boiling point
solution will be
(1) 199.34 mm Hg (2) 143.99 mm Hg 47. Molarity of liquid HCl, if density of solution is
1.17 gm/cc is
(3) 141.43 mm Hg (4) 94.39 mm Hg
(1) 36.5
41. What is the molarity of H2SO4 solution, that has a
density 1.84 g/cc at 35ºC and contains 98% by (2) 18.25
weight of solute?
(3) 32.05
(1) 18.4 M (2) 18 M
(4) 42.10
(3) 4.18 M (4) 8.14 M
48. A solution contains non volatile solute of molecular
42. A 5% (w/v) solution of cane sugar (mol. wt. = 342) mass M2. Which of the following can be used to
is isotonic with 1% (w/v) solution of a substance X. calculate the molecular mass of solute in terms of
The molecular weight of X is osmotic pressure? (m2 - mass of solute, V - volume
(1) 68.4 (2) 171.2 of solution,  - osmotic pressure)
(3) 34.2 (4) 136.8  m2   m  RT
(1) M2    VRT (2) M2   2 
43. The vapour pressure of a solvent decreased by     V  
10 mm of mercury when a non-volatile solute was
added to the solvent. The mole fraction of the m  m  
(3) M2   2   RT (4) M2   2 
solute in the solution is 0.2. What should be the  V   V  RT
NEET Solutions 123
49. A solution containing components A and B follows 2. A solution of A and B with 30 mole percent of A is
Raoult’s law in equilibrium with its vapour which contains 60 mole
percent of A. Assuming ideality of the solution and
(1) A - B attraction force is greater than A - A and B - B the vapour, the vapour pressure of pure A to that of
pure B is
(2) A - B attraction force is less than A - A and B - B
(1) 3 : 2 (2) 4 : 5
(3) A - B attraction force remains same as A - A
and B - B (3) 2 : 1 (4) 7 : 2
3. Consider the following statement
(4) Volume of solution is different from sum of
volume of solute and solvent I. If one component in a binary solution shows
positive deviation, the second component would
50. Formation of a solution from two components can also show positive deviation.
be considered as
II. The gases which are easily liquefied, are more
(i) Pure solvent  separated solvent molecules, H1 soluble in common solvents.
(ii) Pure solute  separated solute molecules, H2 III. Maximum boiling azeotrope is formed by positive
deviation.
(iii) Separated solvent and solute molecules 
solution, H3 Choose the correct statement
(1) I & III (2) II & III
Solution so formed will be ideal if
(3) I & II (4) I, II & III
(1) Hsoln= H1 + H2 + H3
(2) Hsoln= H1 + H2 – H3 4. Which of the following mixture will show positive
deviation from ideal behaviour?
(3) Hsoln= H1 – H2 – H3
(1) H2O + C2H5OH
(4) Hsoln= H3 – H1 – H2
(2) H2O + HNO3
51. Camphor is often used in molecular mass
determination because O
(1) It is readily available (3) CHCl3 + CH 3 C CH3
(2) It has very high cryoscopic constant (4) All of these
(3) It is volatile
5. The ratio of the value of colligative properties of
(4) It is solvent for organic substances K4[Fe(CN)6](aq) to that of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3(aq) is
52. Which condition is not satisfied by an ideal [Assuming 100% dissociation]
solution?
(1) 4 : 3 (2) 3 : 4
(1) mix H = 0
(3) 5 : 7 (4) 7 : 5
(2) mix V = 0
(3) mix S = 0 6. The vapour pressures of two liquids A and B are 100
and 160 torr respectively. The total vapour pressure
(4) Obeyance to Raoult's Law obtained by mixing 4 mole of A and 5 mole of B would
be
SECTION - D
(1) 126.66 torr (2) 140.44 torr
NEET Booster Questions (3) 150.00 torr (4) 133.33 torr
1. What would be osmotic pressure of a solution
7. The freezing point of a solution containing 0.4 g of
containing 5.85 g NaCl and 3.42 g sugar in 500 mL
acetic acid in 40 g of benzene is lowered by 0.512°C.
at 27°C?
What is the degree of dimerisation of acetic acid?
(1) 103.4 atm
[Kf(benzene) = 5.12 K kg mol–1]
(2) 10.34 atm
(3) 1.034 atm (1) 80% (2) 90%
(4) 0.1034 atm (3) 100% (4) 60%
124 Solutions NEET
8. Henry law is not applicable to the gas, when 2xy yz

dissolved in water (1) y (2)
x
(1) N2(g) (2) O2(g)
xz yz
(3) NH3(g) (4) Ar(g) (3) y (4)
2x
9. What should be the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.5) dissolved 16. For 1 molal solution of each compound maximum
in 2.5 L water, so that its osmotic pressure become freezing point will be assuming complete ionisation
0.75 atm at 300 K? in each case
(1) 0.34 g (2) 6 g (1) [Fe(H2O)6]Cl3
(3) 3.4 g (4) 0.6 g (2) [Fe(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O
10. In which of the aqueous solution the van’t Hoff factor (3) [Fe(H2O)4Cl2]Cl.2H2O
(i) is maximum?
(4) [Fe(H2O)3Cl3].3H2O
(1) 1.2 M CH3COOH (2) 0.001 M CH3COOH 17. When some NaCl was dissolved in water, the freezing
(3) 0.1 M urea (4) 1.2 M glucose point depression was numerically equal to twice the
molal depression constant. The relative lowering of
11. The boiling point of C6H6,CH 3OH,C6H5NH2 and
vapour pressure of the solution nearly is
C 6 H 5 NO 2 are 80°C, 65°C, 184°C and 212°C
respectively. Which will show highest vapour pressure (1) 0.036 (2) 0.018
at room temperature? (3) 0.0585 (4) 0.072
(1) C6H6 (2) CH3OH 18. The osmotic pressure of 1M solution of urea is at 27°C
(3) C6H5NH2 (4) C6H5NO2 is
12. An ideal solution was found to have a vapour pressure (1) 2.46 atm (2) 24.6 atm
of 80 torr when the mole fraction of a non-volatile (3) 1.21 atm (4) 12.1 atm
solute was 0.2. What would be the vapour pressure
19. A certain aqueous solution of FeCl 3 (formula
of the pure solvent at the same temperature?
mass = 162) has a density of 1.1g/mL and contains
(1) 64 torr (2) 80 torr 20.0% by mass FeCl3 solution. Molar concentration
(3) 100 torr (4) 400 torr of this solution is
13. At 25°C, the vapour pressure of pure liquid (1) 0.028 (2) 1.36
A (mol. wt. = 40) is 100 torr, while that of pure liquid (3) 1.27 (4) 1.47
B is 40 torr, (mol. wt. = 80). The vapour pressure at
20. The rise in the boiling point of a solution containing
25°C of a solution containing 20 g of each A and B
1.8g of glucose in 100 g of a solvent is 0.1°C. The
is
molal elevation constant of the liquid is
(1) 80 torr (2) 59.8 torr
(1) 0.01 K/m (2) 0.1 K/m
(3) 68 torr (4) 48 torr (3) 1 K/m (4) 10 K/m
14. The van't Hoff factor i for an electrolyte which 21. At 17°C osmotic pressure of sugar solution was 580
undergoes dissociation and association in solvent are torr. The solution is diluted and temperature is raised
respectively to 57°C, osmotic pressure become 165 torr. The
(1) Greater than one and less than one extent of dilution is
(2) Less than one and greater than one (1) 2 times (2) 3 times
(3) Less than one and less than one (3) 4 times (4) 5 times
(4) Greater than one and greater than one 22. 25 ml of an aqueous solution of KCl was found to
require 20 ml of 1M AgNO3 solution for titration. The
15. If the elevation in boiling point of a solution of
depression in freezing point of KCl solution with 100%
non-volatile, non-electrolytic and non-associating
ionisation will be
solute in solvent (Kb = x K. kg.mol–1) is yK, then the
depression in freezing point of solution of (Kf = 2.0°K mol–1 kg and molality = molarity)
same concentration would be (1) 5.0 (2) 3.2
(Kf of the solvent = z K. kg. mol–1) (3) 1.6 (4) 0.8
NEET Solutions 125
23. Henry's constant at 298 K for solubility of nitrogen 29. Which of the following concentration terms is
gas is 1.0 × 105 atm. The mole fraction of nitrogen temperature independent?
in air is 0.8. The moles of nitrogen from air dissolved I. Molarity
in 10 mol of water at 298 K and 5 atm pressure is
II. Molality
(1) 4.0 × 10–6
III. Normality
(2) 4.0 × 10–5
IV. Mole fraction
(3) 4.0 × 10–4
(1) I & II
(4) 5.0 × 10–4
(2) I & III
24. What weight of H2C2O4.2H2O (mol. wt. = 126) should (3) II only
be dissolved in water to prepare 250 mL of
centinormal solution (4) II & IV
(1) 0.63 g 30. 1 molar aqueous solution is _____ concentrated than

1 m aqueous solution
(2) 0.157 g
(1) More (2) Less
(3) 0.126 g
(3) Equally (4) Very less
(4) 0.875 g
31. Which gas is most soluble in water?
25. The boiling point of an azeotropic mixture of water (1) He (2) H2
and ethyl alcohol is less than that of theoretical value
of water and alcohol mixture. Mixture shows (3) NH3 (4) CO2
32. What is the concentration of NO3– ions when equal
(1) Solution is highly staurated
volumes of 0.1 M AgNO3 and 0.1 M NaCl are mixed
(2) Positive deviation from Raoult's law together?
(3) Negative deviation from Raoult's law (1) 0.1 N (2) 0.25 M
(4) Nothing can be said (3) 0.05 M (4) 0.2 M
26. How much ethyl alcohol must be added to 1.0L of 33. 15 g urea and 20 g NaOH dissolved in water. Total
water so that solution will not freeze at –20°C mass of solution is 250 g. Mole fraction of NaOH in
the mixture
(1) < 20 g
(1) 0.04 (2) 0.62
(2) < 10.75 g
(3) 0.5 (4) 0.4
(3) < 494.6 g 34. Vapour phase diagram for a solution is given below
(4) > 494.6 g if dotted line represents deviation
27. 100 ml of 1 M NaOH is mixed with 50 ml of

1 N KOH solution. Normality of mixture is
(1) 1 N
V.P.
(2) 0.5 N
(3) 0.25 N
(4) 2 N A = 1 A = 0
B = 0 Mole fraction B = 1
28. Mass of NaCl required to prepare 0.01 m aqueous
solution in 1 kg water is Correct observation for this solution
(1) 0.01 g (1) Hmix : +ve
(2) 0.585 g (2) Smix : +ve
(3) 58.8 g (3)  Vmix : +ve
(4) 5.88 g (4) All of these
126 Solutions NEET
35. A mixture of two liquids A and B having boiling point (1) Vapour pressure of solution I is lowest
of A is 70°C, and boiling point of B is 100°C, distills
(2) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is maximum
at 101.2°C as single liquid, hence this mixture is
in III
(1) Ideal solution
(3) Freezing point is maximum for III
(2) Non ideal solution showing +ve deviation
(4) Boiling point is minimum for II
(3) Non ideal solution showing –ve deviation
40. An aqueous solution of sugar is taken in a beaker.
(4) Immiscible solution At freezing point of solution
36. Vapour pressure diagram of some liquids plotted (1) Crystals of sugar separated
against temperature are shown below
(2) Crystals of glucose and fructose are separated
P A B C
D (3) Crystals of ice separated
(4) Mixture of ice and some sugar crystals separated
E 41. The phenomenon taking place

T
Egg lining
Most volatile liquid
(1) A (2) B
(3) C (4) D Water
37. During evaporation of liquid

(1) The temperature of liquid rises
(1) Exo-osmosis
(2) The temperature of liquid falls
(2) Endo-osmosis
(3) The temperature of liquid remains uneffected
(3) Reverse-osmosis
(4) The liquid molecules becomes inert
(4) All of these
38. Two solutions marked as A and B are separated
42. Osmotic pressure of solution containing 0.6 g urea
through semipermeable membrane as below. The
phenomenon undergoing is and 3.42 g sugar in 100 ml at 27°C
(1) 492 atm
0.01 M NaCl 0.1 M NaCl
solution solution (2) 4.92 atm
(3) 49.2 atm
(4) 28.1 atm
A B
SPM 1 atm
(1) Na+ moves from solution A to solution B V.P.
(2) Both Na+ and Cl– moves from solution (A) to 43. H2O
solution (B) I
II III
(3) Both Na+ and Cl– moves from solution (B) to (A) T
(4) Solvent molecules moves from solution (A) to (B)
Which is having highest elevation in boiling point?
39. Correct observation
(1) H2O
(2) Aqueous solution I
I II III
(3) Aqueous solution II
0.1 M Urea 0.1 M NaCl 0.1 M CaCl2 (4) Aqueous solution III
NEET Solutions 127
44. H2O 49. If any solute ‘A’ dimerises in water at 1 atm pressure
NaCl and the boiling point of this solution is 100.52°C. If
V.P. C solution
2 moles of A is added to 1 kg of water and kb for water
B D is 0.52°C/molal, calculate the percentage association
A of A
T (1) 50%
Freezing point of solution is marked as (2) 30%
(1) A (3) 25%
(2) B (4) 100%
(3) C 50. Substance A tetramerises in water to the extent of
(4) D 80%. A solution of 2.5 g of A in 100 g of water lowers
the freezing point by 0.3°C. The molar mass of A is
45. van't Hoff factor for acetic acid in aqueous medium (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
at infinite dilution is
(1) 122
(1) 2
(2) 31
(2) 1
(3) 244
(3) 1/2
(4) 62
(4) 3 51. K4[Fe(CN)6] is supposed to be 40% dissociated when
46. Correct order of freezing point of given solution 1M solution prepared. Its boiling point is equal to
another 20% mass by volume of non-electrolytic
I. 0.1 M glucose
solution A. Considering molality = molarity. The
II. 0.2 M urea molecular weight of A is
III. 0.1 M NaCl (1) 77 (2) 67
IV. 0.05 M CaCl2 (3) 57 (4) 47
(1) I < II < III < IV 52. For a binary ideal liquid solution, the total vapour
pressure of solution is given as
(2) I > II > III > IV
(1) PT = (PAo + PBo) XB
(3) III = II < IV < I
(2) PT = PAo × PBo
(4) IV > II > III > I
(3) PT = PAo/PBo
47. Boiling point of 0.01 M AB2 which is 10% dissociated
(4) PT = PBo + (PAo – PBo) XA
in aqueous medium ( K b (H2O)  0.52 ) as A+2 and B–
53. van't Hoff factor (i) for 30% dissociation of K4[Fe(CN)6]
(1) 273.006 K is
(2) 373.006 K (1) 1.1
(3) 0.006 K (2) 1.2
(4) 272.006 (3) 2.5
48. At higher altitude, the boiling point of water is lowered (4) 2.2
because 54. Which solution has the highest vapour pressure?
(1) Atmosphere pressure is low (1) 0.02 M NaCl
(2) Temperature is low (2) 0.03 M sucrose
(3) Atmospheric pressure increases (3) 0.005 M NaCl
(4) Water solidifies to ice (4) 0.005 M sucrose
128 Solutions NEET
55. When equal volume of 0.1 M urea and 0.1 M glucose 58. The cryoscopic constant depends on
are mixed then the mixture will have
(1) The molar mass of the solvent
(1) Lower osmotic pressure
(2) The enthalpy of vapourization of solvent
(2) Same osmotic pressure
(3) The freezing point of the solvent
(3) Higher osmotic pressure
(4) All of these
(4) None of these
59. Among the following which gas has maximum
56. 0.1 M KBr and 0.2 M AgNO3 are mixed in 3 : 1 volume solubility in water at constant temp (KH: Henrry
ratio. The depression of freezing point of the resulting constant of gas in kbar)
solution will be (Kf of H2O = 1.86 K kg mol–1)
(1) H2(KH = 69.16)
(1) 0.8 K (2) 0.28 K
(2) N2(KH = 88.84)
(3) 1.2 K (4) 1.53 K
(3) CH4(KH = 0.413)
57. If 0.2 M aq. solution of KCl is isotonic with 0.2 M
(4) Ar·(KH = 40.3)
K2SO4 at same temperature then van't Hoff factor of
K2SO4 is 60. Incorrect relation among the following is
(1) 0.2 (1) Tb = iKbm
(2) 0.5 (2) Tb = (Tb)Solvent – (Tb)solution
(3) 0.8 (3) Tf = (Tf)Solvent – (Tf)solution
(4) 0.3 (4) = iCRT


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Chapter 10

S.No. Concentration Term Formula Definition

Some Important Relations :

Percentage strength (w/w)  Density (gm/ml)  10

z Relation between normality and density (g/cc)

Percentage strength (w/w)  Density (gm/ml)  10

z Relation between Normality and Molarity : Normality = n factor × molarity

z PPM = mass fraction × 106

Partial pressure of the gas  KH  mole fraction of the gas

z Mole Fraction of a Component in the Vapour Phase: p0A  A  PT  YA and pB0 B  PT  YB .

VAPOUR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS

1. Obey’s Raoult’s law 1. Dis-obey’s Raoult’s law 1. Dis-obey’s Raoult’s law

p°A p°A p°A

 For these solutions, at a  For these solutions a

(1) Glucose in water

(2) Copper in gold

(3) Camphor in nitrogen

(4) Oxygen in nitrogen

(1) 56.2% N2 and 32.1% O2

(2) 56.2% O2 and 32.1% N2

(3) 50.2% N2 and 38.1% O2

(4) 50.2% O2 and 38.1% N2

(1) Molarity to increase

(2) Molarity to decrease

(3) Mole fraction to increase

(4) Mass % to increase

(1) Solvent may be liquid (2) Solvent may be solid

(3) Solute may be gas (4) Any of these

(1) Freezing point (2) Boiling point

(3) Melting point (4) Critical temperature

6. Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by vapours

(1) In equilibrium with liquid (2) In any condition

(3) In an open system (4) In atmospheric conditions

(1) 4 × 103 (2) 4 × 102

(3) 4 × 10 (4) 2 × 102

(1) Will be 125 ml (2) Can be > or < than 125 ml

1000  1.86  5 1000  1.86  10

Abnormal Molecular Mass

van’t Hoff’s Factor

Experimental value of the colligative property

Observed value of the colligative property Normal molecular mass

i = T(obs)/T(cal) = (obs)/(cal) = p(obs)/p(cal) = M(cal)/M(obs)

 Normal Molecular mass of solute

No. of moles associated

z Degree of dissociation ( )  No. of moles dissociated

z Suppose a molecule of an electrolyte dissociates to give n ions An nA

Normal (calculated) molecular mass Mc

Modified Equation of Colligative Property Involving Van't Hoff Factor :

16. The solution having minimum boiling point is

Tb (2) GSol < 0, HSol < 0, SSol > 0

(3) Hmix < 0 (1) > 20 ml (2) < 20 ml

(4) Vmix < 0 (3) = 20 ml (4) Can't be predicted

(3) 0.104°C (4) 100°C (1) 100.28° C

SECTION - C (3) P = Pobs – Pcalculated by Raoult's law = 0

(3) 0.56 K (4) 1.12 K (1) –6.54C (2) 6.54C

[AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] (3) 0.018 (4) 0.009

[AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] (1) Methyl alcohol (2) Glycol

(1) 140 torr (2) 20 torr (3) Al2(SO4)3