v Removal of genes D- To produce hydrocarbons, fuels, plastics, drugs B+ Mutation of existing genes C Insert new genes@> ( | What is It Let's talk about what is DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. So now let’s learn what is genetic manipulation, it is the process of inducing changes in gene expression and expression of novel genes and has proven to be an indispensable tool in genetic research. According to Bhagvanji, Gohil Sanjay (2018) one of the applications of genetic manipulation is Gene cloning, defined as a mechanism by which each time the host cell reproduces; several copies of a particular gene are produced wherein it ic possible to clone whole species. Gene Cloning is the insertion of a fragment of DNA carrying a gene into a cloning vector and subsequent propagation of recombinant DNA molecules into many copies is known as gene cloning. It involves using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene, foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid, and the recombinant plasmid is inserted into a bacterial cell, reproduction in the bacterial cell results in cloning of the plasmid including the foreign DNA and this results in the production of multiple copies of a single gene. Nuclear cloning or Nuclear transfer- the introduction of the aucleus from 2 cell into an enucleated egg cell (an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed). This Dolly: The Cloning of a Sheep, 1996 % sas pve °o ‘ ne ae a — oy Ne Ye ER coco > cone ag cS a (ie) ay can be accomplished through fusion of the cell to the egg or through the direct removal of the nucleus from the cell and the subsequent transplantation of that nucleus into the enucleated egg cell. The donor nucleus used for nuclear transfer may come from an undifferentiated embryonic cell or from a differentiated adult cell {somatic cell); in the latter case, the technique is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. ‘The concept of nuclear transfer was first conceived in 1928 by German embryologistHans Spemann, who initially experimented with transferring salamander embryonic cell nuclei into egg cells (Rogers, Kara), Transgenic organism. Modern genetic technology can be used to modify the genomes of living organisms. This process is also known as “genetic engineering.” Genes of one species can be modified, or genes can be transplanted from one species to another. Genetic engineering is mae possible by recombinant DNA technology. Organisms that have altered genomes are known as transgenic. Most transgenic organisms are generated in the laboratory for research purposes. For example, “knock-out” mice are transgenic mice that have a particular gene of interest disabled. By studying the effects of the missing gene, researchers can better understand the normal function of the gene (Transgenic Organisms. 2019. Genetics Generation) ‘Transgenic organisms have also been developed for commercial purposes. Perhaps the most famous examples are food crops like soy and corn that have been genetically modified for pest and herbicide resistance. These crops are widely known as “GMOs” (genetically modified organisms}. Here are few other examples of transgenic organisms with commercial value: Golden rice: modified rice that produces beta-carotene, the precursor to vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem for millions of people around the world, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia. Golden rice is still waiting regulatory approval. Goats that produce important proteins in their milk: goats modified to produce FDA-approved human antithrombin (ATryn), which is used to treat a rare blood clotting disorder in humans. Goats have also been genetically modified to produce spider sill, one of the strongest materials known to man, in their milk. Proposed ‘uses for this recombinant spider silk range from artificial tendons to bulletproof vest. Gene offspring Transgenic Mice Copyright 1444-2UUY Access txcellence d) |he National Health Museum. Alright reserved.‘The process of cloning a gene in a bacterial plasmid can be divided into five steps: 1, Isolation of vector and gene-source DNA. The source DNA may come from human tissue cells. The source of the plasmid is typically E. coli. This plasmid carries ‘useful genes, such as ampR, conferring resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. 2. Insertion of DNA into the vector. By digesting both the plasmid and human DNA with the same restriction enzyme we can create thousands of human DNA fragments, one fragment with the gene that we want, and with compatible sticky ends on bacterial plasmids. After mixing, the human fragments and cut plasmids form complementary pairs that are then joined by DNA ligase. This creates a mixture of recombinant DNA molecules. 3. Introduction of the cloning vector into cells. Bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmids by the transformation. This creates a diverse pool of bacteria, some bacteria that have taken up the desired recombinant plasmid DNA, other bacteria that have taken up other DNA, both recombinant and nonrecombinant. 4. Cloning of cells (and foreign genes). We can plate out the transformed bacteria cn a solid nutrient medium containing ampicillin. Only bacteria that have the ampicillin-resistance plasmid will grow. 5. Identifying cell clones with the right gene. In the final step, we will sort through the thousands of bacterial colonies with foreign DNA to find those containing our gene of interest Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions. Transgenic mice were used to study development and disease; the first mouse used was called an oncomouse used to study cancer. Other mice are used to study diabetes, brain function, and development and sex determination. Gene knockout mice used to study gene function - by purposely “turning off" specific genes. The Imockout mouse does not have a functional gene for a protein called leptin, which helps to control food intake. Researchers are using this type of mouse to study obesity.a) What’s More \a’ Activity 1 Dolly: The cloned sheep Direction: Read the short article about Dolly the sheep and answer the following guide questions, Dolly was part of a series of experiments at The Roslin Institute that was trying to develop a better method for producing genetically modified livestock. If successful, this would mean fewer animals would need to be used in future experiments. Scientists at Roslin also wanted to learn more about how cells change during development and whether a specialized cell, such as a skin or brain cell, could be used to make a whole new animal. These experiments were carried out at The Roslin Institute by a team led by Professor Sir Ian Wilmut. Because of the nature of the research, the team was made up of many different people, including scientists, embryologists, surgeons, vets and farm staff Dolly was cloned from a cell taken from the mammary gland of a six-year-old Finn Dorset sheep and an egg cell taken from a Scottish Blackface sheep. She was born to her Scottish Blackface surrogate mother on Sth July 1996, Dolly's white face ‘was one of the first signs that she was a clone because if she was genetically related to her surrogate mother, she would have had a black face. Tn 2001, Dolly was diagnosed with arthritis after farm staff noticed her walking stiffly. This was successfully treated with anti-inflammatory medication, although the cause of the arthritis was never discovered. Dolly continued to have a normal quality of life until February 2003, when she developed a cough. A CT scan showed tumors growing in her lungs and the decision was made to euthanize Dolly rather than risk her suffering. Dolly was put to sleep on 14th February 2003, at the age of six. Guide questions: 1. Who is Dolly the Sheep and how was she created? 2. Who made Dolly the Sheep? 3. What was the first sign that showed Dolly was cloned? Assessment. 1. Why do you think producing Dolly is an important breakthrough in Science and Technology? 2. Ifyou were chosen to be @ part of the team who created Dolly, what else would ‘you consider so Dolly would be healthy as possible?ivity 2. Directions: Complete the sentences in the diagram below to show the manipulation ‘of genetic material. Theeea cl i ied with alan te. —@) ey pr rn caveat dock fen ogy cals romoved Ip The ClonwcLamb ieploced nthe da Fate moter, where # evans normaly Photo source: April 30, 2018|Author: Anonymous| Category: Science, Biology, Biochemistry, Genetios Assessment 2. 1. Based on the diagram in activity 2, discuss the manipulation of genetic material on how they cloned a lamb. Activity 3. Gene Cloning versus Nuclear Cloning Direction: Copy the Venn Diagram below and write the similarities and differences ‘between Gene cloning and Nuclear cloning. oe, NUCLEAR, CLONING Ci pimitaiics [Bierce ste ee Assessment 3 1. What are the two types of Cloning? 2. What is Gene Cloning? How about Nuclear Cloning? 3. What type of cloning did scientists use to create Dolly? Explain your answer?Activity 4: Directions: Read each description carefully. Match them with the terms used in DNA manipulation. Write the letter of the correct answer before each number Deseriptions Terms 1, Its the process of inducing changes in gene A. Transgenic Organism expression and expression of novel genes. 1B. Nuclear cloning 2. Itis defined as a mechanism by which each . time the host cell reproduces. C. Genetic manipulation 3. Itis a modern technology which is used to D. Gene cloning modify the genomes of living organisms. E. Gene knockout 4. It is the purposely “turning off” the specific genes of a mouse. 5. It is the introduction of the nucleus from a cell into an enucleated egg cell. Assessment 4. 1. What is oncomouse used for? 2. Why do we create transgenic animals? 3. How does cloning benefit the environment? Activity 5: MYSTERY WORDS Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to form correct words. Then, copy the letters in the numbered boxes and write them below to unlock the mystery words. CLT] LCLELTT ELL. 123 4 5 6 7 & 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1. SILIONATO 2. COERTNISRTI 3. NROOSARFAITT 105. MERTECAONNI 6. SORSIPEEXY 7. GERTAT GEEN 1 8. NEZYSME 13 12 10. RIVUS | Assessment 5. 1. Based on the puzzle above, how are the terms involved in the DNA manipulation process? Discuss your answers. Activity 6. Letter clues Direction: Decode the terms related to DNA manipulation by writing the corresponding letter of the given number clues. afe|]c;[ovlelrf[@fufifi]fn«]ifm @1|a}lel@) oe | oe] @ | @ | @ | oo | an | a2 | as) nJo/p/la/fr{[s/t/ulvjw]/xliy]z (24) | (25) | (46) | (27) | (28) | (29) | (20) | (24) | (22) | (23) | (24) | (25) | (26) 1. Itis the process by which many copies of a specific gene are made each time the host cell reproduces. 7-5-14-5-3-12-15-9-14-7 2. What do we call to the organisms created by genetic engineering? 7-13-15 3. Itis the introduction of the nucleus from a cell into an enucleated egg cell. 14-21- 3125-118 4. It contains foreign DNA thet has been introduced using biotechnology. 20-1. 14- 19-7-5-14-9-3 5. The transgenic animals that are used to study cancer. 15-14-3-15-13-15-21-19-5 unAssessment 6. 1. Based on your previous activity, how can we differentiate genetically modified organisms and transgenic organisms? And how are transgenic organisms created? = ca) What I Have Learned Let's sum up what you have learned. Complete the sentences below. It is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms 1 While 2. is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity and made up of DNA. 3. is the process of producing individuals with identical or virtually identical DNA, either naturally or artificially. There are 2 types of cloning the 4 and 5 - Organisms that have altered genomes are known as 6 which generated in the laboratory for research purposes. For example, 7. are transgenic mice that have a particular gene of interest disabled and used to study. cancer. Another exampleis 8. ‘the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear. While 9 is a modified rice that produces 10. the precursor to vitamin A 42What I Can Do Find an article about the Human Genome Project. Write your insights based on the article that you have read. Use the rubric below to guide you in writing your content. CONTENT ORGANIZATION STYLE Spts. ‘The ideas are Sophisticated Precise, illustrative substantial, specific, arrangement of use of a variety of and/orillustrative | content with evident | words and sentence content demonstrating and/or subtle structures. strong development and transitions. sophisticated ideas. 4pts. | Sufficiently developed Functional Use of simple or content with adequate arrangement of common words. elaboration or content that sustains explanation. a logical order with some evidence of transitions. Spts. | Limited content with Confused or Limited word choice inadequate elaboration inconsistent and control of of explanation. arrangement of sentence ‘content with or structures. without attempts at transition. 2pts.| Superficial and/or Minimal control of | Minimal variety in minimal content. content arrangement. | word choice and minimal control of sentence structures.Assessment Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer 1. Which genetic engineering process contains foreign DNA that has been introduced using biotechnology? @ Gene cloning b. GMO ©. Nuclear cloning d. Transgenic organism 2. Who developed the process of nuclear cloning? @. Hamilton Smith b. Hans Spemman ©. Hindll d. Kary Mullis 3. When was the first nuclear cloning conceived? a 1928 b. 1929 ©. 1930 4. 1931 4. Which organism was modified to produce FDA-approved human antithrombin (atzyn) a. Cat b. Frog ©. Goat d. Sheep 5. What vitamin is present in Golden rice? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B ©. Vitamin ¢ 4. Vitamin D B. FACT OR BLUFF. Write Fact if the statement is True and write Bluff if it is False. 1. Dolly the sheep is still alive 2. Transgenic organisms have also been developed for commercial purposes. 3. The donor nucleus used for nuclear transfer may come from an undifferentiated embryonic cell 4. The new DNA can be inserted randomly, or targeted to a specific part of the genome. 5. DNA manipulation is the indirect manipulation of an organism's genes using ‘biotechnology. 14Additional Activity Direction: How does the creation of Spider goat be helpful? Discuss your answer. Photo source: by Lisa Zyga , Phys.org Rubric for Scoring CONTENT ‘ORGANIZATION ‘STYLE ‘Spts.| Theideasare | Sophisticated arrangement of | Precise, illustrative substantial, specific, | content with evident and/or | use of a variety of and/or ilhustrative subtle transitions. words and sentence content structures. demonstrating strong development and sophisticated ideas. “apts. Sufficientiy Functional arrangement of | Use of simple or developed content content that sustains a common words. with adequate logical order with some elaboration or evidence of transitions. explanation. ‘Spts. | Limited content with | Confused or inconsistent | Limited word choice inadequate arrangement of content with | and control of elaboration or or without attempis at _| sentence structures. Zpts. | Superficial and/or | Minimal control ofcontent | Minimal vanetyin minimal content. arrangement. word choice and minimal control of sentence structures. 15