AC fundementalsaS NI pe 32: Fa inkge who ul ets in armani ed 4 =a cow main Fg = Nee Sa indeed ents e East hore fad pk as finde a teen sete) anne anlar ety af cl ony ones wher the gues ine rom he expresso oc a cue it Se at nat cous aes fen ace a these Tuts of angle Soitey aetna sil Yolage andere, When he nor ets plot gus ine ste wane sw in ig 3 ‘ein. Aste coats he mate el he ide ong a Figo 3 Sie wane ge 3.1: Gaertn of susie Aru dbp carn! oft cal anlar ly =e “ual Minka on ember of ae cal = NO = Noqcoat eng nto cement ine Aion eC ENN Seinaape =f wer 4 4 eas (-sonby Lene'sam)WHAT IS ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C.)? ‘Alternating current isthe current which constantly changes in amplitude, and hich reverses direction at regular intervals DDI Because the changes are so regular, alternating voltage and current have a umber of properties associated with any such waveform, These basic properties include Frequency; It's the number of complete cycles that occurred in one second. “The frequency of the wave is commonly measured in cycles per second (cycles/sec) and expressed in units of Hertz (Hz). It is represented in ‘mathematical equations by the letter F< Time Period: It is the duration of time required for the quantity to complete one cycle. And is denoted by T. This is reciprocal of frequency. ‘Amplitude: Mathematically, the amplitude of a sine wave is the value of that sine wave at its peak. This is the maximum value, positive or negative, that it can attain. Ay Asai) teAlternating Current (ac) Fundamentals: Definitions ‘+ Waveform: The path traced bya po N . quantiy, such as the vollage in Fig. | " plotted as a function of some | Aiea] xe Variable such as time, position, dogrees, radians, and so on ya s I r i do + Instantaneous value (e,): The iy i ;V MW magnitude of a waveform at any L = instant of time, Sine wave -Peak amplitude (E,): The maximum value of a waveform as measured from its average / or mean value. tis the maximum value, positive or negative, of an alternating quantity yp Cosine wave ima Z|Converting Between Radians = 4 Angular Velocity and Degrees Angular velocity, o, is the angular motionor 4, = anf speed of a rotating, vector o phasor. To convert from radians to degrees: 120° x numberof adans eee smd 7 4 AC Voltage, cont. To convert from 7 * Temgder renege, es radians to degrees: read i + fseteaeoy ere — % number of degrees + The vate pate 5 copie ange 4 Frequency and Period her a ‘The frequency (fis the 7 romberotdeesper 7dr quency (f) is measured in second that we ore ee ame Ces Rm aea (aa) ee eae get eri sec mete Tat erence ‘generate one complete Peet PL a sine wave.PHASE AND PHASE DIFFERENCE Concept of Leading and Lagging AC waveform ‘Occurs when a sine wave i shifted right oF left in relation to the baselreference sine wave. Phase Shift ofa sine wave isan angular measurement that specifies the position ofa sine wave relative to reference wave, + Sine wave sifted right (lags) gh + Sine wave sifted left (leads) + whereQ- An allenating cament is given by Ze 50 sin(geuc t) find “Sabu of feq and timepuiod Oe a Wacsin | Ve 4, B41 (00 , got ew) dep OA te i Fo + abe Owacy GQ sinusoidal Alternating ument has a peale vot ct don of Sag how lng wi H toler coment to “Moth WA Stovting fom zene Be Im sinWwt) = ga om cin(amre) +98 gin(axteoxsoxt) sin'(t] + axiga «50 XE wee anlar sort ee : Exanso too YRMS value ‘The ms (oot mean square) valu of an alternating currents defined as the steady state de current which when flowing through a given circuit fora given perio of time produces the sme heat as produced by the “erating current forthe same circuit and forthe sam period of time. ‘The rms vale is also called effective vale of any waveform, The rs value of any voltage or current waveform canbe calculated wsing either mid-ondinate method or analytic method. ‘The mid-odinate ‘method i illustrated Below ‘Coaside the waveform shown in Figure 38. festa i ih pl. tb tena ae aa n bfaiae aw fie Figure 38: rms and average values using mid-ordinate method. Let sta. Ya be the voltages foreach ofthe small intervals “Then the root mean square vale ofthe waveform is given by Similarly. ms valve of curent can be expresed as eee‘Average Value of Sinusoidal Voltage or Current The averape vai of AC (snus otape or cure te valve of DC which would Sod the sare amount of charge through cut frat eye the AC aS th AC ru he Same crc he ses, ot ba “The average val of srs aerating votage or curent over oc sz. ts beats the a6 of pose Na ee ‘sexy aqua the aes ot apse acyl However fe average value oer al jl er postive Gr eevee 210 Tas, te serage vale of susoMe oan cre mears Nat ye average value Derivation Te average valu of AC canbe obned by nigra he instartneous vas of caren ata oe he half area ct he curve over ace ane enna te est base eng ol afc Area over half ele Average vole ce tength fal ele Average value ‘Average vale ofan alternating curet is that steady curren which transfers the same charg scrxs any circuit that ansfered by the slternating current during the same time perio “Average vale of ny waveform cane calculated sing either mid ‘ondinate method or analytical method. Inthe mid-elinate meted, follwing procedure i ted. (Consider the Figure 3.8. The average valu of voltage can be ob tained ae v Similar average vale of current Tn the analytical method average value of any voltage waveform, 1) can he calculated using the following expression, = fauna aa) [tn dr iste are under the curve can be seen that average vale Dr voltage i the ratio of area unde he curve to the time pio ‘Area nder the curve es Va ET 0) Oraereion= Peak factor — for any waveform the peak factor is defined as peak value Peale TAC — Fe wale Gen Itis the ratio of rm.s. value to the average value. Rusvalue_Irms Form factor, Ky = ; lag Wwerage Valu{how snhincpemdmaeranll anc svi | fom wpe -|iomora = Bfacoue . af or. cane ao 22 Ang i of a of il nf i Pande eeceke acangmenanntaiae: Ince. vers! feaae wings 32 atte | 2 Maximum ae a ratte yo MESS -" S kyo Mtoe vista fae 3 arsine wane Pek fcr y= LA angur % orm ator ‘Teratiof ms ale othe weap valu a aeating gun Sarum a GE t Peak Avetage RMS! p__|342 RMS and erage vals of fll-retied sine wane ‘The fal tei win stow in Figo 3.10 pia a co ie 3.10 utes site nave lets serie Vo fo ah sins al [vesnon - EfrwaS43 ROMS and average values of hlf-rectied sine ave ‘Theale tne wave sono Figue 1.11 is pe 2 oy ge 81: Ha tid sn wane ‘Sie Tomi spas = [gfesmona = me | , some |AMA RMS and eerage yas a square wave ‘The sure eae soe in Fig 3.12. fpr i Fan mate uta epeceniation ven teat 35, Fie 3.12: Sgace ne Pvc few an Bs “Average wales em sinc the wane is symmericl aba as. A ‘egal oer pote hefty Tee ae [a “ ge Mtoe cre Sere Va = Ti Pol = fave ses te . “angle ca Vsample M1 An aerating carats en by /=1614sns7T Fn ms ae of cae) aqueny (erage wale fcr ren form tr ton eof cet when = Seton Comping he gen ution, = 4.148037 wih sand pe es a77aiands= nf vet nm rrenin f= ace (dren atc gn ta 2H (Fm ek a Inara ae of caret a = m=. =n ample 142 Fora 20 V0 He sn we, ot tnt ews lage at ler he poste mati ae Seaton “The pak vale ofthe wveoom. Vn = VE Vine viz 18527 ve “Teco rine vhaghs = Van From te waefa ican rm th pve peak comet ‘Sm Sowe have nd ou he itntancns abe at = 6m Tsun ohige a m= Vin) Snares ago —300a Vample AS Find he svenge ale othe caret tlming ‘sector dan ton Find aq vate ot “given wavelom ans v Pe fox | ° oy “os cy ang volue ISRO + -3 x OH ‘4 a a porbae> 4 ig. sy Sone eeSingle Phase Power Supply Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 3 Phase Power Supply Va agate ana NUR Lege ee OaStar Connection (Y Or WYE) Delta Connection (A) @ Electronics HubBalanced I 1) na”Three phase Balanced System Properties of balanced system “Liver pericy saci nie mgt apse hit of 20g curren: ig Uzougneach ase ident {2.Nocarent flows tvough he eta Three phase Unbalanced System Neutral System gets unbalanced because of following reasons. Effects of unbalanced system + Heat StamatisPhase Voltage NR Line Ep,Vottage hate voage = lin oitage 3 2.Ina delta connected balanced load3-phase, Wye-connected transformer enh Vi or Foes se) Line vtage Vis Vi Aatve mer, P= VV. end Reactive poner. Q V5Vi tsi Aart poet $= VVile ence fora Det 8 coma em Lieve = Vpn in cet f= Vpn Activ power P= Vie com Reactive power. = ViVi sinDefinion of Relation Ine ard pase turent between Ine and hase voto “Te terminals oft thee bronches ore connected 9 common pont. The retwerk Formed skrown The storing andthe frashing pal thats the silo ends of the three fale ere connected together ual or the star pone cesits in the star Line current is eaual to the Lune vattage sequal to root tee omes of he hace Votags| “The three branches ofthe retwork are connected in such 2 way thatit forms a dosed Toop known as Dts The end of each cals connected tothe starting plnt ‘ofthe other col thot means the eppesiteteninals of the cis ‘reconnected together Neutral pant does not extn the deka connection Line arrentis equal to root sre tes of te Paes current Lune vleage sequal t the race votage462 Power in star-comected system ‘he wal poser ina de pase cat he st poesia i ‘ial ans For abalced ssl power Pe en Ps < Romer perphse PHB Yu hy £0 Boe yan He aay paar sted Ali ticonp ose she pons Fram is te phase diene een phase og an ase cae ine wotge. v= V5 ate poet P= VV cose Reactive pws. = Vesa Apern pone.S= VV, 42.1 Power in dtta-connected system “Tal power, P= «Power inch pe Les Pa Von aco = VV. t.058 swe Vpn Vad pn = Ite expression fr power the sane Line wap, V= pp ine erent = Vpn athe power P= VV coe Reave por = V3¥iN sin463 Neutral enrent in connected system gue 46: Rlaoo terween pss and tne cen 9 ones eye ‘Newletter sum ofthe he in ae Conse theeas oa lance sem in wish ase cures = Isnt 120 a n= Spsnot+120) fa bie tin sin + st 1209+ Isnt +20) ynotcos120 + gcostsin120 ‘Tis proves ha a lanes te hase syst te neu caretExample 4&1 A sccm oe he adh esitnce Sf 2 anon ndslve rasan of 16 Inash ch, Ae 9 tins votage 48 Veep acme Find the ie cre ae coven ne vlsge a poner Exe Suton 462 Power in star-connected system ‘The taal poner ina he sha ct isthe sm of powers in in dul pases Tora alnced sem. al poner Ps gen by Ps xPomerperphae Vp gnc Bat Yn a pose Manone 4 viscous os i te pome fact ant she pate dileence bene phe haga pe cre Fornaio Yared pace ine vetage. Vi = VI ative per P= VV ond Reactive power. = Vieng ‘Appar pow. 5 = VV,sample 462 _A tre pe wotr when comes 02 40 50 say dows $808 apig, Wha the power conse by emer? Seton ines a: eed vin -s-08 462 Power in star-connected system ‘The taal poner ina he sha ct isthe sm of powers in in dul pases Tora alnced sem. al poner Ps gen by Ps xPomerperphae PHBA yu 10m Bat Vpn» hand a tec viscous os i te pome fact ant she pate dileence bene phe haga pe cre Fornaio Yared pace ine tag. v= ative per P= VV ond Reactive power. = Vieng Aman pons. S= VV.ample 64 Atuonsed Yams ad of 84 pais sonnets a hep 40 V apy. Find te in cure poe ‘ew ae once ape power ad wea pone ‘ten Pepe nan a VEST EB an a Peng et ris jan Bt feseromen! tal et begat Pe tot drapes P= Bend Ssanvany ep B= fh A ethene. = ap Ve woe cases) 462 Power in star-connected system ‘The taal poner ina he sha ct isthe sm of powers in in dul pases Tora alnced sem. al poner Ps gen by Ps xPomerperphae Vp gnc Bat Vpn» hand a pose Manone 4 viscous os i te pome fact ant she pate dileence bene phe haga pe cre Fornaio Yared pace ine tag. v= ative per P= VV ond Reactive power. = Viengample 47.1 A dbconnecl ad of 12.0 rsa an 16 ‘areata sommes 0050 Ho wip id te ie ‘ea, pe cue! al power ce ewe 4: Forte deta coestio, Lie vag, Vi = Pe YRaEE, Yn recon, = Y= 108 47. Power in delta-comnected system “eal por, P= 3 Power inca pase es P= Vpntlpncond = VV 1c009 since Vou = Via gn = 4 Netatiespctne of whee cies deemed Ite exes fr power the sane Heer fora Dla 8 cecil pa Une ota. = Vpn nec. V5tpn athe por, P= VV coy Reine por Qs ViVi ln Arpt pes $= VV,umple 472 The inpedoces of 4+ Lar comes nds ‘nn the pas. 20V spy. Fi incre, porer ctr induce ve Per pine impedance, 2= VFR = VIF =50 For deta-conse co, ne lge = pate vlase Pre cet ya» 1 Use cen Power fcwcconpe a0 Asin pet = VENI 88 52003 «08: 47. Power in delta-comnected system “eal por, P= 3 Power inca pase es P= Vpntlpncond ample 47.8 A tee pose de-smeve tlelload en ced DV upp sews 1732 A O8 ping. Ech pase is reo an an incr comms inser. ind the estan and ‘eater ase Seton ‘There Resa erp, R= 70.840 Reseuwe pr pas, X= V2 VS 24.0 ome se ae mt ne Nettie of whee cic starr deere Ite exes fr power the sane Heer fora Dla 8 cecil pa Une ota. = Vpn nec. V5tpn Active pes, P= ViVi cone Reine por Qs ViVi ln Arpt pes $= VV,sample 47 The ol cch having an imgdins of + ‘Gare comes (1) ol) da a a0 Vp Soon Impedance per pas, Z = VE 100 aeons Y= A eam Y acs, y= t= aun, Phe og. Y= 1 = 400 tine carn, = VS y= v0 0828 A ower = VV cond = 9400s 2000 BAW [ReasarorVeomeanl sem ie vote = Vpn ne caret» ative power. P= VV, cot Reactive mer Q= VI sing Appr powcr $= VV ence fora Delo comes em Line vgs = Yn Lin cent = Vtg ate power P= VV con® Reactive power, = VV, sin Apparent pow. = VV‘The total numberof possible phase sequences fora three-phase AC system is__ wa Tee Phase Creute M0 Qveston 1 Detaled Slton + Ina three phase system, the order in which the voltages stain thelr maximum positive values called Phase ‘Sequence. a0 are tree voltages or EMFs m he three-phase system with he same magnitude, but the frequency Is displaced by an angle of 120” electrical + Consider the RY and 8 the three phases ofthe supply system. + Taking an example ihe phases af any collate named ac PY. B hen the Postve phase sequence will be wil be RBY, BYR, ‘newer (etaies Sotzion Below) ation 1:2 20° ¥ ‘+ Fora three-phase system, there are only two possible hese sequences RYB and RBY coresponcin othe {wo possible directions of aerator rotation. + Phase rotation has no impact on resistive loads, butt will have an impact on unbalanced reactive loads, 2= noun n the operation ofa phase rotation detector ce. + Phase rotation canbe reversed by swapping an two ofthe three terminals supplying thre-phase power toa three-phase load.Ina delta connection, ine current lags behind phase current by: Ina belanced str connected ystem ne voltages are _ aheudof her respectve pas wotages, 1 30° 2 60 2 ~ 2 a" 4 eT Anawer (tae Soliton Sou) oman (tte Sain Elon) 4 ten 2:20 Option 1:30" For shalances system, he phasor dlogram is given below. For abalanced star connection, the voltage can be represented as \‘Three identical resistors connected in star consume 4000 W when connected across balanced 3 supply. What isthe power consumed, ifthe three resistors are connected in delta across the same supply? 20000 w 2. 16000 Ww 3. 4000W 4, 12000 01 -Anawee (Detslied Solution Below) Option 4: 12000 w 1 (Py) = 4000 0 Power consumed by deta connected load (Pe)= 9 4000 = 12000 WThe power tangles shown below. ‘Apparent ower (5) Reactive Power () ‘impedance JAA phase angie Real Power (P) P= Active poner (ot) Real power in (= Reactive powerin VAR: SS Apparent powers VA= Vins 2 Impecance s-P+i0 S-VP@ ‘isthe phase diference between the voltage and currentFor a 400 V, 3 phase 3 wire star-connected unbalanced load, the neutral point voltage can be: 1 4oov 2x0 nv e00v (1) Tiree phase balanced star connected sytem: ‘+ As te system Is balance. a balanced system means that nll the tree phases RY, andB, an equal ‘amount of eurent flows tough them. + Therefore te tree vorages Via Vi an6 Ya ae equal in magnitude but asplace trom one another by 120° ectical ¥ = y= ¥3 Von magnitude) +The same cure flows through phase winding as well as nthe line conductor as its connected in series wrt the phase winging. =k (m magnitude) and e+e +h = 0 (2) Tivee;phase unbalanced star-connected system: ‘As te system is unbalanced, means that inal ree phases Le.R Y, and 8, unequal curents wil How trough thee. + Therefore the three olages Vi Vand Vig ae not equal in magnituce 1 as tecuttens ae unbalanced thee exits smal neutalcutent yar ite ven by eth thes hy {As cute ows from the neutal pint due to the unbalanced condions, there ens avery smal potential tiference. rd this potential eference is called neural point voltage ‘Therefore the neutral point voltage can be 20.tetas “ansrmmon Fovern saranda pomed My He aa Mx ty = po 3 x Sy Ip a8 Hy ty = Bo) Forte Poon =3 Vex MP =9x¥i x Me =) eect hector tata whe rntematn ance hen powerin ce cee Fm =Mokn Page Be Mf Hc By = By oon Mala Hence ime reconnect the crcl trom star to delta without anstornaion of elstance then Bows Png = 8x Vix Mi = 8x Vi x 3h = Ee ‘Shonectslrew hes of ome tar comectes Pow" 2*P oyIna star connected 3 phase resistive load, the phase current is 20 A. If the same resistances are connected in delta and same 3 phase Voltage is applied, what isthe phase current ? Relation | Relation vs4a ‘connection | between | between votes | currents 2 208 sar) [Ve 5. 17328 beta | Ve= Ven | tb=V3a 4, 34088 Poa * 9% Pi iver, 1. Tyo = 20. (For star connection) since, Pres = 3*PisayA three-phase star-connected balanced load of (4+ j3) 0 per phase is connected across a three- phase, 50 Hz, 400 V AC supply. Determine current drawn from the supply 1. 46.188 2 20238 3. SOSA sos22A Calelation: The given oad i star connected load v= 400 Inductive reactance X=30 Reo Impedance 2a Phase otage Vous =Ina three-phase system, the order in which the voltages attain their maximum positive value is called RUS votage 2. peakco-peak vonage 3. aphase sequence 4 power tector -Anawer (Ostlied Solution Below) Option 3: phase sequence ‘Tee Phase Cres MC0 Question 15 Dette Slaton “The order in which the three-phase voltages ata ther postive peak values is known asthe phase sequence. Conventionally the tee phases are designated as redR yelow-Y anc blues phases. The phase sequences sid tobe RVB ifR attain its peak or macmum value frst wih respect to thereference as shown en the counter clocks erection folowee by ¥ phase 120" later and B phase 240" later than the R phaseIna three-phase system, the current passing through any two lines of supply i fine vokage 2. phase cutent 3. phasevotage 4, tie current In sthreephase system, Te eurent passing through any wo lines of supply Is called es line current ‘The eurent passing though a supply le Is called as phase cuert ‘The voltage aross any single phase is called as phase vonage ‘The voltage difference betmeen any two phases fs called as ine voltage ‘tine? sine *neutrar called __ | LY’ Phase £8! Phase ata connectionLine voltage instar connected balanced 3 phase circult Is equal phase votage 2 fs 1NStimes the phase voage 3, 1s ¥8 times the phase voiage 4. none ofthe above ore Poi Inastarcomected tree chase ytem *Veey8Ve ty Ia vi 1 arpa 3 Vx, cosh =3 Ya 0s} Ina dala connected hve: pase system, Yorn (ny, In= E Total power P= Va V1, cosh = 3 Vply.cos‘Three equal impedances are first connected in delta across a 3-phase balanced supply. If the same impedances are connected in star across the same supply opto 3: Power cons vl ESE Electric 2014 Paper 1: Offical Paper repay na iow all UPSC ES Papers > 1. Phase curents vl be 13 of the previous value 2. Line currants willbe 1/9 ofthe previous value Power consumed willbe 1/3 ofthe previous value 44, Power consumed wil be times the previous value‘Three equal impedances are first connected in star across a balanced 3 phase supply. If connected in ——_ lo" 4 Power consumed il increase wee ions delta across the same supply Free Tests BSNL JE (TTA) 25 September 2016 Shit 1 Paper View at SNL TTA Paper Phase current wit be pled 2. Phase current willbe doubled Lune curren wil become one third 4. Power consumed wil inccease threefoldYe sab Ae ae