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    This document provides an introduction to chess that discusses: 1) The authors aim to present the elements of a new theory of chess openings and lay the foundation of a complete scientific theory of chess. 2) Chess is described as an exact science and intellectual pursuit that can engage the ablest minds through studying the campaigns of great chess players. 3) The introduction explains the basic components of chess - the board, pieces, notation, and rules - to provide readers a practical understanding of the "anatomy" of the game.

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    This document provides an introduction to chess that discusses: 1) The authors aim to present the elements of a new theory of chess openings and lay the foundation of a complete scientific theory of chess. 2) Chess is described as an exact science and intellectual pursuit that can engage the ablest minds through studying the campaigns of great chess players. 3) The introduction explains the basic components of chess - the board, pieces, notation, and rules - to provide readers a practical understanding of the "anatomy" of the game.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    98 views217 pages

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    ha he
    This document provides an introduction to chess that discusses: 1) The authors aim to present the elements of a new theory of chess openings and lay the foundation of a complete scientific theory of chess. 2) Chess is described as an exact science and intellectual pursuit that can engage the ablest minds through studying the campaigns of great chess players. 3) The introduction explains the basic components of chess - the board, pieces, notation, and rules - to provide readers a practical understanding of the "anatomy" of the game.

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    of 217

    CH E S S

    'T......,.... ''",''''''"''''~~.,,~.F.. '''''.


    "o...,~,.,'''''~ .... ''''~''''~
    CONTENTS.
    PREFACE.

    IN ~~~~~;:~~u~~~~ ~a~~ea~i:::a;~~~!
    pre,ent the element. of a new theory 01
    play. Thoy hove confineu themselves,
    in the main, to the expo.ition of that
    part of lhe sy'tenl which govcrns the
    opening 01 a game; by sugge,tion,
    howe •• r, if not by definite statement,
    they hope to have laid bclore the .. ader
    atlea.t the'pirit of the complete theory.
    Leibnitz pronounced ~he5s an exact sci·
    ence, Petroff pl.ced it on a level with
    the integral o.k"lu" ."d the grc",
    Ander"",," de,I" ...1 tht its intricAcies
    were more ab.I,,,scthan the most pro
    found mathem.tics; theautho .. of the
    new theory, agree;"g with thi. trlQ of
    distinguishM sehol ..., are !"mrted!o
    go stmfurther, and to a"'''',even at
    the peril of being considered .omewhO!
    visionary, not only that ohcss i. a real
    scionce, but that it m.y no! uur •• sona·
    bly be rc~ard"u as symbolical of the
    snpreme science, the science of lorce.
    If thi,be true, the stuuyo! che .. ma),
    profitablyengagetheattcntiol\ofthc
    abl<st il\tell«t,. Tho," person. who

    ~:k:!~~h:h~I.~~~c:ooi~~e P~~:l~;:r~
    should Tccollect lhat a frame 01 wires
    strung wi,h wooden b.lIs was lhelamil
    iarcomp,"ionolthe earHer malhemati·
    cian., that lhesciencc o! logarilhms was
    perfected by m••• s o! woodenpeg •• nd
    a board pierced wilh hole., and lhat
    Napoleon wOn his victories hero", hi.
    battle. we,e foughl, by Slicking hi.
    mapo! Europe full afpins .urmounted
    by divcrscolored ball.o! .ealing-wax.
    "The art o! war," declared Napoleon,
    "can be con'prehenucd only by the ex·
    hanst;ve .tudy and com""Tison 01 the
    campaigns o! the great caplain •. " In
    tbe same way, by tbe study and corn

    ~~~.~n.:: ;~,:nre;:n~~i"~~;ee •• :lc~e~:


    players,it i. possible to discern asimi·
    larity in their methods of calculation
    and procedure, which, iF properly com_
    preheoded and reduced 10 a system,
    mu" becomeava,lablea, theba,is.not
    onlyofathcory.bmo{thetruetheory.
    ofchcss play, and to deduce from this
    system certain principle, whooe truth
    and applicability must be universally
    obv;"us at all time' and in alleiTcum·

    :~',~:~:: ~~'~c~;~I:m;~~:ci~r:;;al~ ~~e


    Th.ircnief aim ha, been 'orender!he
    player. whether he be a master or a
    noviC<',indeJ>Ondenlo£allo,herlr'at·
    mcnlS of lhe chess OJ>Onings •• nd par·
    licularlylO freehLmfcom Ihe.laveryo{
    mechanic.l analysis. by educatin, him
    in Iheguiding, basic prinoiplesof.cien·
    tificchess. They c<ah"" tbegravityo£
    their undert.king.and foril"upporl
    they appe.lat once to Ihe libcraldi ..
    cussion and di.passionate judgment of
    thecbesswocid,.ndtOlhec"J>OricnC<'
    of Ih""e beginnerS who, IhfOl'gh Ihe
    door Ihat is heTe thrown <>pen. may
    enler "pon and behold I~e beaulies of
    the noblest menIal dive .. ion which the
    ingenuity "fman has devised.
    IF :: '~~Idr:~:t ~~mm=: a,:~'~:;
    intellige"o.,"ndco",id<r.ble"I"'rien"",
    whom, how<ver, you ne,,,r '"pJ>O",d.o be
    • chess play.r, and.hoold an him if h.
    w.. familiarwi.hlhe g.mo,yo" "'ould prob
    ably reeeiv. lhe "ply, "Oh, [k""" the
    move,!" H~ might give you a v.,iation
    upon thi, .n""",r,"', "I kno" .h. mov ..
    once, bot I',. forgotten ,hem,'· or, "I'Ye
    onlyplaye<l halladoz<ng.me,;nmylife"
    At.l1.v"" ... hewouldh.rdlyconfesshi,
    '0 ..1 ign<l",nce of chess. The", are f...
    ['<"",n. who ha". not acquir<d, at some
    p<Tiod,<o«ntorremote,.tlo.. t •• m.tt,,,
    ingor'he gom.; and fe"",,,il\,,ho h,,,.
    no. gained,thrmlgh reading or lhrough con
    bC,with cheliSplay.", a more 0' I"", ac
    "".. te nolion of ilS gene ..1 ch.".,ot<r~tic"
    it. m.chincry,and ilS nom.lld,t.,.
    It m.y be that YO\1 yourself belong to
    On. of th<se cla"", of individ •• I.who h.,..
    rnjoyed th.n« m«'ings wi.h Cai"",; if
    ,"chbey",,,,tat",wilhref<rence.oh<r
    l,dy.hip,yo.w;Uoo",o.!ydeciine the hooor
    of.form.lint<od""tionbefQ"'You ....y.o
    10 "'''MINOR TACTJCSOF CJl{;ss

    know her be".,. It maybe, on 'lI< o,her


    hand,thatY"u"",,,, .. lIyitlnoron'of,h<
    my.lpm.; in which ea •• i,is n<c .... ry, of
    oou"", ,h",)"" """uld loarn ,h. ,udimen"
    from 'hev<ryb<gin"ing. F;.ally,;';' no'
    unlikoly,h"Y"u.realreadyach=plaY"rof
    con,id".ble -""ns,h; bu, .... en ,hen it is
    the hopoof ,he au'ho," of thi,voIUln< tbat
    you m'yder;ve some prontftom'peruMlof
    tb.follow;ng I"S'.... The bo.rd,nd m.n,
    the notation"nd 'he 'echnical rule. moy
    be"'g>rd«l .. ,he,k.le,onofchcS5,,,"din
    d...,ribing,h<m here an attemp' is made
    togi"you,.imple and prac'ical id.aof,he
    anatomy of ,h. game. Having masre,.d
    ,h"ido."yo" "'ill boin 'he most f.vo,..ble
    posi,ion,oiook beno .. h the,um.e,ond.,o
    unde .. "nd,h.pnnciplesand,ppf<cia,ethe
    deeper be,u,ies of 'he ",i.n«.
    A. you re.d what follows yOU 'hoold
    m.k. dilligen' us< ofach ... boord."d a
    .." o/men_ Although 'he t<xt is hberally
    p"",idod with iIIu."ation" you ,hould not
    dependon'h ....lone,bul.ho"IJ.ludyby
    m..""o/,he ac,ual board.nd men evory
    position thot i.b;d befo,e you in adi,srom
    Mor<over,yourboord.nd men.hould be 01
    I!<n<lOu'proportion •. Beginners.,ehess
    .r<tooapt,oprovideth.mselve."i,hve'Y
    ,mall men, 'hinking lha, "'1"'''' will be
    ~e"""gh{o,meun'illk",, .. mor<o/
    theg,o,e."' Thi,i,a",iot.>'<e. Withdi_
    Hyounow .. l«t anY'""points.t ran
    dom,ond ronn«' the", by. straight hno,
    Y"" m,y Or may not set, Une 'h" i.ol
    •• Iue in ch.... For.xaml'l •• inthelcllow
    ing,liogram,thelilledbi,'''""linthogo.n>e;
    >oi,tholined<;110 i"h<linea'{;'nd""
    i. the lino a<; bot tho hno x)' <lcos nO,
    en'o< in'" 110. praclice cf ~ho .. in any

    ThepoeuU.,iliescflholine,d6,"".nu
    "i, m.y be ... n 41 " slone.: ,,~ po....
    lhtoUSh ,he c.n' .. , of a IOW of"l"''''''"
    adirec'ionwhich,wilhoUldci"ll"iolcneelo
    " ..... hem"icalterm,m,ybe <,U .. lh.,i",n·
    Id', H, in a ,imil." m:m.or, moy be "
    garded .. '~rlka'; .nd ai, <onsid.red
    16 TRAM/NOR TACnCSoF'Cnliss.

    w;th«rerenccto th'sqU,,<slh"'''llhwhkh;,
    ",,,,c.,h«klrlylh.cU,.,,,;oLlofaJidI:"Ndl.
    '111. I,,,. ~', 00"''''''', ""long. '" none of
    ,h..eth,..,cla...,.; .nd.,fir>t"ghtit
    ""uld.p!"""oben<;therfuh,ll<.h,nor
    f"w1. N•••nho] .... it i. drnwn oC<:<lru;ng
    to n,.,hod,.nd its ,U",Olion is weHdefined,
    os the " .., di"g",'" will sho ...

    In Ihi, fig",,, .. e ..." with 'he point 0


    andd",,, the hori""nt,lhne d/"exl<ndingto
    th.ecnlreof the"e't .... """'b'''one'o'he
    'iSh,; then, ',",<\in8 ""th the point;, ...
    draw 'he '''''k.! 1ine ;~, ",tending to the
    centreof,he"""sq",re.bove;.ndfi".U,
    "",connect 'he poin" d "n~' >0 .. '0 get
    the cUi;,,, line "'. Now you Will noti«,
    by comp3ting the to'(> di,Srilm.,th.,M in
    Fig. 3 h.. O>.3<,ly the .. me d, .... 'ion and
    lenglh .. d,iny,g_ •. Inf~ ... ob .. i ... d
    the d' of Fig., by just ,he .. me me,hod
    th .. "eu",din ohwning the a, of Fig_"
    excep'lM' we did not actu.lIy d,,;w the
    ,u,ilial}' line, dp and p, but, OS ,,,ffi«d
    forourpurpo,""merelyim.ginedthemd",wn.
    lng.:neralhlnguage,in.,.-d"toohla.in,h<
    poin"wewen'twopoin\$toth<righ,f"""
    i"andth<nonepointupwoord.llulwe
    might h.. e gone one point down .... '" in.
    Sleado/upw.rd,.ndth,nwe""'uldh.ve
    go~in F,g_l.thepotn'<fand 'he oblique line
    od, which i, of the .. m. I1IIt .... in che ..
    as the obliqueli.e '''. Or, agoi. starting
    from",w.mightn..egoDet"opoi.1S
    ro.hel,/t"oT,and.henonepointupwoord
    ordownlnrd.roh ori,.nd hove got o""of
    .he oblique li"". oh and ai. Or, h.lIy,
    once mOl. setting "I" f'om d, we might
    h••eproceededfi<Sttwopointoup.urdo,
    do .......ard,to'lOTs,.nd'h.nonepointto
    'he right or left, to/, g, <, or 6; wh .....
    we anive.' o/, "g,M, or ab, all of
    which.re obliquelineso{.he same noture
    as"" a<f, ah. ond .. ,. Moking onr de_
    p.nur< from .nyo.her point of the boom
    besides.,we migh' ob .. in .... of obl;que
    I, ... corresponding in di=tionand le.glh
    ro 'hose which..., have found in Fig. 3;
    ~nd ;, will be w.1I ro, you to trace in 'hi'
    m.nne,.1I the obliques o[,he boord, .. "
    i, <onve.,e.' 'Q call 'h.m, beginning. one
    af,.,-theo'],Of.w,theaohand.,erYfH>i",
    You ",illfollo-oo thi,rule, the principles of
    which you hove no doub •• Iready g.th.,ed

    fro;: :~:r:!"~~.!'e:!:~u: -:pon the

    _~proc

    to tl>.lo'~
    ..
    eIt ... bou4._ ...ypolDt .. u..lnltlol
    d""'polD .. to ......... ~tor

    ond. tl>OD "". point forw.... d or


    obliqu". ·l1tefollowingdi,g",m$(pag<:. '0,
    .. ) coml"eleiy"'p", .. n•• he .. _.ou.\in ...
    and howev", 'imp'e .hey m.y 'ppear, you
    .h""ld examine .h<m c.refully.n,lc.haust.
    i"ely in oonnec.ion w"h you, boJard,',lh,y
    ""n.tt,u,ein.heiren.iretyth•• <I".lo,moth.
    cmOtio.>.lche"boJard,in di.tinClion from.h.
    'pp,,,,n' or vi,ible ch ... boord
    l ! " not .. pedient at Ihi. lime to"y
    ,nf.h"'8 mOre ""ncoming .h, points and
    line. of .heboard; .. lereIl.". will h< modo
    .oth<m in .hefutu.e •• occasion,demand;
    every ono of them will acqui .. characte,
    .nd individu,lity from .he peculiar mO'le
    menlS of the "",iou, piece~""d m,ny",iIl
    receive.peciliedes!gn>t;o".dependenlon
    .h,ope".ion.uflheg.me. Ce"'inm"he

    :~~.~ ~r.'~~o;;; :::n:~onro:~ o~


    another,willh<of",viceindcfiningvalua.

    ~:r~ri:~;~:eo~~:~~~;~;~~~:.~~~~ :~
    I"me "ill be ,ubordina.e<i in.hi,.lementary
    tr.,'ise'o.h«auseof,implici'y,yoowitlf«l,
    wilhlheaothor<,.hat.hesciencoofch...
    10 .. a mathematic,l ba,i, ""hieh in p"'<';<e
    .,.ynetthe,boO'·erlook.dl>O,di,reg1fded.
    • 1"0'
    ••••••••••••

    -->
    CH~ng~h \:,:e:
    f
    'W:en;::"'~::1
    :;::,
    having ""pon, 01 equalv.luea"hei,com.
    m,nd,ende",'o, '0
    ove,come eacho'herby
    'he superior handling of'he ..... eapon ..
    The longe, a person plays ch ..., the more
    di"incllyhefe<I.'hal'herei,akindol
    {.,",e,_.rtificial, "",h.p', bu, none 'he le..
    'obc"g,,,,ledaJS ,eal._inboren' in ,h.
    pi«e. and radla'ing from ,h • .,. Wri,...
    onche .. ,,,,,.k,,f",hep,,,,,u,,"o"rled
    by "ne pbye,ullon 'he o,h",Ukon ,he ,no"
    pow01fulpieC<.to .. heav y.'''U''')' .. ·.nd
    pictureoqnely de«'i\re "the ""m."king 01
    batt.';.. a~in" the enomy;".1I of which
    ;'within the bcu"d,,,f 'rulh,di'I'I'y,ng the
    ju,t imp",,,,,", of the w,it ... bot (,lIinS
    ,h"n"flhe'et.. lfar;t. Fm._"'youwill
    findbye.pene"ce,and., you "m bc "'l!ed
    t,,\relieve. even without e'pe';en"e,.t 'he
    vOl)'oot .. t,_
    B . . ry o~e 01 tIur cIr ... pl_ .. ",hon
    pmp."Y po."d,.,..,. . . 00.0.".' pow...
    eltlr",.rotD" tIr.lol'<>O .... ~ poottio.nol ....
    a<t ... I. . ry. or I~ • dol...,... m.~~", by
    .rrppO,tI .... YQU< o",.. loleo .~d pooltloD.
    .a.mo?I.I ... H.po<>UUor .... U....tlon
    ofpo .... ""lyiD.O'u .. I' •• I>da.olm.
    pron.d.?lop.na iD"",... tlI. _ _ .....
    ofpo.. n ... U.yofyOu,'O.o .. .
    If YO" .oc.p' ,hi, m,.in> ••• you are
    "",.d'odoat onoo,)"OIlwill appreoiale the
    ~;':~'i:~.;~orttnC< 01 thi, logical <ondu_
    TO"OolIoold"",yoyou,pl.ooo./,OOltho
    •• .,.an.... p of tho pOl'. iD .. • ~ehpooj.

    ::~y~:=::=,;,~!':;:~:,d=y':';;:
    _"' .......dnr..ry.• nd.defOllol . . ly./OJ
    ..... upport OfyOUT own po""""
    I,;,foryour;n"",«i"" m 'he proper
    matI"",ofoecomph,hing,hi",,,-uI';n'ho
    openingoftheg.>.meth.t ,h;.boo~ i,wriue".
    It i,. "'""'er, howev",wh"..deto,led ''''_'
    ",en' b<long< <0' I.,er"'g. of 'he lhOOty;
    i",'nowili""ffid,n'lh'lyo.beorln',,,n,l,
    ~hile "ooying the eh'",Cler;"le. of ,he va

    :~~~ P~~' ,he;r ""'"«... oeh". ogen', of


    Theweal"'n.-e.oU.dpi",.,-bym .....
    ofwhiehaeh... eon\<:,l;,fo"gh',.r<divi,i.
    bI.m'o,i,e1 .....,.ccoroing'Q'hedirec.
    lion ".dmogn;,uMof 'he fo", .. "hkh 'hey
    radi.l<,.nd ,h.ci ...,",of lin ... longwhkh
    Ihey are mov!!d. The pi""", of:he corn·
    I>ln.dv<f,,,.londhorizonlalcl ...,compri,.
    ing,th.t ;''''»y, 'he piece, ,ha, .re mov.d

    :~:h~:"n~,,~:~~~ei;r f,:~g il~~:':~~


    dire ..",n".re oaU!!d Roo","; 'hose of 'he
    di,son.lela»o .. ,heS"",_.,hooeof,he
    obl .. u< ola».re 'he Itn, ..... : ,ho«ol
    ,h. combined v.nic.l, horizon",I"ndd,.'go
    n.1 cia..."". ,h. Qu..... "n,1 ,he)[;n •••
    "h;chdllfcrfrorneach o,herinre,l"'C!'0
    ,h. ma;;n;'"desof 'heir fore .. ; tho.., of 'he
    •• "ic.l.di.go..1 c\ .... in which thedir<e
    ticnof movemen' is vertical,bu' the dlr<C
    liOlloffor""i.di.go""I, .... th.p ....u.
    Each player has 'wo Rooks. tu·o Ri.hop<,
    ,,,,., Knigh .. , ono Queen, ono King,'od
    tigh' 1':1. .....,_."'..<n piec," In aiL The
    pi« .. O(lh<.ixcl=ar<re""'senl<din
    diagram . . . (ollow,,_

    '''- 11> 'If !I .i. "'" ~


    ~"'*.1.t4li
    W ...ill nowcon$id<tlhevariou$pie«$
    s<p".telyan<lindot.oil.

    FIc..,
    (81"",
    The Rook radiateo force .. th ... metime
    .e"i<.lIy."d horiwntally,forw.nl.od "o~­
    ,,,,cl, to 'he right.nd to the !en,f",,,, ,h.
    J>Oinl ",hkh it ""oupio.; bot th;" f<>fee e~­
    tend., in any on. direotion,o"lyol'<r ""n_
    ""ou'i ... unoccnpi.dJ>O'n'., •• f...... and
    iru:luding, th. la" J>Ointof the board;n thot
    d;r<o,ion, or the next J>Oint th.tisoe<upied
    by another pi«e of oithcr ""Ior.
    Forexompl.,;o Fig.9,th. power of 'h.
    "hit. Rook is f.lt, honwntally,to .."d the
    right, at 'he J>Oiots a, 6"nd c,oras far as
    th. limit of th. bo.nl in ,h .. dire<tionj
    tow.rd th. lefi, at th. J>Ointsd,c,.nd f, 'he
    I.st of which i. oeoupied by. "kin,lred"
    piec<,or apiece of the ",me oolor .. ,h,
    Rook; ve"k.lIy, fo""anl, at 'he PO;"" g,
    h,andi,'hela"of whkh;.oecupied by."
    "adve"" " pie<e, or. p;eoeol 'he oppO$i'e

    :I~:/ .:":~~~~~~; ~ ';;,e. =~ ~~k:h:;!;;'~~


    tion. It;, to be notieed thot the Roo~
    ..e"'no force ul"'n,he l"'mt on "hich it
    s"'nd,; .nd,logon.",I, itm.ybe remark.d
    that 11« p.-r d a piu, i, "'"" Idl al
    p" I<'inl wi>i," il tlC'~!i". For 'he oak.
    of br<vi'y ,h. Rook is ..id '0 "<omm.nd"
    'he l"'in" a_I, npon whi,h i"",,,,e i,
    ,adi.ted; and this term will h .....I.. ' be
    emplOy<d in pl.ce of the long<r.nd more
    .. plkll phra". If J"lu ",ill p];ce a Rook
    uponanYJ>Oin'of,heboo.rJ,noothorpiece
    heing pre«:nt, you will ~nrl th .. i, com_
    m.nd.j"" fo"rteon poin,,, no m.ll., ... hot
    point" o«"pi ... Whon Ihore are oth ..
    piec .. ontheoo.rd,.it" ... din,ucha
    mann.. 'hat, as in Fig. 9,they in'ereep' 'he
    ",di.. ion of force by ,h. Rook, i' coo._
    rn:mdsa 1<.. numherof poio" than four_
    'o<n, thi,j •• I,no".lw,y' the c'oe ,n the
    "",i,lons,ha"ris< in a g.meof che,.,.n<!
    tI,e'veragen"mherofpo'"I$oomm.n,\Mby
    a Roo1< in .e,u.l playe"n hardlybc det.r-
    mined •••• napproximot.ly. hi,of .d.,n
    tag<.ho ..... er. to fix upon some m'gnitud.
    of ,hi. son .. a mean, of comparing the
    ",bti •• poten,lal valu",ofthe variou, pie< .. ,
    and ". shall.dopt for our por"",e. in ,h.
    in ... nee of ,he Rook. the numbcr founeen,
    .. hichrept«<nts'he .... rageomnbcrof
    p",nts oon"Mnded by thi'piece upon a
    ct ... rbo.ud. Thi$nqm"",.",urto<n.bec'"oe
    it <.pr .... ' in a m.nn .. th. f"ll row.ror
    'he Rook, ... ,h.lI 0>.11 it> frl<~h'al "'''

    ""';::::-ha.be<n ..id wi,h Jef...n"" '0 the


    ""'i..ion of for"" of 'he Rook. in Fig. 9.
    upon 'he poin .. ~..f. will apply in a degree
    10 the method ofmol',ment of ,h. pie<:<.
    ox""ptingthepoint/: that i•• th. Rookm.y
    bcmovMUI.nyoneof'hepoiotsG.b.<• .I.
    '.!:'.It,i,). l.I, i'"",yno' be mOv<dtoj,
    ho...,., ..... 'hatpointi •• Ir·•• dyoccupi.d
    bya kin~rM pi«e. bu, it may bc m,,,,,~ to
    30 TilE MINel< TACTIC~ 01' <:IIE_'I$,

    point that i, called din Fig. ''', Ll",ill 1><

    :~! I~','::::':=: ~~!; ~:: ~~~~',:~i~~


    a cI .. r board. In other po>iti no," you
    may det.rmi". by <,pen"",nt, i,wIII oom_
    m,o'l nine or <l •• <n poin<>; .nd ,h<,v'''go
    n"mbor ofpoin" thot it comm,nd"taking
    into'ccount,11 the,ixty_fourpooition,,,,hich
    ,tm,y occ"py,will b< foondtobcoigh"nd
    thrc.-f,,"nh., Thi,,,,,ult)'ouor'yv<rifyty
    mo"" of the append.d diag",rn, rn which
    the number of poin" eommand,d by a
    Bi,hop from .ny ro>i'ion i,denot<tl by a
    num.",1 pbced in thot poshion.
    Thus there .... '~"<n'y_eigh' po.i,ion. from
    ..hichlhe Bi.hopcomm.nd..... n poin",
    ,... nty fro", "hioh i'command.nine,.",I ••
    {<'Om which it com,n.nd, ,I..,n,.nd foil'
    [<'Om "hlOh i. command. thirteen, No".
    muitlplying.h, numbc" 01 pos"ions by the
    "umbe" of poi." eomm,mded l<'Om the
    .... ,,1 """'io<l$, •• 1011""",_

    • x 'J" S'
    64x SI";;;:;:
    ...,find.ha,from.l1 .he,iX!y.fou'posi'ion,
    th .. i.m.yoc<upyon 'he bo.M. th. Bishop
    comm.nd,s60poill,,;th<r<forethe •• erag.
    is.hequotie •• ofs6odi,'i<icdby 64. or
    eigh •• nd.hre< fourth>. Th,t i. to "'y.th.
    ~:~~:~"~o:;~~:",n' of .he Bishop i. eight
    We now come to 'he Knigh •• ~·hich r>.di
    .te. as
    and
    its force in .h. dire",,"n. of obl,,~." •• ;
    ,he l<ng,h"r ,n "bliqu, (d. figs_]
    and) i, fixed and in,'>ri,bl •• 'he rn.gn,
    tude of ,h. fo«. «enod by ,h. Knight in
    onyone d,rectioni,.l", fi"ed.ndin.. n..._
    ble: that i,.'he Knigh. comnw><l,olllyone
    poin.in.nyonedirection •• h.. poin.boing
    the fin.1 point of 'he uNi<lue ofwhiohth.
    position 01 the Knight i, 'he inili.l poin~
    3' rHE "'1,VGIi TACTICS Cl' CHBSS.
    Tb.potenti,1 cornplemont of the Knight
    i>,the .. fore,fi,'eandono.founh.

    Il<s;n""r<will do "011 in the study of the


    Knight [0 verify c,,,e~UIIY. as an ""erd"" in
    34 rHB MINOR TACTICS OF CHR~$.

    it. form"io~ of obliqu ....11 ,h. nurn.",I.


    gi.eninFig.J3'
    Th. Qo,.n,who •• quali'ies we will no ..
    ... min<, i. ,h. "",,' pow<rlul of all the
    l'ioce •. I"lorce i.,..Ji.ted v<",•• lIy,ho';
    ",,"tolty.nd diagol1llly from th. poin, ,ho'
    "oo<.pi ••. thu, combining ,h. pow .... 01
    'h. Rook .nd 'he Bishop; and ,h .. fOro.
    cx,ond.,inanyonedirec'ion,ovuc01l.
    ",cutiv.""o<cupi.dpoin.... f>.r ..,.nd
    ind"dins, ,h. I,ot point of ,h. bo,rd in.ho..
    di,e<hOn,o,.h.n'''poin"hati,oc<upi.d
    by anoth<r piece of eith.,colo,.

    FQ, ... mple,in Fig. '4,thewhit<Qu<en


    ,>.>mm.nd.,ho twenty.fi" poi" .. ~_)·, to any
    one of which, .. copt !',it may be moved,
    ifi.;. mov<d.o i,i' c.ptu,... h. ad,' ....
    piece •• Ih,. ""in', Sinc<.h" ""wmof
    .h. Rook.,.,d .he Bi,hop .... combined in
    ,he QUo<n, the potontill complomont of .he
    Que.n i. the sum of the pot.ntialccmpl..

    monl$ of ,he Rook.nd th. Bi,hop: ,h.,


    i.,fourl •• nplns.ightandth .... -fourlh',o,
    'wenty-two.nd th .... ·fourth •. Thi, .-...,\,
    may be ""ifi.d," 'ne.. rei .. ," ohe'tudy
    oftheQuo,n,incc"nWion"i,ht·ig.I,.nd
    .hefoliowins o.1oul.1<On:-
    36 TilE MINON rACIll;S OF CHESS.

    ~~~~~;
    64X"I_~

    For example, in Fig. ,6, t~. white King


    command, .ho PO'"" a_"; to '"y On' of
    which,o«ep' k"tm'rbem.,..'ed,.ndif,t
    i.rnov<d '0 r,ite>p'"'"the odve"e p«oo
    ,he.. "'o>led. The pol<n".1 eomplemen,
    of 'he K'ng appe... from 'he n... di.gram
    and ,h ••cmmp"nying c.lculation:_

    • X3 ~
    .. X I _,>0"
    ;!6x' "oM
    64><6f.=-';:
    Th.po,,,,,,i.! complemen' of 'he King h,
    ,he",[ort,.ixondn'ne·"xte"",h ..
    lh. King has «rto,n velJ'import'n, ch.,
    acten",c., fond,mentaUy ,U"ingui'hing it
    from the other p'''''''', which ",11 be ex·
    p,.inedla'er.
    38 THB MINOR TACTICS 01' CHESS.

    p~:n d~!,7on!:~ i~he!O~~~';:;'~~


    in 'I::',
    directtono! its move",.nt .re not ,~ ...m.
    jtsro,«isr.>d,,.eddi'g<ln.tiyfo[W.m,.,,d
    0,,1110 directly "lja""nt point>, and in '~i.
    direcuon;tcap'u'e'.n .....""pi.ce. It
    ;. moved, however, e.cept in t~. act of
    oapt"';"&. venkolly rorw.ru, .nd only to
    th. n... point in t~at dire<uQn. except
    wh<n.in a gome,it is first moved from il5
    origin'\[>DSition,inwhich.ventitrnayb.
    ::;.odbu:i~h::. to th. n.. t point or to the
    For,.. mp\e, in Fig. ,S,th. white Fawn
    at the point ~ cornm.nd, the points ~ .nd
    ,,;.nd being in us o,igin.1 po,ition in the

    ::,o;~v!':'~'::~:: :~n'd O!,th~ ~'~;.i\:~!


    be,ng ..'tt,d "ponth. point 6. it m'ye,p
    turc'h.......... pie<etoerc.,tu.ated.in
    w~l<h ca .. it .. moved to ~; but. Pawn
    moy be """",ddiagon.lly only in oruer to
    eff.~t a capture. The ",hite I'."n at J
    oomm""d. th'l'oillt,•• nd,not being in;ts
    original position, it m.ybe mOI.. d only to h;
    it may no' be mm.. dtot.bec.u", it c.nnot
    .lfeet a captu,. at that point. Th. "hile
    P,,,.atiitiu.uat<s.no,herp,,,,uliarity"'·
    th,Pawni "am.ly,th.. itm'ynotbemo""d
    furward.oapoin •• hati,alreadyoc<upi.d
    by ,ither. kindred or.n ,dverse piece:
    ,bati.,thewhitep"w"atim.ynotberrto.,d
    'o~.bu, i, .. iIleomll"md. th.poinlSjand I,
    .nd.bycap'uringth.ad,.... pi."".tl.i''''''y
    be mO'led '0 ,hat PO'"'. Furthermore.,h.
    whi,. P:.wn at ... commanding the point}.
    mayb< moved to} andcaptu" 'head .....
    rawn that nOw occupie. n. if. OD 'he n,'"
    .... O'lljttcdfromlhefi"'thor;'onl.l.bec.u..
    ~~"W">donotOC<"PYti1'llj".ofthe

    8 X 0 ~ 0

    )6 x, ~7'

    l6X11 ~&i
    The potential complement of the Pawn
    is,thc ... fo ... ,oneando",,·half.
    ,hr<e adjacont points o<oupiedby kindr<d
    Pa",n',.ndifi,"'erem<wed,oei,herof
    lhe lwoadjacen, point> in 'he same hori
    .ontalwi,h the Rook,it w<>uld"ill beoubjec'
    '0 the force of ,h., pi .. e_ In 'hi,diagram
    itwHlbeno,iced 'h>l th. "hi'e King;'ou

    theboord,.l,hough ittak.. no p.rt in ,h.


    cheekm.te; in every che .. po,ilion, indeed,
    both Kings m." be pt ... n,," nei,herean
    be removed frorn 'hebo.oro bycap'.,e.
    You will hear inmi"" 'he p.",..,e ofa
    game of ehe ..,_nam<lY,oh.ckmot.,_nOl
    ""lely .. its.itimo'eobjec',no,as.n"
    temal feature of ,he pro<=>, bu, panic.·
    44 THIJ MINOR T..CTICS ~p CHUS.

    I.rly •• a rnott .. of d""p principle, which


    ,hall g<>vem 'he whole pl,n of yo",op<ra-
    ,ion, in pl.y. ]M ,;ml", d;ml, 44<1
    I"prf! co~<lff(/"f atl<"k Qf Ih, ~dt~,,<
    K;"(I""'ifi.n,~ywhi,h,, ,.,"nllh, ""inl
    ",culi,d ~y 11« ~,fw", KInK, l<iK,lh,r with
    lI«i""""Ii~ldyadja''"t",i"t"i,P,<''ish''l
    ."f<r<f'''mll~y. So> fuod.mentally im
    ponant,ind •• d,i"h.icl .. o[regordingthi,
    posi'ion .. th.on ..... nti.lobjo<tIO".,d
    which J'Ollrforce.hould be directed,th",..
    find it ""nh "hile to i>esto""'pedficd.,ig_
    ~:~~~ upon it. We >hall "y, ,herefOle,

    TII. point ooc~pl.4 by tII •• 4Y_Eiq,


    t<>ptherwltllu...dj".on.potnto,ooatt-
    'u'"tile objootl..,plaDe,tIIo»omtrolof
    wbIo11.latlloolman4p<>rpOHofa _ _

    At the btginningof a game ,he ",bi'e and


    th.bbckpi.cesarepl.cedi n ouet1y.imit.,
    si",",'ioll>Qnopposi,.,k1esoftheboOTd,a.
    >ho .. ninFig.".
    A. an aid to you, memory insetting up
    Ih. pi"", you will notice tbat wb.n you
    ar< pI'ying tb. wbi,. pi«., you, King i,
    on tho"ght h,nd o[you, Q"«n,.nd .. hen
    you.r<pl.yingtbebt.<kpi«."b."ing
    i. on 'he len; lhe whi,. Q"«noo<upi•••
    poiDt in • .,hite "'Ioate,.ud the bl""kQue.n
    'pointln.black"'lu.re,_a circum"'nco
    'h", i. oomlOOnlyap'._ by ,he"ying,
    "Qu.,n • .,andon ,h.irc"ncolot>." 11
    youconC.LV. the bo"dto be dividcdinto
    ''''''qual part. by th. ,".rticol \ine ,hat.x·
    t,nd, "<:r<IS' it be ..".n the Kin(!' alld the
    Q"un.,th .. ,ideupon which th.Kingsare

    ,ituated" e.lled the Kins" "de,.nd 'hot


    "pon"'h,ehth.Queen.... ,itu.. edi.c,lI.d
    .he Q"""n', ,id.; if yoo.r< playing the
    whitopi""'" the King" ,id. i, at your right
    hand,.ndth. Queen·, "de >l you, Je[t; and
    if you are playing the bloekp,eoe, the King',
    .idei,at your I.n, and th. Queen'. ,id ••t
    your right.
    46 THe "'NOli TACTICS 01' CHI1<;S

    The,"rm, "King', wing" and "Quee"',


    wing" .re applied to tho.e pordon' of 'he
    King" "de an~ the Queen', ,,~e. ''''pe<.
    'ively, "hic~ ... 'he b<ginntng of Ihe 1:""" •
    ... o.:cupiedbypiec ... nepiece'Qnlhe
    King·,,,.ing.r<c>lled'.eKing·.piee .... nd
    tho>< on the Q""en', wing are ""lied Ihe
    Queon', piec ... Thu" the Bi.hop th.t
    ""nd. adj.""nt to the King i, Ihe Kmg'.
    Bishop; the next piece iot.eKing·s Knight.
    "!>d the I.st on thn wing i,the Kmg'.Rook.
    On the Queen" wing, in the same way,
    the pieoe< ar< 'he Queen',Bi.Jtop.the
    Q"e.n·, Knight, "nd the Queen" Rouk.
    The Pawn., ar< designated ooco,ding to .he
    pieces in fron' of which they ,"'nd. In
    omer from lef••o right in .h. c... of.he
    white P.wn".nd fmm righ ••o left in .he
    <as< of.h. block Pawn., their n.me, are:
    .he QLloen" Rook'. Pa"n, .he Queen"
    Knigh.·, Pawn, 'ne QLl<eil', Bi.hop·' Pawn,
    the Q"e<n', Pawn, .he King" P.wn, 'he
    King'; Bi,~op" P.wn, the KinS', Kn'gh,'$
    Pawn. ~nd 'he King" Rook', i'o>wn. Th~
    fi"" .h"e of .he...... <.lIed lh. Queen"
    ~:.s'.:a"'m; .hela".hr<e,.heKins'·wins
    WE ~~~, '::nne~~~~ eO!;]~;t::':
    Eng]i,h]i'era'ore of 'he g,me. The.bbr",i_
    alLon'o,od.re,hein,ti:dlellers«,pi"li>.<d)
    o!'hen''''.. ofth.piec.....eep' ... i'h
    ,he Kntghr, whose te,min'] I..",,, Added
    t"di.""~i>hitr"',"'he.bbro,,"""" .......
    ",gth.King_ Weh".,then,thofollo"ing:

    Thepoinl$ofthelm.td"Ite,heird.. ig-
    nation. from 'he origin,l positio,", of ill.
    48 THE MINON TACTICS GP CffESS,

    pi« ... thu., for ... mpl<, 'he point orig;


    n,lIy occopied by 'he King i, c.,ll<d ,no
    King" fi", poin', or, ,imply, ,no K,ng"
    fir.;t, "hich, abb«viatO<l, i,w"'ten K,; the
    ne" I",i,,' ven;c.,lIy fO!W>l<1 i, \ho King',
    .. «md,or K,; .,,<1 "" on to the hmi. of
    .h. ""md,.he I.." polntbe,ng the Ktng"
    .igh.h,o,K8, 'n,.",numeral,.n:r«koned
    from .ith. . .id. of the oo.rd,o<coTdmga>
    you,,,, playmg tho white pi""e, or the bl""k
    pi«"', .he "hiteKing', first ""int, or Kl,
    i. tho block King'. eigh'h ""iot, 0, K8;
    the ",hite K. lSthebl""k K7,thc white K3
    is .ho bh<k K6, an,1 '" on, From ,hi.
    "pl.natiQn you will be.ble.oundm .. nd
    .hod1Ogro",onp.'ge49,th.inv.",dcha<.c,
    .ers being .he 0.,"'" 01 ,h. ""in" .,em_
    ploy",1 by ,he pb)'er "I Ih, black pi«..,
    andthech""cto" inU",i,n>t"",1 P<'>,,,ono
    Iho""",,,ol'ho l""n" ...",ployeJby th.
    piayorollh... hil<l'i«<s,
    For.ho .. ko of b""j,y.h'pbye, of Ih.
    <,
    ",hito]>i,... i, 00110<1 Whi«; "nc\.hepbye'
    of Ih.bl,,,k I"Ooo."rn"ck. !n,lIdi'g"'m,
    ,.p",,,n.i\lgl',,,it>on,th.,,occu,in'g',,,.
    th.lo""I'"nioni.Whi.e'"id.oltheb,,,,d,
    and lhe"PP" """tionBlock'"id<
    The "«tc<"I,,,. nom.d"c", .. ling.oth.
    pieee.th,ltoocupylheirini,i.l""ints"h.
    QR', vertical, the QKt" v.nkol, Ihe QB' •
    •• nical,th.Q',v<rtical,th.K'.venic.I,th.
    KB'. v.nbl, the KK,', ""rtkol,.nd the
    KR',,,,,nioal. Thedi"gon.lslhatorigin, ..
    in tho fi"'t horiron.,J.", nomed,.ceorcling
    tothopio"""hatO«"l'y,h.i,ini'i"Jpoin"
    "nd "<corning.o th<" lengths, .he QR"
    di'gon>l, th. Ql(t',m.jor.n(\ minor diago.

    n"J, (th .. from Ql(tlto QR, beingth.


    Q Kt', minor, and th.t (tom Q Kt I to K R )
    the QKt'. majo" d"gonoJ), the QB', m.jo,

    :~io~!n~~!i'~'~~~~J'$O r::~ tr~. "'~~:'


    d",ign,";ons fo,both play'n, ,ru., ,heQR'$
    SO THE AlINOR TACnCS OF CHESS"

    li,gona!ol one player i,'he KR'. diagonal


    Jf 'he o,~e, player, and '"at
    '~e r<maining

    ~i~::~' :1~el:='B~:c,,:;,~1 !~~e\~~~;~.


    in,ecordins' "",ve,he d>sh (_) i,
    ... cl in ,he .. noe 01 "io moved to"; the
    name 01 ,h. piece moved io pl><cd befor<
    ,he <\.,,",and 'he name of the poin, to
    which" ;'m","«\;' placed .ner i'; "'.',
    KB-QB4 mean. ,hat ,h. KlnS"' B.,hop
    i. moved to ,h. Que.n", !lj,hop"' fourth
    POlnt. Wh.napieceeapture.another,how"
    ev.r,th. point to whieh ,he former i,mo.ed
    i,no'Siv",; i"" •• d,thenam" of ,he 'wo
    piec.. are wn.ten,Wj,h the .bb ...... 'aMn X
    (meanins "c.pturcs" Or "tak.. ") between
    them; ,hu, KK, X KP mean. ,ha, 'he

    ~1:~"' K~~~~~ ~.:~;:~,,~~, ~~~":e<~~~~;


    te,m, will bc cxpl.;n .. I.,oec3$ion,r""hei'
    use arise iD the accompanying lll.""nive
    g.,m",
    BEF~!.~ Y~::!ld°':k:: ~:~'::::~
    car<M"udyof.heoriginalpo.i.ion,or, ..
    i.istecimically.ermed,.he"normo.l" po.i .
    •ionor.he piece. (Fig.,,). Here, i.will

    ~nD~c~.:.~~~y '~~e~:: '0'1 m'!':c~:!~h~


    .1I.heo.herpiecc.arein.",eept<dby.he

    ~~:~n~i;:~%~ o~h:'!:'~~n~ori' e':e~;~i


    or Itori,onOt!, cmno' be moved "'"".nI,
    on o«ouo.o[lho Pawn 'hat occup,os
    nexlpoin.inffOntofit;rtO,I ......lIy,on
    .b.
    'CC(lullt of the Knight that ocoUP'" ,he
    n",poin' tn that d"oe,ion. The"di.>lion
    of force by Ih.Rook .,.. nd. to ,be points
    occupied by the adjaeen. Pawn and Knigh.,

    ~"~o t!";:~:~~n}.~~~;;~;n~:~: ~~.::


    Knigbt. No 3(1, ..... force, to be sure, is
    raJi.ted 'g.i, .., ,he p,,," .nd the Knigbt,
    _that i,,'o u""hetechnical .. p""""n.
    th.,..",no'''Ilt ..eked;'' and.t fi,."igh,
    il would .. em .ha"P"te whichi, not.,·
    tacked c,nnot be defended; Dov,,,thtl',,,i'
    j2 THE MINOR TACTICS OF" CHEss.

    i. ne<e""ry '0 regard 'he I"R'n nnd 'he


    Kn1gh' in,hb p",,,ion,-.,,d,>< w<1l,'he
    poiLl" Qc",'p,«l by 'hooe pie"",,- .. de,
    fended by 'he fOloe of tho Roo\'g.Ln",ny
    f"".erorcon,ingen, .... ckof.".dvu••
    fQfCe. For,hi,,",,,,,.t.et,,o<o,,,!"'nen,,

    ~,fo::e;7'~'"~:':"'!n~ :~: ~~-;:-~~ ~n;


    toR._o",o.lIod""I,;oj"ifmu.
    If youwLII now e'-'mine tbepo<itions of
    the Rooks, 'he H"hop., the Q"een.,.ndthe
    Kings in d."'il, ",""lIing ...hat yOLl luv.
    learned con""rning ,hoil tadiatlOn, of fo",.
    ~: :~;r m"hod, of movement, you wlIl

    (a) QRo<>rnm.nd. thepointsQR •• nd


    QK'" bu, cannot be moved to ."hel of
    them, b<c,,.sethey.,eoocupOed byk;ndred
    pie,,,; QR defend, QRP and QK,; QR
    op"ate. ",di; of defence from QR, to
    QKt,.nd QR.
    (6) KRo;mm.nd. the points KR, alId
    KK."bu, eannot b< moved to ,i,h., of
    'hem.b«'"'" they .re oco"pi.d by kindred
    pi.ce,; KR defend' KRP,nn KK,; KR
    iK7:".n~d~RO:. defence from KR, to
    I') QB comm.nd. the points QKt. ond
    Q"b"teannotb<movedlOei,helofthe""
    beoouso 'hey.re ooeoLp;cd by kindred pi."""
    QB dele"'" QKtl' .nd QP; QB 01"''''''
    tad;; of defence from QB. to QKt.and
    (.I) KBcommand•• hepoin" KKtoand
    Ko, but canoo. 1>< m""edto eith<,ol them,
    b<<aIl .. 'heyareocoupiedbykiodredpi<<co,

    ~!i d:~e~~e~~'I~~n!; ,P;o K:K~P:~~~


    " (e) Q.oommand.,hepoin"QB',QBo,
    Qo,Ko,.nd K"b", cannot be moved '0
    any of ,hem, be"",,,", 'hey are occupied by
    kindrcdpiec .. ; Qdelend.Q8,QBP, QP,
    .ndKP(b.,Qi.no, .. id'odcfendK,b<
    c'"sethe lauer ploce c'nno, I>< c'p,",ed) ,
    Q opera,es tad,i of defence from Q r '0
    QB" QB., Q., K., .nd K 1
    (j) Kcomm.nd,thepo,nt'Q',Q',K.,
    KB., ODd KBI, b,,' cannot be moved to
    ~ny 01 them, b«o.,. they .... ","cupiod by
    ki"d",d pie=; K dd'nd, Q, QP, KP,
    KBP,"nd KB; Kope""" .. di,ofdd<noe
    from KI to QI, Q., K., KB •• nd KB I.

    ~~i'!:~~~:; ~~;h:.~:~~;:'ohr':~lr~",'!!
    c.nno'l><intercep.edbyotherpiece,;.hi,
    .ruth "ill b< dcorly opp>,..n. from.n.,
    .minotion of the notID.1 po,i,K",. 11
    obl"'ue. b< drawn from QK" "" an initi.1
    poio., .hei, lerminal point> ... iII I>< QRl,
    QBl,.nd Q',.nd belweon,h.i, ..".mi
    ti .. theydono'pas<th"",gh.nyo,h<r
    poinlS,o<cupiedo,uTIO<Cupiedbypicces:
    for <.. mpl., the ooh<l"e d... "n ftom QK',
    to QRJ po.»ts 6,,,,,,," QK" .nd QRI,
    54 THE MINOR TACTICS OF CHESS.

    bu, lhr#"lk n<ltberof'nem; i,.I",pas!I<'


    t..'"",enQK" .ndQR"bu' ,nro"<lhne"-
    'h<rof'hem. nU',as,he fo= ofQK'i.
    radiarocl.lo"s ,h"e obliqu"", {rQIll QK"
    '0 QR3, Q1!3, and Q>,i' 'PI",.r-; Ih,l
    'hispioe< comm,nd> 'ne poin .. QRJ, QIlJ,
    and Q.,.nd dofond, QI'; .150," i" hne
    of mm'emon' is 3n obliquo, QK' m.y 1><:
    m""od '0 QR3 Or Ql!30 bu, 00' '0 Q.,
    be<,u .. ,hel",,'.namedpointi.oceupi<dby
    a kindred piece. Th.pow." ofKKt are
    p",ci>ely,irnilor 'olh",", of QK',ond ,h" •
    .... m.y .dd to lh. nOle,upon the pi"""
    tbot"",ha""alreadygiven:_
    (c) QKl command. lh. points QR3,
    QH3, and Q', and can be moved 10 QRJ
    or QBJ, bUl not 10 Q>, bec.use Q. i,
    oo:cupiedbyakindre<lpioce; QKl ddend.
    QI'; QK' operale. rodii of <Idence from
    QKl [ '0 QRJ, QBJ, and Q.
    (n) KKt "",n,,,,,nd> Ihe points KRJ,
    KnJ"ndK>"nrl c,n ben,ov.d '0 KRJ
    orKBJ, but no' to K.,beu.se K.i,oo:·
    <upl<d by. ki"dro~ pi""e: KK. dcr,nd.
    KP; KK, oJ",rat<' radi; of ddence from
    KK" 1o KR3, KBJ, and K ,.
    The Pa",n, as we h"'e..,en,i<rn",,ed v<r
    .k.llyforward.o.h< nextpoint,O',from,ts
    normalpo'i'ion, 10 lhe n,,'poin, b"t on.;
    i"force,ho.·"'or.i,,,,,I,, •• ddi'3<'n.llyfor_
    W>r,llolhe.dw,nt<ii08onolpom,orpoin,,;
    lhu<,f", """'l'ie. KI' " mo,edeilh<r 1o K3
    or to K4,ondil command. Q3andKBJ
    In d... n,the function, of.1I 'he Pawn, iD
    their normal po,ition,ar. . . fo1lo",,_
    (il QRP commands the point QKtJ.
    ~nu can be mO'led to QRJ 01 QR4; it
    ddrndsno piece; QRI' operates a radiu,
    of d,rence from QR, to QKtJ
    (jl QKtP <on,mand, ,he point, QRJ
    ~nd QBJ. and can be "", .. d to QK'J
    or QK'4; it defend> no pieoe; QK,p
    ope,.t., rad" of def<:noo ffOm QKU '0
    QRJ and QBJ.
    (k) QBI' comm.nd. the point. QK'J
    .nd QJ. . .d c.n be mm'ed to QBJ or
    QB4; it defend. no piece; QBPop''''''''
    ndiL of defence f,oon QB. to QKtJ oniI
    Q,
    (I) Ql'con\rn.nd.,he poin .. QBJ and
    KJ, ond can be m""ed to QJ or Q4; it
    def<ndsnO p",<o; QPopera<e...diiofde·
    feDcofromQ, (f,QBJ.nd K3'
    ("') KI' eommands the points QJ and
    KBJ.,nd ",n be moved toKJorK4; il
    defend'nopi .. e; KI' oper.te. radii or " •.
    r,nee (<om K. 10 QJ,t><1 KHJ
    (.) KBP comnund, ,he poin .. KJand
    KK'J •• nd can be moved '0 KBJ or KB4,
    i,dofond,no pi«e; KBPope",,' radiio!
    def,nco from KB, to KJ and KKtJ
    (.) KKtP command. ,he poiots KBJ
    .nd KRJ. and can be moved 'Q KK'J 01
    KK'4; it defend. no pioee; KKII' ope"
    16 THE ."NOR TAe-rleS Cl' eNU>.

    at .....d,; ofdefe"", from KKt •• o KB3


    and KRJ.
    (p) KRP ",mm.nd,.he point KK'J,
    and can be movro.o KR) Of KR-I; ,t
    defend, no piece; KRPcpef3te. a .. d,",
    ofd.fen"" from KR, to KKtJ
    lnth. nOfm.1 po,,,;onth. obje,liv<plane
    (cf. p.~,) con"". of .he PO;"" K8 (0«"
    p,,,1 by the .d •• ",. King), Q8, Q1 K1,
    KB),and KB 8.
    WE ~:nn:; !:~:;;!;~ r;::;'~:~':::~
    ga",e .. oo by Iho iIIustriouo h.ul Morphy
    ha.boens<I.",ed. Thowhi •• piece.inlhi.
    ~'m .... re played by Mr. Morphy,.nd .he
    bl><k pioc.. by two ''''.tet,,,, the Duke of
    JlrunswlCk .nd Count bou.rn, «""ulting
    Youore.,kedto!'>y,hecl"..,.ouon.iooto
    ,he note. appond.d to Ihe",v",lm"" .., ..
    ,heyeont,,,n much inform"io", ,ha. ha,nol
    p, .. i01l,lyboen gh.. n,p,"icul"ly<oncerning
    .hoch."oc •• ri"iaol,heKing; "nd,o"seth.
    boordondmen,notonlyin playingo,"<,tho
    actu,lmov",oftheg.me, 001.100 in ...ting
    .helllOl'<'Ssuggffic<lb)'thonol<" Whi'e',
    moves are prin,eda( (he Id" and Black',
    m""". at the righl 01 the p.>ge

    WKITOI,v,,v,,,A,j. BI.'oCxln"fII;",j.
    1. lItP_B:4. The King'. Pawn i, ad
    va""d 'wo steps. Thi. is Ihe usual and
    b<"fi ..,movero,Whi.e. I,rele .... Q.nd
    KB"nd gains romm.nd of points by mean.
    of,hoscp;«",and,hoo<h"needl'. The
    lo«enow"di •• ed byQ.longthoQ·.m.jo.
    58 THe .<IlNOR TACTICS 01' O(BS<.

    di1gOn,lf,omQ"oKR.s"inc.it •• tend,
    inlO,ke.dve""'ry',.ideof,k,boord.nd
    oomm,nd,aroin"k ... ,hua,ed,i'.'ta<king
    orotTen'i""innatllr<,.ndlSc.lIed'1Vd,ul
    -I "if<nU. 5,m,larly,' radi., ofoif<nce i,
    «ooled, by the action of Kl~ .Iong the
    KB·sm>jordiagon.l,frQtn KBI ,oQR.6
    KI'.t"".op'""",rad,iofotT.nce,f,o,n K4'O
    Qs and KB5· The poinlS comm.nded by
    thewh".pie< ••,inadJi"QntQ(h.,..,,,hioh
    were comm,nded In the no,.,;al po.i(ion,
    bofore th.adv,nce ofKP,'re KKt.,KRS,
    QB4,QKts,QR6,Q5,anJKBs. Instead
    of pl.Ylng KI' to K4 fOr hi, Ini,ial mov<,
    Wh,," may""" >dvanto.gOQU.ly play QP,o

    ~! ;oa:~<,:h~:";~"i~h;",:~.:~e ~;"'o~~~
    ..
    (hat, .. (he dire<tion of movement of (h.
    l'si.fOrward,theadv.nceof.P""nno'1>e

    ~::d~'dif ~:!:~.i:~~:~\~~\:~;:~~
    ofanyo(herpl<co,ltrn'y,p«hap.,1>ere.
    "ievcd; but )·QU <an•• ~Ia~~~~:: '"~.':;

    King" Pawn i. advanced 'wo '''ps. Bl"


    ,hismov. Black gain. fo, him8<Uth. ",me
    advan"'ges (hat Whitegainod by the co,.
    re.ponding '''''''. on hi,.irl. of the bo ..d
    BI.ck""yl... advan<>g,ou,lypl>yKP-KJ.
    2. XX. _ X83. The KlLtg·' Knight i,

    ;::~~~ (~~~e \~~,~~·~,;~~:P~',~~~~ ,~:~


    (io THe MINOt< TACTICS 01' CNEss.

    pby KKt X KP, Blxk would ,eply wi",


    QP X KKt. Whitec.nnot, howe,.r,alToro
    thl. ,"oh,ngo; a Kt i. in"in,;c.lIy worth

    :t~ ~h~:,: :~t ':~,,~n ,;:n~~ ;~e. g~~


    It "'oy, indeed, be ,,"<d lh>!, as. ,"le,
    th •• ",h.lng< of, piece foran.dv<rsc pi«e
    of I... pol<nl;.1 val'l<.or who« pol<nt<.ll
    complement i, I• .., i. d,sadv,n"geou, (cf.
    F- '7). Ncv.nh<l ... , ."""plio", to ,hi,
    ttlleorocon,l.ntlyarising,,,hon,byt<,npo.
    mylo .. ,or, .. i,,, .. i<l,by" ..<rifieeol
    m""i.I,",he pl.yer i, en.bled 'O,",,"",e
    fo, him",lf,,;n 8,.".r g,m,.od <.0" ,h.
    8".'''' of ,11 S.i", in eho ..,'he ehook""l<
    of'ho .d."", K. Srlood,d e.,,,,pl., of
    ,hi,,,,,nof,,,,,,iHoeoc<",,n,hep,.,,nt
    g<lm •. Of ,h. In"it' or EI,c,', ,o<ond
    move i, m,y be .. id t.>I,wh,le i, rdeo ...
    QB,.oo 'hu. cr •• t.. 0 ",<Ii., of olTence
    along lhe QB" m.'iOrdl"8<'o,l,it ,imnlta·
    n<ou,ly int<rcep" ,he "diu, of off<"""
    .1,.><Iy oper.ued by KD. A 1><".. mov<
    here i, QKt-QEJ
    ~. QP _ Qi. Th. Quoen', P.wn i, ad·

    v~neod 'WO'l<p>. White "'.cb'h •• d,· .....


    KP"i,h"m.notho'pi«e, h< nowth",."",
    topl.y QP >< KP, "n,l th~n. if H1.'<~ repli ..
    with Ql'>< P, ,o,",,",i"u< w"t, .. Kt >< P,
    .h",w,"ning twol'$fo,one. MOf<l,>'cr,by
    thi,,,]v.n,, o(QP II'hi'e c,,"",a ",,::iu,
    of olTenee by m<all>~' Q D alon~ ,hP Q B',
    8i,hop'"j"hpoint,c'ptu,ingtl.. ad""rse
    "
    King', Knight, whioh i. now romoved from
    thol>O>rd: 1f,'""oadofdoingthi"BI""k
    pl,y. QP x P, WM. cannot "nmedial,ly
    .'p,u ... p w,'n 1<:1(1, (0, he would lb<n
    ""JT«oh«k""'te{... r<:n=h1>elow};bot
    ~"" h. phy. Q x Q. to wh",h Ill.". mu,t
    otoncereplywllhKxQ. and Ih.nIl'M.
    goes on with KKtx P, j,.,ving won a P.
    Th. '."""n
    why, if Whit. here play. Q x Q.

    !:I~' mi:>t t~~ ::.~"!I~ ~:~


    'h"
    :r ~h~
    wiun K u s~ij"f,1f /Q /I" .prah'.n
    ~f <f ""fiu< 0/ ~ffm", ~r, in /uhnical
    C''''!:',;, ptacd ,n (AuJ,il mklf un /h,
    "'n
    /df/"",inK m_ 6< ,.,.m."M from <k«~. if
    /O"i('le. If it o'nl>O' be remoy,d from
    oh«:k, th<n, os ., ...",Iy'tated (cf. p. ~,). K
    5Il1fc", ch""km.• to, and the game is at an
    end. in th< I""" i"" ,"",i,nowuml<r COn·
    ,id.ration,the white Q op<r.t<, a radiu,ol
    olfen.e "8';." 'he black K; Ih" is, gi,'e.
    ch..,k tQ,or, in one word,ch..,ks,theJ,lack
    J(. K oanno' elle.pe 'ho foroo of Q by
    t."ingmoved ,0K,o, Q"fo, 'he fo,c< of
    Qi,,,,Ualedagain" ,hesepoin""well.,
    .gain" ,"", which i, occtlpiedby K; nori,
    'hereany".yof.verting'hech«ko'h"
    'han by 'he cap,ure of Q by K, which,
    'herefore, i, oblig.tory. In some posi'ion,
    of ch«~ there isa th,<d methoo of averting
    cht<:\;, bc>!d."he ",o.,ngo! K ~rthec.p.
    6+ 1'H£.MINOR 1'AC1'/cSOPCII£.S5.
    willpl.yQX KBP,gi"in8check (or." it
    i. t«hnLc.lly .. p"' ... ~. u,i"~ the "bb,.,'i.,
    tion "ch" for "givi"g ch«k.'" Q" KBP
    ch).,nd the block K e,nnOt o",ope, Th.
    po .. ,iO" w.1I Ttpoycareful "udy. Suppose
    ,h.,IV!lito.,oncemok.,allOthormovc.Q"
    KDP. hy .. hich tho block K i,expooro '0
    'loo forco of 'he whil< Q; K ""nnot now be
    m",'ro to K, or Q,. be<au .. those points,
    too, ore commanded by the whil< Q; nor
    can;' be mo",d to KB"eapturing Q, be,
    cause the point KB. i,comm.ndro brthe
    whiteKB, Never,indero,as.littlethought
    will convince you, can K capture. defendro
    pi«e,such .. 'he "hi'e Qi'in thi,po,ition;

    :i~ ~f ~~~ ~:P~~'~':~~l~h~ro::::::~,:~


    the not< on Btock', fourth m"" •• thot a
    player, when it is hi' turn to move. cannot
    .xpose his K to chee!: 1[1[, _I[B3. The
    King', Knight i, rnovro to the King',
    Bi'hop" third ]>Oint. Blaekth., averts the
    thr..1<ll<dcheckmate.byin,.rcepting,he
    ruliu, QfQliellC<of the.d"" ... Q. Heh ..
    ""veralmean,ofe""'pe••Uof"hkhsho.id
    beex.mined. F,rst.th.,ei. KKt_ KR3,
    ",hloh 1>OUld .nab.. him to tcply"ith KKt
    X Q if II'hM .bouM pl.y Q X KBP ch;
    but thi,i,b;>d. be<.",. WM. would fi"t
    ploy QB X KKt, and llI.ck co.ld not
    ,hen "'g.in tile piece by KK'P X QII
    66 rHEM/NOB TACT/C50l'CIIES5,

    wi'h~"""fferLngch""k",,,"'byQ)( KBP oh
    For Ih< ,.,ke oib",vi'ylhi, v>ri .. "," from
    ,he.o,u,l pby .. e'p",,,.d ,,,fullow.,
    the Comma (,) afier a move d.notmg ,hot
    ",. nude by IVhite,and ,h.o<mi·colon (;)
    ,ha'1Smad< by Ilbck , If 6, KK, _ Kk3i
    ). QB X KK', KK,P X QB; S, Q X
    KBP ch, gi.ing cheekn..,.e. The not,·
    ,ion ,lu,.,p"..., "ch, giving check·
    mo,e," i•• imply "m".,".o ,h" ,he b"
    """,e .hQuld be ",itten 8. Q)( KIlP
    mat •. In the ,",conc! place, Block might
    pl.y KKt _ K., whkh \l'QUld ].,a<1 '0 the
    following v.. iation , 1f6.KK._K.; 7. Q)(
    KBPch,K-Q.; .nd, l>esid« hOl'ing suf·
    fered'he I"" of KBP,lIlook',K i,so <x·
    posedto,h... t>."kof,hea<l,'",sofor«.,h ..
    'he 1o," ofthegom. ",nnol b'lonS ,Ieferred
    11mdly, if (i, KB- Kz; 7. Q X Kill' oh,
    K _ Q.; ond aSoin Hlack nIL"t 10.. ,be
    g.me. Fourthly, if 6. KHP- KHJ; J.Q
    _ QKl3, KKt_ K. (in order to .void the
    lo'-'or.piecebyS. KIl X KKt, KR xKH;
    9. QxKR.); 8. KIl_KIlJoh,K_Q.,
    9.Q-K6 mot •. Ot if, in lhi ••• motion,
    1. KK, - KR3i S. Qllx KKt, KK,P X
    QIl; 9. KB-KBl ch, K _ K. or Q.;
    10. Q _K6 male. Fifihly, if 6. KHP_
    KB4i Whit< con,inues exactly 0' in 'he
    rounh vamotion, by ,. Q _ QKtJ, etc.
    st<thly, if 6. K _ K.; J.Q x KUP ch,
    K-QJ; S. Q _ K6 ch, K _ Qll4; and
    BI",' C'n ueb.y 'he ch«kmote O1Ily for.
    fewmo\'O,. Seventhly,if6.K_Q.; ).Q
    X KBPch,witha'"perio,ityinro.ition,nd
    mOlerial,hotmuSlsp""d,lywi •. Eighthly,if
    6. Q _ Q7 or Q8 ch; 0,6. Q_Q 4,Q6 '"
    KK'4; BI.ok>ao:rilio.. Qtonopurpo<eex
    «pt to give K,nopronunitytoi><mu",d
    outofoh«k. Ninthly, if 6.Q-KBJ,K.
    orQ.; White gets on.llack ,imilar to 'h."
    which he secu",. inthe game .. it i••ctu,lIy
    pl.yed,althoughBI.okavoid,immediateIOS$.
    L>.~y, if 6. Q - Q3, QS. QBr or KI!.S,
    7. Qx KB? ch, e'c. By no other si".
    move thon th",. ,uggested in these v>ri.
    ",,",c.nBI.ok=opechookma\eon,h.
    following mOve. BI.ok', i><" .'0',
    of.lI,
    howeveT, .", 6. Q_Q.; .nd, ifl. Q_
    QK'J,QBP-QBJ; bu' ,,,..n 'hen While
    ~~~.att,ok'hotoouklnot,u<O<"fUUYbe

    1. 0-QE'3. TheQu",ni.mo",dfrom
    '0
    .he King'. Bishop'.thi,d roint the Queen'.
    Knight'. 'hin! point. A radiu, of olTenoo
    i. created ag.in" QKI7, and 'he ad",rse
    QKtPi, ,hreatened with o'P'u", by Q. A
    double "diu. of oJI"ence i, ,imuitane",\Sly
    Of,.. «I'gI\in" KB1,.nd oh«kml<,,,.g.in
    thre.tonedby8. KB" KBPch,K_K. OT
    Q·;9·Q-K6m.te. 1. 0-11:2. The
    Q"',n i'moved to the King·,s«ond "",nt.
    B"-<k ""nno, pre •• nt both the checl"n.l.
    68 TilE "'NOl< TACTfC5 OF Cl/ESS.

    "nd the 10,. of .ither QKtP or KBP,


    .ndofcou""hem",tdefendhim.. lfagain..
    theg,.. t«",en"e. He ha. several m<an,
    of .void,ng <hoehnato, be.id•• ,h. 0"",
    .-!opted,,,hieh the "ud<nt,houl<lendo.vo,
    ,0finO.nde<amine in themanoer<,empli·
    [,.din the no'e on Bbck'"ixthmovo; but
    the move .ct ••lly m,de" hi' b,st, The
    bhckQ nowope,>t.....diu,ofdofeno< in
    ,,,ppottofKB',.nd.lsooJadiu,ofolfoncc
    ·S,in"Q Kt 5
    8.01<._083. The Queen" Knight is
    m"",,1 to theQ.oon·, Ili'hop" third point.
    White may.lrophy 8. Q X QKtl'.bul ,hen
    Bl.ck would go on with 8.Q-QKts ch;
    .nd White wo.ld be compelled to "ns""r
    9. Q X Q, for irhe «m""ed the <hec' in
    anyolhc,,,.yBlackwouldcapl"reQ .. ithQ
    Th. prob.J.ble ""ntinu"tion .fte, 8. Q X
    QKlP, """,Id th • ..,fore be 8. Q _ QKtS
    oh;9.QXQ.KBXQchi ,o.QII-Q.,
    KlIxQBch; Il.QKtXKB"nd.'lthoogh
    Whi .. h" g,ined a P.the ",chonS. of $0
    m,ny pi.co.hnlen him..-ith"" ,uRic,""t
    furce to win ,,,,,edily. BybringingQ\\'QKI.
    on the other h•• d.Whit. c,..... r",Hi 0/
    ol1"<""_,&.in,, QKtS ano QS •• ndo .. di",
    of defence.n ,uppon of K4and KP; "nd
    "ill th,""on,toO'pture lhe ><Iv."" QKtP
    with Q
    8.0BP_OB3. The
    Q1toen·.lli.hop·.P."'ni,.d,"ncedone~p.
    The hi..,. Q i. hereby mode to OJl<,,'e a
    ",d,u. of defence in "'pport ~f QKIP.
    .Il1a<kc.nnQ'nQ"permit.h,c'pl.reof
    QK.P.nd .hen pl.y Q-QK'5, bee, ... he
    "ooldno. gi .. cheek,and II"hite wo.ld b<
    .bleloCapl"reQRwilhQ' ,.:., if 8. QK.
    - Q.; 9. Q X QKIP, Q - QK.S; 10
    Q X QR ch, securing the cle" gain 01"
    valuable piece,anadv,n"'ge.hat will quickly
    d,cidethegame in II'hite·,favor.
    9.0B_ltll:". The Qu.en'. Bi'hop i.

    :'Q.~!: t~: t~!n~~.K:~g:::::.~~::n~O\~;


    .hotthi.playofQBi...,dompro6.. b'e(or
    eith.,.Whiteo,Black; but Inlhi, insta"""
    wilhthe ,t",ck i"hand, Whitecontemplat ..
    the .. pid co""ent .. llon~f bi. fQre.. again>!
    the objecti.. plan.,Wl,h the ultim ... er..•
    lion, if po"ibl.,ofa rndiu, of otrence by
    m<an, QfQB,a1ong the ad..... Q•• m.jor
    diagonal, .g.inst Kl and Qa. The bI,,'
    foree. are .Iready hadly h.n'peml •• nd K,
    p.rticularly,i,..,connned.hatlhelo<3tion
    oftheobj«ti •• pl.n.c.n"otre.d,lybe

    :~~~~'~~hi: ~::t ::':'T.. ~~i~~. O~L;:;':~~


    of Ine objecti.. pion. become, mOTe tnM
    ordinarily d.ngerou~~oO~t<!·_ Olt14. The
    Qu"n'. Knight", l'lL"n is odvanced two
    "er'. BJ.ckhope>bythi. . .llytodTi...
    .. ck tn. od •• "" KB. "hieh is tnre.t.neil
    wi1ho.pt"",by QK.P.
    10. QEt X QEtP. The Quoen', Knigh'
    i, m,,,,od I""" 'he Queen', Bi>hop" 'hird
    point '0 the Queon', KniHh,', fifth point,

    :~~~ri~: '~::;:;"f~~"7~: K:~~ P;~~;


    rnov< .nd.n ,he mov•• 01 Wh,," tha, fol.
    Io",to the end olth. aom., Ion" wh't i,
    c.ned. "combiMtion,""h' ul,im,'e r.>uh
    oC",h",h",.,m<=or 1...... OI1y ... nby
    Mr. Mo:rphy when he ""ific.<l QKt «f.
    note on BI:t<k·•• econd m""e)
    10. QBP X QEt.
    The Queen'.B"hop',Pa"," i'mo.... dto the
    Queen', Knight', fourth pom',oap,uring th •
    • d,.."" Qu,.n'. Knight, which i, removod
    from the bond. Black can do nothing
    beuer;heh •• loSlaP,'ndw"hsoinC<rior
    ~i,":~::r7.1~e m,.,t at all h..",d. roeove,
    11.EB X QE'Pc~. The King'. Bishop
    is m",.. d from Ihe Qu,.n', Bi'hop" fourth
    point '0 the Quo.n', Knigh'" finh point,
    captu,ing the Pawn ,he.e";,uatod and giv_
    ing check. For th. fi"'t time in the game

    ~h~~~:""r!c~~nc~: ~::'~:~, d~:~yBl"!~n::


    ~:I:~~ fOmOVe 'h, ch«:k, if it i, """ibl.

    11. QE._Q2. The


    Qoeen', Knight i. moved '0 the Queen"
    .. cond point. Blaok .hu, .. in'''po< .... a
    piu. (cf. nol< on Black', fourth mO'le),'"
    .. 'oin'er«pt,h.rWiu.o{oA"eru:eo{.he
    odv..... KB. H. may also in .. rpo .. KK.
    Or Q.t Q,; but then, in either even" he
    ~,A"'" the I"", o{Q. The only olher way
    or removing .he cheek i. by mooing K 10
    ~o';ld l:a~~e~·~,d~:e.~~i~~~~hite" reply
    12. Cull.. (QR). The King i. moved 10
    lhe Qu~', Bi'hop', firs' l'Oinl,and,he
    Queen', Rook to 'he Qo",n', firs' point.
    Thi. i,.m.n",ovre.h1trr<]oi", <."rule>
    planalion. On" dUnnl dgdm', wk'" K
    "uupin K"d~JKRou~pi" KR.,lh, """
    ,""""niJlgp"intJ"""Khnb""upiM,Kmby6<
    """d""",,,}, fOXK/1,anJXXfO KB"
    'hi,i,o.]lcdm,lIinl:.~/4,K', ,M<, oreas_
    lIiJlgwilJ,KK,and,heno'"lionfor.hemove
    i, "Costle, (KR);" or, if K Quupin Kl,
    4nd QII Qempi" QII "Ik<lirm i"u,,'minl
    ",inlt 6<'''lu'''''''')I''', K m~y h m",,,,4 """
    "'P"Q QB,,~nd Ql1lo Q'; lhi,i,called

    ~:~!i;;:::O:~:i~' f~:';h: ~;:~'1.'';:/~O~I:


    (QR)." But .h. ploy connot be eA".ct<d
    ifcith<,K"'Rh •• beenmovedotonypre .
    • iou."me dunng 'he game; nor if K i, in
    """ok; noriloneof .h. points be.".. n K,
    ondRl i, oomm.nded by an adver .. piece.
    C."ling i.aprivilege,the objw. of which
    aTe'O ,hell" K behindkioored pi,co.,01!'
    of.h''''yof,tt,ekby.hoadve''''T)',and
    '0 bring R in'O"Clive co-ope!3tionwi.h.ilt
    72 THE M/HOIi r"Crtcs OF CNESS,

    othorkind,edpiec<.;,hep,i,il",,"'ouldnot
    benegl<c'ed, bu,shouldbe e<<rd..,d .. e"ly
    '.prac'i<>ble in 'he g.m<. Thepl,),e.who,
    by."ossof.n.d ....... llack,i.p."'ented
    fromc.stling,gene.allyJoses'hegamo; and
    'he player who long del.)" 'he m,n"mo
    vre g,neraUy ",n,a .. rio",ri,k of being
    un.bl<toexe<utei,.,.II. iti'fn:qo"ntly
    bet,., '0 <.. Ue (KR) th.nto c."le (QR).
    lnth.pro •• n. ,",me, however. being abl ••o
    <>,,1. on ei,n.r,ide,Whi •• ",i..,lycho""..
    •heQ' •• id.,inosmuch .. by .0 doing he ..
    onceere".....d,o,,,foff<nce'g.in"Q7,
    aogmen.ing .heforoet •• , he lu,.lready di
    ree.edog,in" .heobje<t,," pl.>neo Thee,
    .raordin.. ilyrnpid.n<lpo".,f"ld""dopment
    of the whit. 10=', "n,1 ,hoirconcen">tion
    'g.i"" 'he objective plo"", ."e 'he mO$t
    inSlructivefe"u,eofthlSg.>mo; ev.,y,nove
    m""eby Mr.M"'I'hy i, the v<rybe" Ihot
    c.nbemade,.ndhi,pl.y,hro"Sho\l',honld
    be .. hau"ively "u(];<d by 'he lcom ..,."d
    accepted . . . eh... mod,l 01 'he hiSh.,t
    0«1 ••. A diagram of the po,,,",n oner
    Wh"e·, '''elfih move is apponded:-
    11I.0R-Ol. The
    Queen'. Rook;. moved '0 'he Queen·, fi".
    poi,,'. 1I1.ckhas,odefendQKt,for IVhito
    by hi, lastmov. ,h","'e""dQR X QK',and
    lI"ck could no' in re,um<'ptu,c QR"ith
    KK. o,Q •• ,"'p' a'thec,,"' ofQ. Bbck
    m.'y.lfo:ctthedefenceofQK'by".C..,le,
    (QR); but in that "",e he would be chock·
    m.,."d in two mov ...., [0110><": If n. C.,·
    ,I", (QR); [3. KB _ QR6 oh, K- QB,;
    [4 Q-QK'7 mOle.
    1•. QR X QX'. The Queen'. Rook i,
    moved f,om 'he Q!1een"s r,,,, poin' '0 'he
    Q"""n',,,,v<nthpoin',o'p,urillgth.a.lv",,,

    ~~%~" ~~i~~:' ;'~i;:",;s..:::7~:~~i::"~


    pan,for h"gives up. R fot. Kt,who«
    rote"ti.I""I"" is 1... tho" th,' of ,h. R.
    13. QRXQR. The
    Qu«n', Rook i, mO\'ed f,om ,h. Queen",
    ~'" po,.t to the Qu<en"'e<Qnd roin',eop
    '",ing ,nead,e ... Queen's Rook, wnich i.
    "'n\~,eJ from 'he boa,d, Thi, i, 'he only
    w~y in which lIlaek e ... eap,ure 'ho ad,."",
    QRwi,hOll' losing Q; ~ndif h. does not
    e'p,u"'QIl he will bc ch«km,n.d in" few
    m.,...,.; ,,~., if '3, Q - KJ; '4. KR -Q'
    (,hi'proeessi,eon.d"doubli"glhell,"),
    KK'XQIl; 'S,KRxKK~QxQ; ,6.
    K R X Q R "",'e, On ,h. I.., movo White
    give, check simull:m",,",ly .. i,h ,wo pieces,
    KRanJKH; ,hi,i,o,lIed"dOllblecheck"
    (,bbl.n,,,.dln,o",lbleeh"),.ncl,hecbcek
    given by KH i, can.d "di",,,,,.m1 check"
    {abbr<,iOlodin'o"disch"),Black',6ft•• n,h
    m""e in ,hi, v.. iation i. nOl hi,b"", but
    n,,'king can,.,'e him,
    14, XR _ 01, The KinS" Rook i, '''''~
    ro 'he Queen', f,n. poin., Whi .. thus re·
    place. QR, wbich he h.. =rifio.d, by KR,
    ha.ingd."IOy<daporlionofBl.ek',defence
    by the e.p'u", of QK.; in o.her worn" by
    Ih. ""'''~co ofQR for QK. he has impai",d
    ~~~~,"o'::Llion "i'ho"' diminishing 'he fu«e

    14, Q _ Ka The
    Queen i, moved from 'he King" second
    poin,'o 'he King"'hirnpoin'_ The object
    of .hlS play;, ropermit KK, to be m"",d
    wi,hou, undergoing 'he 10.. ofQ for the
    ad~ ... QU,
    U, KII X QRoh, The King" Jlj,hop i.
    m",..,d [rom 'he QU~II" Knigh". finh poin'
    U.XX.X XB. The
    K'"g', Knigh' i, mOl..,d from 'he King"
    Ili,ru,p'"hird ""i,,'to 'ho Q"oon', ,,",con"
    PO'o', aptu,ing theadvo,... KlOg'slli'hop,
    whieh"""novod from the l>o>Jd, If,S, K
    -K.; ,6,Q-QK'4Ch,K_Q[; '1,Q
    _QK.8ch,K_ K.; ,8. Q _ K8 ma.o
    Thep<>sition .. ,hodos<of.hi,"",,,tion,,
    ;'''",etive,boe'''" of tho in,bili'y of ,h.
    black KKt, "hkh i, "pinned" by ,he ~'hite
    QU,'0 cap,ure the "hi,. Q. llLtek'sbtst
    ploy ~t the fift<en.h m""e, in order 1o pro.-
    long tho garno,islO$;l.c[ineoh;.QbYI5.Q
    X KB; ""htoefollowmgpos.,Noeo'ltinu,.
    ,ion: '5, Q X KB; [6. Q- QKt8ch, K_
    K.; q,QXKPch,K_Q[; 18.QBX
    Ktch, KK,P X QB; '9. Q" PelI, KB_
    K.; '0. Q X KRch, K _ QB.; ... KR
    X Qch, K" KR; and now White will,o
    oomplish oheckm.teonlyaflO<a eo""ider>,
    No numbor of moveo,.nd thon by btingiog
    up K and Ps inlo co.opor>lLOn wi,h Q.
    Block', move of [5, KK, X KBSi"" While
    ,heopponuni'yfora.''Ybrillionlfini,h.
    16. Q _ QIt'8c~, The Q""on i. moved
    from ,he Q""en',Knight"third poin' '0 ,he
    76 TIIS m.VOR TACTICS OF CH!!$$.

    Queen" Knigh" •• igh'h point. giving check.


    It willb' notk.<I that QB no", operato.a
    radtu, of offence against Q& (cf. not. on
    IVh"e', ninth move).
    16. XB:. XQ. The
    King', Knight i, mo>ed from ,he Queen'.
    ,",mnd point toth. Queen', Knight'. firs'
    point.eapt.ringth".d"",""Queen... hkhi,
    ",mo,ed fro", the boor<!. 1bi. i. the only
    ",oveby", • .."oC"hich Blockean "'",0••
    tho chock of ,he.dve,.,e Q.
    17. XR _ Qe ......., The King'. Rook i,
    ",,,,,,,d from the Queen'. first point 10 Ihe

    ~;:.n'~~~~:~:'~;~i~·~negl~~~~:;: ~:!;
    ",mo,. 'he ch.ck of the adverse KR. The
    ~::i~~'~~::~r. at :ut end. and the vieto!},

    The noxt illustrative game i•• 'pedmeD


    of quit. diffe",nt play from lloatof,heMor_
    phyp,rtie. For many mov .. neilher ,ide"
    .bl.togain.g"'...d .... n'·s·ov .. th."'hOT;
    on.byon ••• lIlh.'uperiQrpi.c .. ar ••••
    chong.d. "nd.1 length only Po rem,in on
    'hebo."dwilb th.K •. Theg'mei ....onby
    'hequ,""ingof.P(cf.p.4o);.nd .. hile
    ,h."udon,willtleriv"greatde.lofin"ru<>
    ,ion from the m.,n",ovring throoghou,. ho
    shouldp.rtieulorlyexamineth•• nding... hich
    ;, • fin,.",mpieof.c<ura'e and judiciou.
    P ploy. Toi. g,me ,... '""""sted at lh.
    3,KKt_KS3. 2.QKt_QS3
    3. KB_QKt5. Th;, mo". ;'" fdnt to
    win m.ok', KP, by 4. KII X QKt, Ql' X
    KU; 5. KKt X KP. '11,. more lasting
    elTectofthemove,howeve"i,duetoits
    ere.lionof,",diu,ofolTenco.longthe
    adv .... K', ""jo. di,gonal,in the J,,,,o,;,,,,
    01 K8, the centr,l point of the objeeu"e
    plone
    78 rHB "'NO~ r"CTlCSOI' ,wus.
    .d"ntag'''''', but on~ S', ven;c.1 they are,
    on:heoontmy,u,u.ilyvaluaol.".m<.n,
    of ,uppo,t fOf one of 'he con'rel'> (KPOf
    QP), In thep .. ",n' in"ancc, if., KB x
    QK" QK,P X KB; and Block may_"
    advance QP two ''''p',
    ,uppo"cd I»' ,he
    forw.rd QBP, having, be<id.., ,he open
    QK,', v.";,,,,1 through "hieh '0 op<r~te a
    ",di ... of offenoe by me.~~,:~ ~~~,Q~;Crk
    effcct. ,hen"' .. p,ure, and ,emporarily ro
    pe!> ,he as,.ulr, If 4, KK, x KP; 5, QP
    ~Q5,or5,QPXKP, If4·QK,xQP;
    S. KKt x QK', KP X"",; 6, KP~ K5,
    5. Cutl .. (KR). He m.y .1.., play 5, KP
    ~ KS, bu, he may well dei1y ,h .. move ""'il
    .r,.r ... ding, 5. KKt X P would no' ""
    good, on account ef 5'5~~~X ~K!,a. He
    c.nno'pl'Y5, KK, x KP; for ,hen,by 6,
    KR ~ K" White ",",uld ,hreaten 10win KKt,
    "nd Blackoo"ldno<c=pewithou,105ll: "g.,
    ifS, KKt X KP; 6, KR ~ KT,QP ~ Q4;

    !~dK ~'w B~~ ~.~~' ~!~~ ~K~ B~:


    X ;,
    NU"' of 'he ladiu, efoffence of Whi'e',
    KRagain" K,"n,1 must losei, fo,. p, I"
    ,hi. va,i>tion Black plays 1, QB~Q' in
    order to p!<ven' 8, KK, X QK" QKtP
    X KKt; 9, KB X Peh, winning QR, By
    hi, fif'h move, KB _ K" Black ovoid. an
    .. tackef thissort,fcr nowho m'ghtpiay6.
    KK, x KP; and ,hen, il 7. KR_Kl,

    K~t';R~Bi;. ';'eB~~ ~o:f~~ 6. KP_


    KS, .. >d,henif6.KK,-KS; 1.KR-Kl.
    (Cf. note on White',lourth move.)
    fi. Cloatteo (IUl)
    1. 1<1<. X P.Having gi.on BI.ck time
    t~=ll., Whi'e""nnot nO"l'hY7. KP_ KS
    $0 >dv.ntageou.ly,. befor<i for lIl.ock "","Id
    te'te>.t KKt 10 Kl, "hete i.;, I"" ex·
    po..,d toa'tack than .. KS. IIl.ock·,posi·
    ,;on would then buve'Y",ong io.d./enoive

    ~. QI<' X 1<1<t.
    8.QXQI< •. aQP_Q~. Bythi<
    move,""",< a' an 0Ppo"""' momen., 'he
    ""cond player i< gen..,ny oble, not only to
    f,""him>CUfromthep ....ureol'he.dverse
    attack,bu, to build up a ""u",.r·attack; and
    'he firs' ployer ,hould ,her<fofC p,,,,en' the
    lnol·.ilh.c.n. Black·,.bili'ytoailvance
    QP nolO is due to White', inferior sixth

    9.XP X QP. H9.KP-KS,KKt-


    KS; and Whi'e c.nno'play 10. KUP_
    KOjonaceounto{ 'O. KH-QB4; .. hieh
    wo"ld..-;nQ.

    lO.I<B_QB'. AlQKtsnothingwa>
    .ccompli>hedby KB,because theobjeetiv<
    plane " .. ,hilte<J by Black'se..'ling. KB
    and Q nOW .hrc"en '0 win KK,.
    80 THE AlINOR TACTICS OP CHI!~S.

    10. QB - It~. "l"hi,


    i, the prope, !»It (0' QII,wh«o 'l$(o'Oe
    "pel>.nyrui,o,o(off"onoedirec"dalong
    the KKt'. m'jor di'g<>n.l, taw"d KKt,.
    11. II<D X Itlt.. Ily thi. and hi, no",
    mOVC Whit •• cNmpli,h" the imromntob.
    jt<t of gaining ti ,e; hilt the <xch.nge 01
    11 for Kt tell, ag.in" him in the long TU\\.
    M, lVeiss .. cognized ,heg"" ,·.Iue of two
    11., and e<ecuted much of hi. ,ubsequen.
    :~"'"Vring fo, th.p\\rpose 01 retaining

    1l.QD" II:D.
    l.3.Qltt-QII3. 1lI.QD_Iil:3. I.... ·
    iog time by .he ,e',..'; but ho can affurd
    10 do 'not fo, ,he ..ke of ",mn;og QB,
    whiehWhiteth,..t<:"edroo.'pt"rew~hQK';
    .,,,1 h<.ide., if 1Ib..,,< h.1(1 $\'pi><>,,,,dQBby
    Q HP _Q B J, ,,·hit. wMld "'I'" pby.d Q I;, X
    QB;.\\d,h.n"f,,, 1\1'''~·'QBI>,«ap'\\",.,
    ,h>tPi.",ool.",I,";._.,>o,i,,,.,,,,lthati'
    ,"Moth< ,,"pport<d by ""~thc. P. S\\ch a

    ~,~ ~:~II:o"~~~~n,~' ~:n..:":;u~~:;fO!e ra"ly


    :13. Q _ 11<4. (",o."i"~ •."Hi ololl"en<"<
    ,g,,.,,QI;'j,,,.1 KRj; I"",ho""i" pu,·
    pos<:ol,h""""';"Ql'ro,"<o"hoo,ch.lng<
    ofQ;,.f",which\\·hite,,"Q\lI,lnoth,,·.
    ,"ffio"'n' fo,« to m,inlain 'he Mtack, and
    Bl.c~·s 'wo As WQuld acqn;,.. ad<li,ianol
    do<.81.ck.ontheo,h.,h.nd.,,,,,dily
    plays ,,,fu,,,. 'hee,clunge ofQ, ,n,' R.,.
    fo", ...,ngthead • .n,.'g<th,ttwoBs'g.,i",t
    Band Kt will bring to~;: ~n~~<_e~(~,::' In
    thi"intplemo.<,thcimmedialeandappa ... n'
    objeo,ofwhkhi"h.defen<eofQK'I'"here
    i. deep meaning. Two valuable principle •
    .... involved: firs'. " Hufi~, '!/ .ffmu 0'"
    al"'~Ja,ufrri"r"'''i,m''fadvd~l"t,"u,1j
    "/'t,)J"f~!fh, ",,,,u'b/"ff,"u,!/an I'!I";,,
    pi""'- "nd "COndly,f~'ptt>frT Pt'" /O'. Q.8
    P, a/«' Ih, a"'",,~u"/ QPIo Q4, #T a/'"
    f~' 'X,haOS'"/ QF, i'd/ QBJ, ... he .. it
    opp,."""di,ofofl"enc •• longboth,h.i,n,
    portan, diogonal, of which i, i, 'he point of
    in"'''''Olion,nameiy"h< K', majordtagon.l
    .nd the QR', di.!:"",,1
    U_QB_EB •. 1~."'R-EI.
    IS.QR_QI. 15.Q_QEt3. Wi,h
    'hi,.".... e'h.op<ningol'heg,'meQ1\Jx,'h
    .id«i.concluded.II'h,,,,h,,brough,ev<<y
    pieee in'o play, and Bl.dh:ls only 10 Inove

    ~~'~f~~.l~:,:!:r ,oI~:~fl: ~~~i:~;~~~


    WI"",'$ Q', w,og Ps". much ex!",,,,\ to

    :~e i~:~~:f ::~:r of


    ,h<.dv< ... attolok; bu,forthi.drOllmst.n""
    hi. piece< would be
    ~G. QK. _ QR4. Initiating the mid-game.
    The beginoe, .ho"ld carefolly m.. ~ the line
    ofd<mareation between the opening and th.
    mid-game,.nd,l".r, 'he line 01 dem.reation
    betweenw mid·prno and 'he ending. It
    iono'''''''y;neveTY8·metod",''.;lherof
    lhesclinessho,ply,buting.nm,llnod;vi,
    .ionsof.o.... fultypt.yedg ........ lh".

    ..
    ~:~VJ~~~~:~~~ I:~h;i'::~t~,,~~~
    J>O"inglhe pie<:e, in the moot adv,nt>.g",".
    J>O,ilinn.,bolhforolf<n.i.e;)nduefen.i,'e
    pu'po .."and 'he opening oo."h .. 'ide i.
    completed when lhefo,=< of,h.t .id.....
    'h".deployed; in,hemid-s.me.II,hcforoe.
    inop<rationare employ"d in ast'atcgio m.n_
    ner,,,,,,,,'og:lin, if possibl.,.n od .. n .. g.
    fo,one ,ide or the o,her,eithcrinpo$ition
    orinm .. eriol,"hich'hoolddeddcthei"""
    oflheg.me"nd lhemid,garn.,.complet<d
    ",hen,"oh,,,,"lth.. beena'''ined;inlh •
    • nding the advan'age ,e<;"red by on. "de
    i,""d so 0< 10 elTecl the defe" of 'he o,her,
    eilherby "",uoloh""kmatc o,by 'hc ,""en,
    der(o,ro,igna'ion,"i'i't«hnically •• lled)
    of 'he I"'ing t>la}'." The chief i"'l>-no .. ol
    clep"l"," lrom ,h .. ebro.d p,i'l<iple......
    folio,""~ In the ".-.tp.n 01 ,h. g,me, on.
    pl.yerm.yeomple,ehi,opcnlngc>therth,n
    the olhe, player compl.".. hi'. in whi.h
    <=elhefonnorhasthe.dv.n .. ge,.nd.U
    ,hedifforene<be'"een,bet<,pCCllved<vel,
    opmen .. i, gro.,. should win; in the ,oeond
    part of the game neithcr,ide may be able '0
    gain any adv"ntag<. in whioh., .. ,he end,
    ing i,und.",oootobe initiated "hen m",'
    of 'he >l\p<,ior pi."., ho.e been exchonged,
    ftlm,,, .. 7I",, &"MES. Sl
    "od the playi,emi.d on. mainly or entirely.
    bym.. n,o( K"nd Ps; m the third portal
    the g.me e.ch Stde nt.>y "ill be unable to
    gain.n.dv"'<.>g< •• nJ,[.bynxluotiono[
    thef",,,,,,and"'luah£>.ttonofto<p,,,ition,.
    neithe,sa!ec.nch",'<mAte,hcOlh.,.the
    gamei' fioallysaid lObe a",u'4. A d,aWII
    g"n< may al"" eMU< horn other eau,"".
    "hkh"iIlbeexplain,df.rtheron.
    ~G. Q -(lEtS.

    1'.Q X Q. Itw.. injud,dou, (or White


    .., .. changeQ,(ef.noteonWhi",·"hirteen,h
    move). He .hould 13th.. have played .).
    QR-Q4· U.EBX(I
    1&.ER_X4. 18. QB_XEt5. By
    ,hi. move two oIWhite', pi«:<, (K R .ncl Q R)
    .00 twoo' BIa<~·, (KR and KIl) are placed
    :"~;;:'II::~' "" IIlack d..i,.., an exchange
    19. ER X XRQh. If White had c.ptu,ed.
    i""I<><I. KH with KR. Black would h.""
    c.>p", .. d QR. ... i'hQh.gai ingaR for.B.
    rh" >on uf ,dv1n'age_~.inin~ R for BQr
    Kt_i,e;lled"wtnningthe .. on"nge··
    19.(lRXB:1I.. BI,ek
    h,d tOretnOve the checl: from K; he <Quld
    nO~~h~';f:re: ~;3'9. ~BQXB ~ ~Bt
    U.QBl' _QB~. .....B:B -E'.
    ".QB:,P-QEt3. In order toarforda
    pointoftetteatlorQKt.""okhBl""kth",,,·
    22, QEtP- QEt.

    ~:e~{f:~s ,~;~e~:i,h~O::~ ~V~iJ;~ ~~~~:


    ,ime,o>lueki',oswiIlLe=nfrom,ho,uh
    "'qu,n' pby. ~o,.ov.r, b;:,ng on. white
    sq""e,Ul:td"QI!Po.,nno,b;:.,uek.d.t
    .11 by ,he.,I"""QB.
    n. OEt _ Oxt3. Thi, piece now occu_
    pi•• " very inf<rior po~XD_X83, Di_

    r«'ing' r>.cl"" of olTonce.tonce 'gmn" 'ho


    "."k"'p""""f,he'd,..,..po,i'ion.
    M, QB - 02. To del<oo QUP. If'i
    QR _ QIJ" QR - K1; '5. QKt _ Q',
    QR X QR.P.
    2f·Oll_Ql.
    25,OXtP_QX.4,25,XIIP_EIIt.
    U,Q8_XI. lic,,,,,hr<"'ene,tw,,htho
    los.!I of.t I'i<ce by ,6, QB-Q1I7; wh,eh
    lIlook",,"ldM'ad,·an,"g<ou,lypl.yLeforo
    on "<e~"nt of White', "'ply of QR _ K [,
    when ll1aok could no' capture Q e wi,h Q R
    wi,,,,"u' "'lI<:ring checkmato. ay ,h. ad.
    van« <of KRP, ho~"ver, Blatk "pened •
    poinl of rel""'tfor K,.nd he i,""win no
    d,ng<rfrom,h •• dve ... QR. Whi""rn"".
    ILLU5TRATIVE G.',ltM, Ss
    of.6.QII_K,app<.r;tcbohi.on1y ..ay
    10.""id immroiUeloso •• nd 'ho oxchange
    ofR"haofon"".i.exac,lywh,tBI""kh..
    bocn ende.voring tc fO'e<. M" MorphJ'"
    play ,n the [ono., ill"" .. live g.,mo ",.,.-e.
    <ommended to the "udent ... ,no<!eI of ,h.
    highestorderofchellS,-,heditect"",'
    ag.in"K; >oth< play of Mr.Wei", illth",
    game ;,wo"hyof grea' <on.,<lo",';on .. 'n
    ... mploof ...cond Irrar.ch of 'he .. i<nco.
    onlylcssimport.nt,han,hcfirs',which.,rn.
    ao,he mainten.nco ofa.mall advontage in
    po.i'.m,ond the simplification of the pooi-
    ,;onsoas tcmake 'he ad .. nt>.ge tell mo.t
    fordbly in the ending 36. OR "OR.
    27. QX' X QR. 27. QB _ QB'.

    :: ~!~-_~a~3. : : ~~ ;~~"m.ek
    h.,,"',,:c..dedi""e.ken'ng'h• •d.....
    QBPandQRP,.nd now h. brings up K,
    iudsingth.thcm.yw," br,h<odv'."g.:h.
    h.. gained, Thep", .. ntmovo,therefore,i.

    'h~firs~ ~;,;;f 'he ;~i~B _Q.,. To


    p""'ent K from .dY~ncing f",lher",once to

    'he3;'~;~ '!.·x?:. w~ ~ _ X2.


    ~.I[BP_I[Bf. Thi' R'as injudicious.

    He,houldh.ve"""ntainedKBPotKBJ.so
    as to p.-e.en, 'headv_ K Imm being
    P\aYedSllboequenuyto:~_xa
    86 THB MINOR TACTICS OF CIIESS.

    33.X_XII3.
    inga,adiu,uf,kfence IQw.,dQ It 4,><>''''

    he~.'YQ": ~bl~:20dv~:~ ~~~ ~w~~:~


    35. QIU-Q~. 1135. QKtPxQItP,
    35, KBx 1'; ~,,,llVhite·'Q·, .. i"gl'swould
    be even ".,k" th.n Ih:~."~~ ~~~e;.
    36, QB_Qlt.S.
    37. X_E4 37. EBP_Elltch
    3& X_Q3. 11 38. QK.xKBP,38.
    QB-QBl ch ; 39· K;aK.~i~~;R~.K',
    39. QEt_ltJ<t2. 3~. QII_QII50b
    40. X_Q2-
    41. QB-Qt n. XX,P-ltXt3
    !ti,nOWIQ!>e,.m"k,d .h,. 011 BI.lCk·,1',
    are on wM. "'I,Ll,."",h.,. dl<yc,nnot be
    .t~~.~~K~y_~~c~k·":2 Q:_KS
    U. QE. X QB. 43. QE.P X QK.
    n,i,."h.ngew."del,berotdy"'''1o by Mr.
    Wd>s,.I.hough" brokehi,eomb""llOno;
    lwoB,; forhi,Ps,,,,.lIou, ofd.ng<r{cf.
    pfCce.hngnote), while .lIhi,.d>'c""y',
    P"onlhcconlror)',Ofoon bl".ksqu",·"
    wh.re 'hey m.y bcottockedbyBlook', KB;
    ,ml b"ide" Black 'hr...."' '0 pl.yK-
    KB6, .lId .hen K _ KKt7, when Wh"e
    would be utt<rly un.bl< to ovo,J.he loo, of
    Ps on 'he K', will~. The error of White',
    ;l'rul mov.,by whICh hch .. permitted 'ho
    "
    .dve... Kto ente, hi. side o/'heI>o.rd, is
    ""war!""'""
    f"'~'''''~V~~~ o~~~:.::' p;~v.n' 'he
    Dlackpr.", .. , ,oox,h.ng<, or, "" it i,
    '<rmed, to <h»olv<: ,he K',winSPs,so ,h ..
    hemay.ftofWOfd.c<>ncen" ... hi,/orc •• on
    ,hew,"kQ',,,,,ngol,he.dve=ry.
    ~. QB_Jt3. t,. ltE.PxB:BP.
    ".QlIXP. ".8:8_E8a
    .7. QB_Q~. If4J.K-Q',4J_ KRP
    -KRS; .nd White, by c'p'uring KRP,
    ""old Jose QB.

    oB EXtPXP. 4IL ER X ,. (0'


    11:85). IIlack', KBJ' and White', KRP
    boing""itu.t.d.ha.adv.""Pse.nuot
    >r.
    iml"'de 'heir progr ... , <.lIed "p......t
    1'>." lfthm i, n04d",,,, P on "t~,r
    .. rh'ra! aV4unlr. I~d' 4''''~ w~l<ka p"
    ",<JV<d,tnalP;"aid"''''I''",'{,,,,,,,,dP
    iil'nm'/ty"",yvaIMb/',andp.tt«ularly,f
    ""'"pponedonoilh.,,;Jeby.k,nd,edP.
    49. QB_Ka 49. Ka_Eaa
    $0. QB_Q2
    SI. QB_Kl
    n 1[_1[8 ... U XB_XR5oh
    ss. K_KBL 53. K6 X QB.
    .... XXXB. Mo.X_Q6.Ane.hi·
    bition 01 ",,,,,,,kobleaccuraey. When Mr.
    WeillS."h.ngedBo,he must haverm.secD
    tho oo!Como, no le" th.n [1 moves later.
    Honowallo.',hi,.d,'e""ytoqueon KRI',
    while he himself qu",n, KDI', and ,hen
    force, th. e""""'b"' of Qs, ull,m"""ywi"
    ni;! b~:~ ~~,::~~n~Q~ :inJsP;'
    ~6. J:RP_KR5. 56. K_QB:t6
    57. KRP_KR6. 57. QSP_QDG
    56. KRP_KR7. oa, QDP_QD7.
    59. K _ Qa. i'r<von""g, it ""01<1 ,tem
    .t filS' ,igh."ho forth.r.d,.no;ofQIlI'.
    Black ",mn"'"n ,hen."movo 1".yK-Q
    K'1, be<:a."" White', KRI'"",uld .hon be
    advoncO<! 10 K Ra, immO<!i"ely be<omins a
    Q,nd gi.in.g ch«k,.,nd While <""Id.n,,,
    win the game

    ~~:f~~V~::~in~.~~ ~e<a",;no~h::h:~
    prove"tO<!
    60. KDP"""Ra(Q). At'hei"",ntth ••
    Pontorsth.lasthoriwntaloflhel)o.'<.1,i'
    b,eome.Q; 'he phy.""b"i""e".ol,"er
    piece fo, P"hon he m,Jre. 'ho mo«. If
    h.h".I"",lyh,dQon(hel><Jo.~l, Pnc'-cr·
    thole .. ",o,n«,llthefo,.,.arQ; >o,h...
    ptay<' m.y h.... '''"' 0' mo,eQ.,;multanc.
    O11,lyinpl.y.
    60, QBP-QB8(Q)eIo.
    ThonowblaekQgi.eseht<:koton<c. BI,ek
    eoold not pl.y 00. KBI'_KB8 (Q); be
    c.... , by 6,. Q-QBJch, White ,,",uld
    ....,m. ,h. ini,,,-"", and Ilbok oould g"'
    nothing be<t<r th,n a d",wn g.m •. For
    example, '"PP'''' 60. KIlP-KB8 (Q),
    6[. Q-QBJoh,K-QR1, 6,_ QxP
    (.t QIl,) ch, K X QRP, 6J. Q - Q IlJ
    ch,K-QR1; 64. Q_Qlhoh •• "dnow.
    ,owhiohever point K i. tnOl'Od,ohook m.y
    begiv< •• gain,.ndr<pea,odforanindefinit<
    numberol mov .. ,by the whiteQ,.tQIlJ
    .ndQB.altemat<ly. Inthi,oasethegame
    i... idtobod",,,nbyperpe,ualohook
    61. :It: X Q. 61. :It:BP _EB8 (Q)
    ell. Now,cn ,he other hand, BI.ck seou",.
    ,hefi",tcheck,whichm.k •• ,lIth<dilference

    in~e~~~2 6 •. Q_KB7ch.
    63. K_Q3. H6J. K_Q~[, Q_K8
    or QB7mate. H6J. K_QT, Q-QIl1
    oh; 64. K_Kr, Q_QII6oh; and White
    IS forced to exoh.ng< Q',as he i. in the
    actu..lplay.

    64_X_X3. If 64. K-Q4,Q-


    QB6oh, winning th~~,~~eQ~60h-

    65. Q X Qo~. IVhit. w•• ocmpell,d to


    ~~~"~O$:h~i~to;:D~ fc[ ctheTWi.. h. would
    .... KX Q
    66. E _E4. He c.nnot .."" h'sQ'.
    wing Ps,.nd.heno'eon Di.<k"H.h move
    "i\lnowbe.ppred..ed by.he "uden.
    ~ 1WEIIIINONTACTICSOFWEss.

    66. "'_0""6

    :~_ !=~!3_ :: !~OR:7.


    69. K_OB2. ti9. QRP_QR6
    '10 K _QlIl. [fl0. K-QIlJ, 10.
    K_QK'S; followed by 'he ,dvance of
    QRP. 70. K_QKt6.
    71. RMlSt!'. Mr. BI.okbume he .. r<:

    ~~e~heth;'n~~~:f i~h.h\~'~:;':Y~iIIf:,o::
    "n"ei,to,her,n.lpo.i,ionofcheckmate,
    gtvlng the be,t mov" on bo~h ,ide,.
    71.·K_Qlttl. '11. It)<.OKtP.
    12. K-OR2. 72.0BP_OB •.
    73. K-ORl. 73. X_0"'t6 .
    • t. K -O"'tl. The K, in 'hi' position
    a", .. id'0 b< in oppo,iho.,.ndWhite h,.
    "g''''od ,htoppo."i" •• " It,, M"e';m«
    :,~:::''''8.t08'in ,h. oppo,i,;on,bu,

    .t. OBP _ OB5. l(


    74· QRP-QR7ch; 15- K_QK',Q!l1'
    -QB5; White c'""'" now move K,.",I
    lhe po~l;on of K,i, wh" i,<.,II«[,t.loo>.t<,
    ",htchi,reckon<d.drawosom<. 5"l<m...
    OC<u" "honeve, a pl.)"<r. on h,. 'um to
    ploy,c.n"ot make a ,... ful move; even,r
    helu,othe,piecesbe,id" Ko" the bo;>,d,
    provided he c.nno' moYo any of'h.m, the
    g.me i.drawn .
    • S_ "'-ORl
    76, E _ QEtL 1';. QBP _ QB7cll.
    '1'1. E-QB~. 1(n K_QRI, QBP
    _QB8 (Q) "",<e. n. QRP_QR7.

    79. E _ E3. : ~~~~~~~J~~;


    ".he rou"h Q that Ilhck h.. h,,1 during
    thepre",ntgame. Hemighl.i.,teodofplay.
    iog .hu" make "ill."otoerQ by 19. QBP
    _QB8,andhewo"ld .h<nbo: oble to gi,'e
    <heekm .. e a httl< mor< speedily th.n h.
    doe, in thc gi.en ploy, The student would
    k.rnl."" however, by followingou, the pro
    .." of <h«kmo'ing with '.'0
    Q', ,h •• he
    "ill by ""eing how the mato wi,h oneQ ,.d
    Ki, elfoct.d. The obj«t of Bbck', pl,y

    ~,;:..~i~ ~~n:h;o 'i~: :t~~. ~~'~ ,he


    .0. E_QB6

    : :~:::4 :: t~~::
    85. "'-EL 85. Q_EE•• mate
    Black m'ym .... lso by8S. Q _ K1,or8S
    Q-Q8,o'8S. QBP_QB8(Q).
    A D~;l;:~~,~:~'ep~~:~~n,d ;~:'~.:!:~~
    govtfn,he,'rat<gyofcho..,weoh,lImocton
    Ihe g,m., and I">';'oon, of ,he .ppend ..
    (p,I)I); fOI ,h.
    p ..... n',.'
    hi,n." ".p

    :~:~rl ,~h.c:~:,~!:~.~:, g~~~~~~:t:~.':~~:


    brancho[,he.obj«=' "hich ho. prov;ded the
    .u,hol>w;,h"itlefo"hlSvolume.lnmaking
    cho,ce o[,he ph", .., "Tho ~ino,Tact\c,of
    Cho","".d .. m"onll<c=rytoonterin,o
    .ny.:<lendo<ldlSc""ionof,he.imifa,ily,ha'
    exi", bel .... n this gain< and 'he mif;<ary

    ~rt ;h:"~i~:':::"i~' o~"~;~:~ ':.e::t~f '~::


    proper eon,'ruc';on of 'he ""riou, .ompon·
    enlporl,of.normy,p"'po,atory,o,he be
    ginningof. co.mp.ign,,,,, 'he mino,,,,.,\c.
    ofe"" .. d •• f, wi,h 'he "","gementol 'he
    pi<co>opoll 'he board,in the opening Of a
    g,me, befor< ,h. ini,i.";onof,h.,.., m.,nctU
    vn.for.uack,defen"",nd<oo,,",_ot'>ek.
    :;.h.\c:h.c;n~:::~;~ 'he more ac!1"" ... geo 01
    Ithosb«ntile o."om,i. 'r"'i"""p<>n
    tileeh ... openinl!','o<ievOIepoge.fterp>go
    :mdeh.p,er.ft<reh.pter,o,nolys<,.,he
    ".dyofwhlOhi, .edioo,.ev<n to ,h. npe
    ri.nee<l.pl.,er•• nd,'oth.tyro,,",,h,ngl ...
    ,h,n."p>llong •• nd •• fter.llis .. ,dond
    don •• ,h. ,""u ... nd,ofv .. i.. ion, 'h.t ....
    •hu, p, ... n,.d teoch no prine'pl•• of play,
    ore i""ondu'i"" .nd frequently mi"e.. ling
    in 'hdr results. and no. "nu,ually f.1l '0
    pi"".... h.n'h.y"". . .".din.C!u.lprae
    lice. We ,hall rer",i ••• h.rerore, rrom .,_
    temp'ing.o d'$Cribe .h. ""'niCold d.bu"
    tlWh ... be •• inven,ed,ine •• he"beg.n
    to<ng>g<.hor'cul'iesofingen",u,men,
    and. in li.u ofsoeompl •• and un"'''tworthy
    • us'.,hi"hecry",mI.ydown ee't.oinpnn·
    eil"'" .",y both ofeomp ... ho .. ion and 01
    'pplio"ion.ul'Onwhieh.l1$O"nd.nrlendur_
    ingeh",,"opentng>.refQl1nded. To);ing,he
    pt.... ;n,lividu.lly.ndcoll.c'iv.ly.wc>ha1l
    oitowh(YW, in.,d'TfhaltJo,<~,rg'4f/"
    <hm /~Tm may ~e Ihe mQ,'/#I&
    i"II"_"nf"f{"a<hji""h_"ldhfo,mI~y
    «""'_""
    ,jul/. a"" how alll~' If"" ,hQ~1d 6, fo"'"
    w'-'k,.,.j,.-.n«/QllleiT"'MlNaliHi<r«e)<n«<nu.
    I ,~h: ;..t;~~i'~~~:;,O{h: ~:;~.:~:~
    N
    of.ll,hepi«e,. Thoy ..",e .,S", .. ,h.
    fortifica,ion. in .. hO$e emb,...",es and be
    hiDdwhose,heltefingw'II"hco,herpi«es
    ared<ployed;andl ..",heyarebrough',nto
    use.saoti",agen".nd form,d.blopor'ioi-
    p.>nl$ in 'he oon'e". N"u"lIy,th.",for<:, in
    ,1\e,heo ryofmino.tactjcs"hei'> ... 6r>'to
    beoan,Wered; and,wi,h,h •• idof,h.bo.rd
    .ndpi....,whioh,hel<ame';"gain urged
    mO$I ... iduoo.lyto employ in hi. study,,,",,
    .. ,11 now proceed 10 the e.. mination of 'he

    ~~:d:~\:;'"'~':'~';~:'~!:'d ~:~::i~i~~::;
    po."ioo, (ef.p.4;),le.vingoff.II,l\eo'h<r
    pioe<>,.od"illad<onoe.heQBPone st.p,
    (Q BP- Q 113), ."d Q P 'wo''''P' (QP-Q4),
    you will have o.."ed 'he firs' distino,ive P
    pooi.ion;QKtP,QBl'"ndQl'hereoccupy
    .hreecon<C,u';,el"'inlS"l"'nadiagonal,ex.
    rendingou, ...ardfrom,heremainingP",which,
    bciogunmov,d,occupy points in a ",,,igh,
    ~o •• To ,h. bue. P" rakencollec,;vely, R..,
    .pplyth<","\IIQrma/P~a,,; ,o.hefQrm ..
    ,hree"hel<nn,a/;ml. j,w,1I ""noticed
    ,hl1,lle",I;<""od th(!no,m"ll'b"", h.v.
    onel'(QK'P)mcommoo. If)"<>uwLIln<xt
    .d,·,noeKI',wo.tep' (KP-K41, yo"w;1I
    have ,oother charac,eristic for",l1ioo. con
    .i,,;ngof Ql'and Kl'. "hich we de"gn"e
    a,uNe"i~g"Ma/!d. and,oon.ide,,"gthe
    sa)"o,.nd,he'"pportingp"r:llleltog"he<,
    wO """0" "j>On ,hi,form";o" 'he ,i,le an!:"
    4 "mlo1I1N. The ,«hnic,1 terms ,h., we
    ha,.e,n,rodu<edwillbcofg","con,..nienee
    in,he<<)"",ucti<)nofo",theory •• ndwe
    shall [onn.,nydefioethe,n.,follows:_
    .A.oaIlomtla.fon»atloDofPoOCOllPYl.of:
    thro. eon .. e~tI... poIl>" "POD' dl,"ona),
    th.lnltial po""of "'hl.b .. In ........ ond

    ....~pportl'( p.,.u.l , •• fOtDI"""D of

    :.",:::::n:::."".ou.... po"'lo np""


    An ..... ".of_..... cola.fo'''''.tlo.oof
    Po oo"" .. t!ncofthocomb'D"tIon of a .all·
    .... , .~4. ,uppO'''''' p""allo' ..,bloh have
    .P",.o",,"OI1.
    :n. nonoalPb". . oo~,""of thON Po
    .... fo"".tlO1Iol ....U.u., ••upport!ncpor_
    wblch""e'of'IDthofr ~otDI.lpooltlo~ •• lt.r

    .1lo'Qr ... aDgl."f .......... e.


    Ironeof,h • ." .Ie"",n"'yl'forrna'ion.i.
    moro ,·,I""b).,ho" 'he o'h .... ;' i.the ..·
    lie",.wh;"h ;"hepnm.requi,i1<ofasoond
    def<n,i'·ej>Ooi,;cn,or-';oeo,hebaseof.
    96 THE MINOR TA'::T"'S OF CHF:S.s.

    '"",lineofal""ka\"'yscon"i.uro"heba"
    ofa .ru.lin<ofddence._of. sound
    oil"en.iv.po>ition.ln.h."'li.n.'h.' ....
    h.vejus' .... bh,h.d. QIlP.,QIlJ repel-
    .ny ra<iiu,ofoil"e"" •• h., maybe oper.,,«1
    .gain51 K. before <."Iing •• Iong 'he K'·
    majo, di.gonal. br.h. ad\"ff;C KIl,ndQ
    ,ndQPatQ4.imilariYJepel,any""liu, 01
    oIf,nc.,h.,m"ybe opeTarod.g,m" Klh
    ,nd KKIJ,o"g.in,t Ki,,,,,lf•• rt<r<a5lling,
    .Iong 'he K K,', m'jo,<li'gon,l. by ,h. ~'mc
    adv.... pi«e •. Add '0 'his .. lien' RP"
    K4. fonning "'i'h QP at Q4' ,upportiT\ll
    parallel,and comple'ing 'he.ngleof,,,i".
    ance;.ndnogre"«p"ienceinchesspl.y
    isnec .... 'Y'o convioce 'he "uoen,.nolonly
    ,hat ,hi,m •• n,of,hel.ering K from 'he ad
    ..... 'Y·, .... LLI"i .... feand."fficien'.bu •
    •1,., ,M,.h. d,fen,ive "",,;.ion thu. con
    ""'otedis ".II_n;ghimpregn.,bl •. Tlli. for-
    motion ""'y be "ill fart"er "reng,h.""",
    howtver. fo, purely off.",ive me ..","" hJ
    Ihe adv.nee 01 Kill' 'wo SI.ps (KIlP-
    KIl4); in but f."ei"'"mstanccs ,hou\d ,hi,
    bcdon<b<:fort=,\ing.in.'I5",o<h .. Kinll5
    'OTmol {>O>ition,ifKBPh"beenmov«1.i,
    !:<po><d to ,h. op,,,,'ion of. ro<\iu, of of-
    rence .loT\ll ,h.K'. mino, diagonal. Such
    In .''''ck maybe repelled. to be ."re, by
    'he .dvance of KK.Pone step (KKtP-
    KKt3).ori.maybeprov.nlcdbylhe po;I
    iog of KK, at KB3; no .. rthel ..., tho",
    ... diffie.ltl<s.ttending<itherof.h.",m •• b.
    od,ofdef.nce,lVhichn«:dno.bcdwcl.

    ;~eO'~u~:~a~:t o~' ;.":':~;! '~;l:~~~ '~:~


    sen.;.lIydef.n,;ve,.nd that ... lIyh~. KBP
    -KB., .ltho"gh. powerful nI'"",",-" fo,
    ofl".nC<,; •• heo ... ;e>-lIyd.f«:ti.... if ....,ytd
    befo .. u;,ling, on the "ound ,h.. ".'IK>S<'
    K,in" •• d of oheltering it. The .. fo .. ,OS a
    ntl',,,,hen ...,.h •• dv.,,ceofKap,whetho,
    one ortwoSl<ps, " ..o:""mendedin 'h"th.·
    ory,thep,.".,ousco>tliogofKi,tobeto.kon
    forgr..ntoo. Wh<nKBPhasb«nadvoncM
    two "'ps, it farms, in canj,metianwi.hKP
    .t K4 and QPat Q4, what m.y bec.n.d a
    <o",p,;I<,u,pr/inlfa",lId, .nd.h. angle
    of resistance consis.ing of .his >upporting
    l""Uel.ndthesalientth •• ho,be<nd ...
    cribed, ;scaUed a ,om}8,ika"t'<ojmi,/-
    a~u. The oomposit< angle of ",.i".nce i •
    •he anly el.menu,,)' P fann"",n in which
    .hteer.''''I'''.tedabr<."on.hefourlh
    horiwntalof.h.board,.ndi.i,byf.,\h.

    m~~::;;~li:~;;~t~~i:h~~:~~~de"lion
    ofthest.dent is invited eonsis\$ofKKtPin
    its 00,,".1 1"<'>;''''0, KBPadvonCedonestep
    (KBP_KBJ),.nrl KPad,anoedtwo'teps
    (KP-K4). Bet~.. on.hi, saliont ond thot
    whichh"p'.viouslybeond • ..,ribed,aninti
    m... nl.lion ",,,t,: th ...li.n.eo",iSlingof
    KKtP,KBPandKP,hould be ....bli'h.d
    98 TH" .1l1NOII TACTICS GF CHESS.

    onlyaft<rlhee,,,,bli,hmenIOflhe,,,li<nlcon_

    ::';:~ ~~~ f~:::r ~,Bd~,:::,~:(i ~: ::~:~


    iary,ah,.t. Th. fun";lio" ofborh ,h ...
    ooli""l$, it "'ill be nOlio<G ,p'''.''''''·o
    ong]e,of ,,,i,"'nc., whioh h.w in common
    ,h. >upporting p;,oll<l con,i"ing ufQI',t
    Q40nd KI'ot K4. Togotl,.,wi,hthcuo
    m"'·edP<,h.itoon<ti,ute,he.o,m,1 Pbo,.,
    thi, ?O,ilion of Ps pos.e .... " ~..r.""er of
    compl"on ... th,t ont,,]e, it ,e the 'Pkific
    de,ign1tionofaPiNkgra/:,nconlradl"inc

    ::': ::~i~~l~e: ~~::~~:;i:~;r~O:I~~";


    unils. Thefollowingdiagrnm(Fig.'41and
    rormuladearlyshow'heeompo.ilion of ,hi.
    Pintegral, inwhJch we inclL\de K in order
    (o,now,M,it.hould occupyi" I""ilion
    .fte,< ••tiing(KR1,-
    Formula, P in'os",1 =]> unit (el,m,"'
    of norm.1 I' ",.. -QR t',QK' P) piu, I'
    un" (",h,nt-Q Kt I', QIIP, Q~l pi., I'
    unit (""P?O"'ng p.",Ud-QP, Kl'l ptu,
    I' unit (",lio01-KI', KBI', KKII') ptu'
    I' unit (elemont ofno",,",1 I' ",..-K Kt 1',

    K !:~iIl now con,ider .ho f<orm.tion of .11


    thol'"nits.ml Pint.gral, in det.il. The
    nec"'i'yof,heir diligent o",min..,;oo, one
    by on., canoo. be ""'''''nuou,ly u'ged
    upon lhe "ud.n. of minor "elie>
    Th.",lien" ore ,ix in numb<r, and ore
    ranked a. foll",,~, ",,<oIding to the Ps that
    enter ioto their construction and the point>
    thatareoccupiedbytholl<Ps:_
    FI",' ..Iton' = QX,P.t Q"" 2, QBP

    Flro'awdli • .,. ...l1ont="'KtPatX",,2,


    "'BPatKB3,XPa'X4
    Soo01ld ••Uont="'BP.t XII2, KPa'
    X3,QPatQ4
    S.oo.o~ Owdliory oaI!OJIt = QRP at
    QR2, QXtPat QXU, QBPat QB'.
    Tb! ..! aan"",= QBP.t QB2, QP at
    Q3,,,,to.'X4.
    Thefunc'ion,ofthefi", .. li.nthove.I",.dy
    beenSl.led (p, 94). Th. ~"'t .uxih.!), "".
    lien' isu",lul in conj"n"ion with 'he ft",'
    .. Iien'as'p,imed.re""i,em ..... r<:for<ov.
    erinsthede •• lopingmaD",u"fC'of,he,u"e.
    ,iorpiec •• in,heol"mins;i"m"",mpQrt.n,
    fe"u",i,KBPOlKIl;,whlOh,upp,,,,,KP
    .ndpr.v"".. th.po>'ingof.n.d ..... pi"" •
    • t KKt4_ Both the>< .. Ii,n" belong to
    what i.called the_prnxa.",in"hlCh ,h.
    fi .. ,move i,I.KP_K4,.nd the fOfC<sa'"

    ~~:;o:i~~~~::'~~1:::j::::~:I~
    i.'Y salien', on the other hand,arech'rlIc,",'
    istic of the d'''''IJ''''''' in "hkh th<op<ning
    move i. ei.her I.QP-Q4, I. KP-KJ,
    ,.QBP-QB4, ,.QKtP-QK'J or I.KK._
    KII3"nd.hofo"'O$aredeveiopedwi,h.he
    pnm,'Y otjW, of attack and defen« on
    the Q', ,ide. These two form.tion,. unlike
    the fi"t •• dthe fi"t,uxil,,,y .. tio.,,,,,,,
    mo.tfrequ.nllyo"""i.'tcdwilh.""ho,her ;
    the fi"" .. h""t maybe .,.. bli,hed w"hout
    theaddi""nof,hefirst,u,ilia'Y,but,h •
    ... ond ",Ii.nl.hould b. ""comp..niod by;to
    auxilia'Y_ Agoin,the protec'ionof K from
    attacki,no,.direel objee,o[,h< [Qtm.tion
    of lhe""""nd and lh ... rond auxiji0'Ysa
    li""",IISi'iaO[,hofl"" .. lien,.ndit'"",i\
    iary;thoirpu""",eio .. thertopro.ect.he
    Q'"idedurins .hedevelopingopora.ioosol
    ,hoopenmg.
    n..'h"d .. lien.mark>apu",lydefeos.:ve
    v>rie.yof,heoponsame;ili'pro"rIJ,,"'l>·
    Mk.f ~nly ~y I'"
    ",on.f pia!·", ,nd its vinucs
    a,oomp.red wi,h 'hose of'ho fi .....lien.
    areso(ew.hati.mu"beregarded"g,... ly
    tnferior'owtform .. ion. SltU,i'i.fre·

    ~::~tl:~~e:;:.ry ::a:1i:~:;;:' :t: ,:!,:


    one i'imI""Olkable,.nd (o.-Iha' , ...on i.
    plays on important po'" in millOr to.01i",.
    In its com]>O>ition QPat QJ, suppofting
    ~~~~:'i~n.'" .he only element wonhy 01
    n..fo.nh .. lion, i.,."lyemployed,and
    wheni.j,pre>stdinto>eTVicei,;'cOD.i".
    en.lyacoomponiedby.hesecondau,ili.ry
    .. lien.; .heda.. ofgameintowhkh i•• n....
    i..... n'i.llyolo .. , bu. p""""... also some
    charac .. ri"k. of 'he opon game, in",much
    asi. oonl<mpla,.. a coun •• r·OlL,ok on .he
    K·••ideinroply'o 'he ad""""'y'.dosea •.
    lack on ,heQ·"ide. The foonh ..,lienli.
    generally adopted o"ly by ,h. ""oond play".
    "fhe,upportingpor.tUel.arerour in num·
    ber. ranked .. follo .... · -
    ....... ouppOrtlDg porallol=QP at Qt,

    l'Ifo,oompoolteoupporltll,parallol=QP
    a. Q~.II:P a'lI:t. II:BP at 11:8'.
    Bocood o~ppo,tlDS parollo' = Q P .t Q t,
    QIlPatQllt.
    Thl,4 O.pportioSparo1101=XP., Xt,

    ,\,'h...li.n""'pdo<h ....."'ob.long
    diagonol"""ho'"I'I'Orl;ngp,r.lllolsopp"'.

    :d:~~ ;::';~~,~'~~'~~,;~~n!~:rt:~.:~;,;~~
    d;rec';on",Il<:"Oppo,",ontoadver;eforco
    ,IQng,·onic.I.",oldYP''''''',.ndexe",,,od
    h:i.hep,oco"ofin",,,,<p,;ng ...,her,h."
    repcmug,ad,·e". .. d;;ofolfon<e. fOT,h"
    ",own tll<: '"pponilll'; 1",,"lIoI,.re oh;oUr
    ~,tNd;al}'to ,h ... lien", in conjunc';onwlth
    wh;oh ,h'yform ,he,ngl", of , .."Unce.
    Our fo,merd.finh",no( ,nglc, o( res;,"
    'noo(p. 95) w.. ;ncomplo«,;o tha'it failed
    10 .... ,. ,h .. Ihe ..I;<n,.nd ,h""Pl'on;ns
    po. .. lleI ofwh;oh." 'ngle or re,;,",nce i,
    composed .re of Ih< sam, ran~. Be.u;ng
    .hi, fac.;n mlnd,.he ,,",I.n,will hO'" no
    cl;fficul'y;np<ro<i'iogth...II,hopo,,;ble
    ::"~:'<l :~ :I~:~~~"'· f,v. in numbor,
    Flra.... fIIo of ... oJat&l>cfl (Bn'ooIIon'

    ~i::";:;:I[:;.' ~":~:'~ :o;.,",~~ .:


    Qt,xP"Xt.

    .•::: :::.~,:::;,gl;r: ::-:;:~: ~~~


    ~~:"~l:l;~~:'::: ~ :';'ll~ll;'
    I'int.u!hory""S!eol .....""'oe{mt
    auiHuy a.Uont ..... thor .... tb.lint .up.
    fmt!nS p •••U.,)= K:K:tP.,XXU,XSP
    •• K:S3,K:PatX4,Qp.tQ'
    S.oood.o".of .....""'e.(.. oood ...
    I!on.tos·tb. ... withoocood.uppnrtiDgpm_
    B:nO!) =K:SP at K:S2, K:P at K:3, QP
    .tQt,QSP"QSt.
    Soc.od ou:o:Uluy Bngl. of '-"000

    ;=:~d .:;::;::g -::'~':!Ito!~~ ;1:


    QR3, QlttP at QK:U, QSP at QSt.
    QPa'Qt.
    Thlrd""gl.ot ........ noo{thl.a.o.I.....
    tolotller ..!tlItblrd oupportlllSpu.uol)=
    ~:~::K:QSSt" QP at Q3,XP at Xt,

    mo~~, '~~ :~~"~o:;~tyP o~",~ ~n~: ~.~~_


    fic.tlon i, deemed n«="l', "nd '~<lr
    consldera'ion moy b<; <ii'mi, .. d '" • fc"
    b".fob5erv."ons: Pm', 'n .voryPform,_
    tlon of ,h. op<n g.m. oo,h RP, (QRI'
    ""d KRP) ,nd oo,h K,P, (QK,P 'nd
    KK.I') ",.ai"U"",""<oi,- ,,,,,ondly,in,ornc
    Pformo.ion,of.hcopcn gomcei.herQBP
    or KBP. or oo.h QBP .nd KBP, Temain
    unmovoo,.ogelherwith RI\; "nd KtP,con·
    "itu'ing elements of the norm.1 P 00'"',
    thirdly, in theclosc g"m< the only I' on .h.
    Q',wing .hot .. main> "nmov.<I"hu. form·
    ing 'n dcmen.of the no,m,,1 Pbo5<, i,QRP,
    wi.h 'siogke,copliQn ("'"1'.16;1
    '04 '["HR ""NOR '["AC"I<-SOl' CHE5S.

    We now proeeed lolhe examil1,,,iol1of P


    Intcgnlo,inwhich.ll,hoth.. be<n""i,lof,he
    variQU' Punits "ill find il. apphoalion. In
    .h•• ",minsdiagn"".h."",illon,.r<:r<pre
    .. ntedby wbi'e P,wh.n ,he inlegt." pn>p
    erlybelong,o .h.fir>< pl>yor"nd bybb<k
    I's"hell.heyproperlybelongto.ltesecond
    pl>yer.I'i'lObe"ndo"tood,ho"""er"hat
    noh .. dandfu"mle;,setdown,,,,,,ictins
    ,heu""oranyin'osml'oe,,horployer,but,tn
    ge""raI,if,h.secondpbyer"abletoe,ubli,h
    ""inlegral,ho<proporlybelongoto,hefit$t
    player, so much ,h. be''''f fOf the second
    player; and if.h. fir><pbyer" compelled
    toadop',"in'es",I,h"proporlybelongs
    to the ..cond pl>yer, >0 m""h 'he "one
    for.he fi", pl>yer. Thi, moyseem.o,he
    "ude"' lilee an illSlance of "Heads, I will;
    uil'youlo .. :".lldsoi,re,llyi.;forwe
    ;;:::~h'here.lluncia.e'hebrwdprindple

    Any ."". .ndon of P Int~ _ that .. ,


    th. odoptl04 by o~. pt.oY"Tof af.,..",.tloQ
    tbatp.opoT!yb.,cmptoth.ot ..... -r;j.H
    .o.d ...... '.to ..tno, .. """.to .......,·
    oad <>rdofud!n.o play••.

    'lo~'~ i~:~:~ \~~h~::!O:~fc:l:~~~~


    .heopengame.ndtho>e",h,chanse in the

    ~O:/~nm~;;fdf::m··~~ ::~iO~:e ~:I


    ad"~'lg<OU$:
    TIIoantoponPln_(Figs.'5>3J,J4,
    35) iscomp<lS<n"f 'he 6.. , ",lien, and 'he
    fi",eompo>i,e supporting parallel (lOgether
    con;tllu'ingfi"'the rompo.i"'ngleofr<
    ,i,"nee), "nd two .lemen" of ,he ""mn.1
    Pl>o,e,,,i,hK in itspo,i'io", .fte,cwl,ns
    (Kill; i, i, a fe.,uro: of 'he .,.. <~ in ,he
    opcng.me,.ncli,f",,,,edbythemovc,KP-
    K4, QP-Q4, QBP-QBj, KBP-KIl4.
    1Iu:!m., KP-K4 i.the ini,i,] ,.ddi,
    ,i.elive mOve of Uteopcn gom ••• ndln the
    open .tta<~ it 'hould be fol),,«<<I a> e>fly ..
    p"'etie.oblebyQp-Q4' KPlSbe>tpo ... d
    ,06 THI!.IIINoa T-iCTlCS 01' cmu,

    arK4,andQPi.l><tter posIooa'Q4 ,han


    at Q3. TJ,'l"inf QB3i' th,h,yw th,
    t",era! P I"'ih'"~ in f/" ""'" 1:"'"', and i,
    ,ho\lklbooccup"d"e"ly»practLo.bleby
    a P, by me,n,ol 'he move Q8P-QBJ;
    QBP,hooU not, to.",I""" wi,ho",urge"'
    n<<;<,,,,y, be ollow<d ,,, ,emoio unmoved,
    M,be",lv,ooed 'WQ "eps. T.efi"t ""h·
    ent,h""ldbefQ"neJi"tl>e'... 't.od,p<;<d.
    ;est manner," ,he f"ndam.. ",luni, io ,he
    e<smp<>!lllonoft.efi ... ,opeuPin"g,a\; .nd

    :~,~~::.g,,,~ h~:;~g...~: :::'~~' f:~o~~


    moot C<lgent",,,,,,"-.., eitlt<,I><c>use vk,0T)'
    i.... "«d'ndm'yimmed"'telyl><achie~,
    or l><<>lI$Odef."moybe.vertedonlyby 'he
    d;",u,b>noeof,hlSinv.lu.bledi'p"'i,jon01
    thePline. ,heti""openPintegrali"be
    per!ec,Plineof,heopeng;une,.nd.ny
    o,h.rP);nei'o<i.n'itieallycoTle<tindi,ee'
    propor';on'other.oili'ie'it"iford,fo, ...
    ubli<h;ng,hi.integr'l. If,inthof,,Tlo,,,;on

    ·.e
    of,.er."',.«onnortMrdopenP;ntegral,
    mOl"< QB1>-QIIJbem><lcbefo.. QP_
    Q~; •• nd eithe,helo,. oror",QP-QJ,a
    ,j,ko.;n,,,II'od;nthelatkol,,,pportofQP
    by.nother P; ",oTOove, •• he ooo"l'Ui"o of
    th.po;n'Q4by.n><lv.rsel' .... "ldp«".n •
    • h••d.. nc.oIQP'~Q4,and.ht1$pc.".t".
    ate ,be dd«. «;"ingin.h. r line by ....
    oonor.h."".kn""Orlhep"'iti01l0rQP:
    tluo m.n",,,vre, .herer"",> il" I>< vent",ed
    . . . n,,",,,uldbeadopledwl,hthegre.,e<t
    oon';"", and only when ,h. adversary is
    m:m;f..rlyuMble 'op",..""he lIUbo<quent
    advanccofQP,o Q4.

    'rho ...,o~ opom Pili .....&! (F'I'. '6,


    36,37,3&) i. compo>edoflhtfi", .. h<fl'
    and tho fi", >uppon;ng pon.llel (toge,her
    O<In";'"';ng,hefir.;tangleofll";;'''noe),
    and toro .I.mm" of ,he nonnal P base,
    ";,hK et,he. in;'" oormal1"";tion Or in
    ito pcs;,;on after oasoling (KR); it Is.
    (eal",e of ,ho "'tack in ,he openpme. and
    i,1s formed by,hc tnOVeSKP-K4,QP-
    Q4, QBP-QBJ.
    108 Tlfe MINOR TACTIC;; OF CHESS.

    I14aI1m,Theseoondop<nPintegrnlhav.
    ing 1><on .... bli,h.d, .nd K ho;ing be<n
    castl.<I (KR), 'he po,,,ion olio"ld 1>< oon
    v.,.,.d ....,Iy a, F,,,,,,,,,ab1e into ,he ~tSt

    ~i:~:: i~~~; b{n~~"':: ~,~P~fe~~


    ""heform.tionof,hefi",op<nPin
    tegrnl.pplyeq.. ny""hese<QDdopenP
    integral.

    TIuItb1Mop.~ P ,ntognl (Fig>. '7, 39)


    i.oomposedof,hefir>, .. li.n',th<fi'"
    .".il~ .. lientan'I'h.fi"t'"Pl>"ningpar
    oIlel(<ogethe,oon,ti'"ILngihefitStandlhc
    fin, ou.i1ia'Y angl .. of,',,",'an<e) ... i,h K
    in its po'''iOO ..rIO' <a"Hog (KR); i, i, a
    re.,ureor,h<atla<k in 'he opon game,and
    i,i,fo,modby th. movo. KI'-K4.QI'_
    Qi, QBI'-QBJ. KBP_KB3.
    _ _ KIIPbeiogpo,tedalKBl £0,
    <lefcncoandalKH4fo,orr"nce," co-ope,_
    al.wi,hlCl' fo,oifcncc, the lhirdopeo I'
    integral1.<tho ma" officio.' di,!",,;'ion ,,!
    'he Pline for p<lrely d<fon.ivepurpose".nd
    iti,rca<lily,uscop'ib'oorde,,,lopmentinlo
    'he fi<Stopen Pinlegraklheperfe<:to«<"'iv<
    PformOlion.by'hof'rlheradvan<e01
    KHP from KB3 ro KB4_
    Tbo/".rlI1 op.~ P !~"JI'oI (Fig •. ,8, ~O,
    41) i,comj>O>ed of 'he 'hird ",Ii.n, and ,he
    ,hi,d'"pponingp;>r>lIel(lOge<horcon"i.
    ,u,ing,h.,hirdangleofr.. istanco),and
    ,woel<mentsof 'he "",mal P base, wi'h K
    initsposi'ion.ner='ling (KR);i'i,a
    fea,u,e of the ddence in'he open gotmo,and
    i, i. formed by 'he mov ... KP_ K4, QP_
    Ql, ,nd KBP_ KB4.
    lII_mo, The fourth open Pintegral;.

    ~,;m:.,~:::.:;~~:.n' ~~: ~~~~m:'~I':t


    in its C<)mposition i> 'he thinl .. lie ....
    TheIlftll._P'~_ol(figo.·9.4"
    4J) i,com!",,,,d of'ho third ",Jjen'.nd,wo
    elconont. of ,"" normal l' base. wi,h K
    Oll~" ,n;" no,,,,,, pt),;';onOl in;" po.i'ion

    ~f'.r o••tlLng ("R); " ;, • fo>ture of the


    dd.neo in'h< Q","g.",o.""d it i,formed
    by tll< mO ... K1'- K4 .in" QP- QJ
    .m.... ' Tho fif'h open Pin"groli, ,he
    mo,hoot of di.".,.i'io" of ,h. P> ~'hich i,
    ",u.lIyodopo<dby the .. condpl.,yorfor
    pu"'ly d.f<n.iy. p"rpose,. It is thomos,
    ",o.di'y.".,b'i.h.rl.b"t 01", th. ,.... <lr."
    tivo.ofall,h.Pi""gra's.

    FL",JO.
    (6"d)
    [[2 THB HINGR TA.Cm:sGP CHESS.

    TII ......,"". P llIeop (Fill"3°,44)


    ,.""mpose<!oflhe .. <on~sali.nt, the""""nd
    .u,iliary$.1.Uent a ndth.""oond,upporting
    pa",lIel ('ogethe,consti.uting th . . .cond
    .,>dthoseeond"""iliory,ngle.of"';'••
    'nee), a"d .wo elemonts of the no,mal P
    ..... ,wi.hKeithe,ini"no'mal pooition Or

    ~:.:~::;:;~o;f ~:~~;~~i:~d ~~e; d~fe:.c:


    (:f
    in the dO>e game,"nd i. i. wrmed by.he
    move. QP _ Q4, KP_ K3, QBP - QB4
    andQKtP-QKIJ
    Mu:I .... , QP-Q4i •• heini.;.lan,1 di.·
    t,nc.ive m.,.eufthe dO>egame, "ndi"hould
    he followed., e"ly" proctio;aWebyKP
    KJ,e"""pt in the dO>e defen« to tht open
    .t"'c~ (="<I<lO>e Pinttv.I),wht.th.
    mov. KP-KJ i, mode fir". and Ihen
    lollowed as ... Iy •• practicable by QP_
    Q4; in any ca>eKP i. po>ted "ndm.in·
    lOi"edatKl"ndQP"Q4. lnthe close
    ~.lme QBP i, prop<,ly pooted and m.in_

    uin.<l.tQB4. Th •• eeond ...Iien., .. the


    f""Jame,,~,1 "n't in the compooition of the
    fiM dose I' i"«gml, .ho"I,1 be form,d in
    th. ,pe""." mKl ,ure" m,n"e,. QKtl',
    whenc.<rm",·<dat.lI.i, I>o"ed and m.in_
    ,"med .. QKtJ,inornorto[ormthos«ond
    'u"hMy salient in coniunction "ith QBP at
    QB4. Thefi"t dose l'integrali.thepe,_
    kttP lineoftho closo game, and.ny OIh<r
    P lone i. $Oi.n'i~c"lIy oorrect in direc'
    proJ'Ortion to .he fadli.i •• it afford:; foI
    .... bl!Sllingthi,in1<gral.

    Thoooe01l4c1aooJ'",,,,,,,,,ol(Figs·3'.
    45) i, oomposedor'''''",,,,,nd ""ien. "nd
    .h...""ndsupportingp,...Uel(.ogothercon.
    "i.".ing.h.secondongl.oIr.. i,,"nce) •• nd
    two element> of .he norm.1 P ba"".with K
    either in it>normol po;ition or in its p""i'ion
    after caot1ing (KR): i.i,. feature of.he
    clo:;.d.ren<e to the open ....ck •• ndi'i,
    IOrmed by tbe mOv" KP_K3. QP-Q4.
    andQBP-QB4·
    "4 THE MINOR TACTICS OF CHESS•

    ...-,Toe .. coodolosePin,egroli •
    • nim!'O".n,.I.mentof ...trong,od """"_
    ",te do .. eoon".-",,,e);, whon ,he fir>t

    ~~~~.ha:n~:~:~ t~~h O~~~~:~k;o ~;


    fonn"ionortheiirstelo .. I',ot<gr.llapl,ly
    equolly'o.he=ndelO<el'inI<8r>I,
    FtO_l'·
    (B"'''_I

    TIle tIIlr4 01000 PI~tOCfol (Fi8'. J',46,


    4J)i,eomjl<>$Odoflhefu"rlh .. lienl,.he
    second ,",ih.''Y<>.lient.1I<I Ihroe elements
    "(Ihe norm.1 l' \).ue. wil~ K io its pooilion
    ,Iter o"lli"g (KK);" i." f."uIe of .he
    Jef.nce in.heel""e IPme,Mldi'i, formed
    bytbemov« K p_ K3, KBP-KB4, QBP_

    Q~~~,~r~: ~"~~~:;~l"ni' inUte«)m_


    l>"'"iQ" of 'he 'hud do", P integr.1i, the
    /ourth ..h""',wh"h ,hould be formed in the
    ,ure'tand 'pe,,,i'"'t m.nnerwh,nth,. ela ..
    of de[ence i, .doptod_ The 'hird do .. P
    int'srali,inferiotboth'o,hefi"tandto
    ,he"condclo",Pin"gtalsjitschi.fdefect
    i, ,h. weak posi'ion of QP, and i" chid
    meIlt" thot it a!fOld. me.n, /0' an e.rly
    ;::t:';~:t:~~e:~~:~he first playe, h.. in-
    There.Teo,he,;nferio,Pformation"h.t
    pD»e$$>omegood qu.li,ios,buto[thom.llit
    maybe ... ,ed,thati" wh,,,v<rde,,,i]'they
    differ from 'he ioregoing n",del., they.re '0
    ::::~v::_' fiJJ>d>,""nt.ally defeotive and
    ;~m:n;~;~~~~:~;:~~:~~~~!~:~
    d •• I, w;,h the opening fonnat;on. of 1'8.
    "fh.un;l$of.h...... ral.uperiorpi"' .. ".
    d.fin ... tho<e,i,uotion, of bo,h K... bo.h
    &,bothR •• orQ,inwhkh ,h.y hov. been
    movt<!fro,n.h.;,norm.lpo.i.;on,."dp",p.
    ""FIIe.!j.- Ik,pl8)"~j"" .,,,(.gd,"'. An
    in'.gralofth. . . periorpi<.... onsi'" of.
    P;n'e!",l'ogoth., w;.hQneuni,of K",&,
    R5,OlQ. loord"'og""pwh>.,followo"he
    stud.n. mu" m.mori, •• h. . .r'o"'I'O>;1<o",
    and ,hofQ\,ghly ... tl'llne.ndund." .. nd

    :: ;~:l~t.~ ~~.~t ~.no~~e~f:!' ~;m'~~


    ,hem'storingofth .. theory,bu'i'i,somuch
    1<.. dlffionl •• han 'he memori,ing of.hose
    thoUS>.nd, of vari ..;on, whlOh arc giv.n in

    ~:t o::!"::;h:~a~~h~; v~:~~-:o 0:,":::


    sid.ri.nec.... 'Y.o.polog; •• fori"difli.
    cul,y. Onc. more i,.he""n''''n' use or.h.
    board ... d men "njoint<! uponth.loam ..,
    in <onn"",jon wi'h.hestudyof.v0'Y unit
    rHE5UPENlON PlECllS.

    an~ ;nt<gral. NO di'g13ms of the uni", and


    i.,.g.-.I. by 'h<m«lvO$ue pr<s.n'«I, bo'
    ,h"epo.i,ion... m.l1bei""lud<d .nd il),...
    <.
    tta,«I in 'hediagr.m, of prionary b.. (",e
    PP."5 to "S), ,owhkh references ....
    made in 'he properplaco •.
    Tho K'on;"".foorinnumber,th",. in
    :e~r:;.~..: •• ndonein'hecl"".g>",.,

    rII.dn.opo~l[tu,," (Figs. n, J4.36,


    31) iscompooed ofKK, .. K.and QK,.,

    _=
    Kill, and i, most dir<c'lyform<d 1»' Ih.
    KKI-K" QK'_Q', .ndQKI_
    KBl;itis.f<O'UTool,h<att>.okin,heopen
    game,.nd ;"h.mo ... effidentdi!l]lOOilionol
    ,hoK"pos.ibletoWhileinth<op<ning. The
    sam. """itionol Kts,."""p' 'nalKK' .od
    QK' .... tran.pos<d, may .1"" be obtai ... d
    byth, moves KK,-KB3, QK.-QBJ •• od
    QK,_K., ,hi. m<thodofformiog.h< "nit
    ;"inf<rior,howe l'e r ,beca"""hepoin'Q B 3,
    '0 "hiehQK' mu., be ploy«l in " .••"''',
    .ho"ldbelenopeniolhe.,ta<kof,heopen
    game.fOT occup'llOn byQRP (d.p. ,06)
    Tho_OII~opeaX'u". (figs. J5.38,
    J9) iscompooodofKK,atK ••• ndQ"",
    Q •• ond\$ m"".di"'c"yformedby,h,mov ••
    KK.-K •• nd QK,-Q'; i, i. a I<""re of
    'he .,tack in the open game
    Thothl«lop ... l<tn .. ,(Figs."o,4',,,·.
    '13) i.compo=lofKK.atKBJ.ndQK'
    .,QBJ,.ndi.rnos, dir<ctly formed by Ih.
    liS 1'1I1! MINOR TACTICS OP CNI!S5.
    InOV .. KKt_KBJand QKI-QBJ; it isa
    featu,e of lhe <lefence in the open !l'me.
    Wh .. " .. ..,i,'(p'04)cU"cemioglhesub,,0f
    ,ion of I' ,"'eg",l, i.equ.lly .ppli<abkw
    llleuni .. oftl",,,,,periorpie«.; ,h.,
    ",IM
    ~dgpli(m 6J on, pia)", ~I a ".il/Aa, pro,
    ,," hl~"l' to IM "".rpta)"'lm-Ion ~,(_
    ,.Qntogein minurla,h',,'" ,h. ",oni,/iJ),r,
    be"rin~ this principle in mlnd. the "uden'
    .n
    "ill fin,\ .d~i"onal reason why 'he first
    open K, unit .hould not be formed bylhe
    ,nov.. KKt-KBJ, QKt-QB3, .nd QKt_
    K" becou..,.ne, the first 'wo moves the
    firstployerhlSthe 'him open K,unil,which,
    as we n.ve ju,t>een,p,oj>Orlyb<longslOthe
    ..,condpl.Y""
    rbfi ... (.ndonly)eJ.",.E.unl.(Figs.
    44. 45, 46, 4) is compose<! of KKt a,
    K BJ and Q K, at Q D J, ancl i. most dir«dy
    formed by the mo,eo KKI _ KBJ .nd

    ~;:k- ~n:3;'c" t:. ad!~:~~:e i~'t~><o~l:!:


    g.me,and i, 'he moo' efficien' di,[>O.i'ion
    of Kt> in th.t fOlm oflhe opening. Tn;,
    unit i, tne .,me as the Ihi~l open K, unil,
    bu,it i.acoo"'pinied by. different P in'e·
    gralanddifferentunit>of,heo,ne,lIUperior
    po"" ... The "ujent .hould here compare
    ,hedi'g.. m. (Fig" 40. 4J,4>, 43) given.o
    illu,,,,,e 'he 'nirl opon K, unit. with .he
    ~::;;~:,' .~~t,,4~i,,~5'K:6~n;Z) given 10
    TneB uni" ar< .i. in number, tn",. in
    :~of;iu;'~~ and thr<. ,n the 010$. gome,

    Tb.lira. <>poD Bnnl. (figs. 33, ll' 36,


    38,J9) i,eO"'I"'",dol KB.tQJ and QB
    at KJ,.nd i, mo" dir<ctly ",<med by the
    m"" .. KU-QJ and QB-KJ; it" a
    featu" of ,h. ""'ekin theepengame,'Dd
    i. the moot effiden' di.position of.h. B.
    poosible fOlWhit •.
    .'rhe,"",",Dd<>ponBunlt( Fill'·J4,Jl,
    4°,4') i. coml"'",d of KBat QII4 .nd
    Q B at K J •• nd i. Imm«l by the m"" .. K 11
    -QB4andQB-KJ, it i,afeatu",bothol
    .he attack and of the def"noe in 'heopeD
    gom •. Thi.uni.m:lybecon,· ..... d intoth.
    lirst open B unit by movillg KB from QII4
    .oQJ.
    ThethJrdoponB"",,(Fig>.4',43);"
    ""mposed ofKII .. K •• nd QII .. K3, .nd
    i<furmed by .he mm· •• KB_ K."nd QB_
    KJ; i.;.. fea,ure 01 th.defeneeintlte
    opengame,bu. i. inferior, even fordereD·
    .ive pu""""., (o.he s<cond open Buni •.
    The ......100. B ~"it (Fig>. 44,46) ;,
    eompooed of KB "' K. "nd QB., Q.Kt"
    and i. formed by 'he m""", KB_ K, ond
    QB_QKt>; i, i. a f."uf< both of 'he
    attack,nd of the dtf,n"" in th. d""'game,
    .ndi.,h.m"",.fficien(di5po,,,ionol,heS.
    poosibletocitherpl.ytfi.,hatformo(the
    openillS·
    taO '["He MINnti 'l"AC'l"ICS 01' CHESS.

    no _~4 010 •• B ""It (Fig. 41) i.


    cornpo .. d ofl'B"Ql and QB •• QI''',
    and i.fo"".dby.he mov .. I'B_Q3.nd
    QB_QK"; i.i,.f••• u,eof.h.defenc<,
    R·hon.he <e<XInrl ploye' adop ... hedose
    o"",,.cr·~t""k '0 oppose .he d",e attook
    noth1rd"",.~B unlt (Fig. 45) i, cOm-
    posed of I'B .. K, "ndQB .. Q".nd;s
    formed by the mov .. KB _ K, .nd QB-
    Q,; i'i,.foaloreoflhedefenco,when the
    se<:<lndpf.yer.dop ... hcd",eooun<er· .."".
    tD oppose 'he open ".tack.
    The Rum" " •• h,ee in number,on" in
    ~·fu~f;:.:~eandtw<>inlhecJ",egam<,
    'Ill. ~ ... (,nd only) OpOn a unlt (Fig>.
    33tD 43) ;.oompo>edof KR at I'Br and
    QR at K',and;, moo' d;"""ly form,d by

    :~·amf::';-:~ ~~~! :~~~R.:dKo~'1~:


    d<fen<t,nthoopengame,and i, 'he m",,'
    effioien, d",po,;'ioD of the R, possible 10
    eith<rployer in that Iorm ofdevelopm'n'
    The mino, tac,ics of R, contempl.te, "".
    ,hog OIIfy on the l" •• ide(seeremarbon
    o..,ling,p·1')·
    no !\rat 01,,". a unit (Figs. 44, 45) i.
    oompo><d of I'R at Q' and QR at QBI,
    and i, most dir<c,fy furrn<d by 'he move.

    ;,;:r::'f!!!:' !,~ ~f ~h~ :~~c~ ~nd ~(B,~;


    defenco m the d""eg.me,.nd .. ,hemo"
    ~ffident di'po,ition of Rs in that I'orm of
    development.
    TItoMo01l4cloMltulll..(Figs.46,41)i,
    compo .. d ofKRat KBI .n~ QRat QBt,
    and is most d".ollyformed by the mo.."
    Ca,,1 .. (]{R.) ."d QR.-Qll t, " " •
    f<a1Uteofthed.fenoe,,,ben 'he .. cond
    pl.>ye,adopts ,he o!osecounte,·att>.okin
    ;i,:"",neitherto,heopenorto,heolose

    The Qunits "'. five in number, , .... in


    :'I'o~:.game and three in the do .. g'",e,

    Thelbo<opeaQ W. (Figs. 33, 34, 36,


    31.40,4',4', 4J) i, oompos<dofQOI

    ~'~ o:df!::~::"!t~Y :~~h:::o~~,3 :;


    the delenre in the open game. Q i. most
    effidently posted at Q. in the d,,·.lopmellt
    bo,h of the open .nd of ,he dose game.
    Tho .. oond open Q """ (Fig •. 35, 38,
    39) iscomposedofQatQB".nd i.fonned
    by the move Q_QB,; it is a I.",",. of
    the .... ck in th. open game.
    Th .....tcl"".Qnnt.(Fig.44)i,com.
    posed ofQ at Q" and isfonn.d by 'he
    mOVe Q-Q2; j, j,a f.ature both of 'he
    attack and of ,h. d.lrnce in th. do,", gam<.
    TIto •• o0Jl.4 otOH Qulll..(F"S.46,41)
    is oompo .. d ofQ., QB".nd i, fonned
    by ,h. move Q_QB,; it i,. fe",ore 01
    th<defenoewh'n the second ploy" ,nop"
    lZ2 THE .VfNON TACTICS 01' CHS5S.

    'hecl ..... .,,"n..... 't.>ck 'OOp.,.,.. ,he dos.


    "t.>ck. The ~r>' .,,~ ..,,;on,1 d.,.. Q unot •
    ... ,h... m." ,he h'" and .. «.oM oJ .. n
    Qun""bo"h.ynre ... comp.niedbydill"<r.
    en' P illtcg,..l,and ditferen, unit' of the
    "'her ,up<llor pi""",.
    The third 01010 Qual' (Fig. 45) is corn-
    posed of!,.1"QK'J •• nd i.formed by the
    moveQ-QKtJ;" i • • f••tureo! ,hed.·
    fenee when ,h. ,econd pl.y« adopt, 'he
    ~::k.count" .•".ck \ooppooe ,h. opo:n

    We <10 no••]><<<fyK units, Io<""u .. /fr,


    ,"n'Ul ,"sl/_, K, wlh;n Ih<"pma"J i. ,he
    cl"" X'I"'<, is al K KII,ajkr<a,IN'g(K R).
    There,,.o,horinferiordi'po."ion.of,he
    ,,"po:rior pk.es 'hot PO""" ""me good qual.
    ;\les,butof,h,m.llitm.'ybe.t.ted, in 8· n_
    etal"hatinwha,.. erde,.;I.,h.ydi!f<tfrom
    th.for<gomgmod.l','h.y.,.'o'h .... ten'
    fund.mcn ..lIyd.roe,iv •• ndinodv;"b!•.
    The in'eg",l, or ,h. ,uperior pi« .. we
    ,hallllO,descrilo<iDde'ail,bo,>hallgivein
    ,h. fO""Qf ...I>l',whkh ,h. "uden' shouid
    exhau,t\,dy.""mineaccoroing'o,herollow.
    inginstruc'ion,,_Thelirs'colu",n;ndude.
    iOI<£ul" numeric.l omer 'he soveral Pin·
    te!",l, of ,heopo:" g.m. ,nd or 'he dose
    game; 'he .coond column indud.. 'he K,
    un, .. th,t m'f p"'l"rly 10< oombinedwi'h
    thel'in'eg"']'O"oorrc,pondingli"",or,he
    ~,,' column, ,n the .. me manner. 'he 'hi,d.
    ,'H£SI,I/'£/<ION/'J£CU.

    fourth,nd fiflhcolumn, indudelh. Buni'..


    Runi".nd Q "ni", f('p<eli'ely, ,h.l may
    properly be combined wi,h the P in"sral.
    oncom'l"'nding lin., of tit< fi"teolumn;
    in •• ory P integrol K i. i"oIudod, in lh.
    po,ilion,»igned,o,hOlpiecoin,hed •.
    scriplion ,nd di.,gram o[,uch I' in'eg",l;
    ,11< "ni" o[,ho""perim pi""" in "nyline
    .r<nOlnecessarilycon,i".n,wi,honean.
    olho., \lIl, only ~'i'h 'he P in"pa] on that
    ]in<"nd any K',B, Ro.Qin,.grnl ioclud.,
    only one po<i'wn of the ''''' K",'he '''0 lio,
    the t"oR.orQ,re'pwi,oIy,tog<thorwith
    ti>eptoperPintegra!.

    p~ ....... K'~... '*""''''.


    B.".. • .... Q .. ;OL
    ," "".,h.d
    .od ,,,.04,,d ,"....
    ..,d"d '" "".d,od
    d,od ,,' "... d~,d
    Jld .od ," ,,, .. d

    ~: ~ :::::;.::: :::
    :: ,,,:':.04 ::~ :':
    sy m.an, of lbi.,.bl. th••tudent,ho"ld
    dot.rrninefo,him,elf,.lwaysu.inglheboard
    .00 men to iUu""l< the J'O"i,wn, wilh what
    Pinl<gra!o,in"grnl,eachunitofthe,upe.
    'iOTpie<esm'yp'ope,lybec<>mbined.
    I F :~: ';:~;:~~"p~~::!~~:i,":n~i';:,~,;::
    'hu,leaminghow'oh.ndl.'h."v'11l1i~di
    vidua/piooo> in ,heopeningof'game,h.
    i,nowp,epa",d,oonte,uponaoon,ide .. _
    tion o{th, liCi,ntil1e method,ofd<veloping
    allth'pi«es,TegaTded both indivi,lu,lly
    and collecti,'ely, and "'ith ref<""",. tu thei,
    mu,ualintemependonce_
    When,intheactualplayo{agame,a1tth.

    =::.~~:~ ~:~i~i~O~:":~~~~"~·O:'::~:
    ta<tk.cante.ch him,.nd fut the fu"',. h.
    mustdepondei,heruponhi'tl>tu,.l,killor
    uponhio''''Iu,rodprolicieneyinth""ehighe,
    br>.nehe, <>fthe "'iencc,m'jo, tact;'. and
    grand !;lctt<O. To suoh a position of th.
    pi«., ....ist. when 'he play m.k.. Ihio
    u.nsitionf,om m;nortactics to the broader
    field of"rateg;cs,we.pplyagenetie tonn,
    ondlaydOl'ln'hefoll."..ingdefinitionand
    eotOlI.lJ"-
    .Aco"'fI,',and'M"'''~f''i'/''''fi•• qfan
    th</im'in th,_"mng_jaga .."/Tdi,,,i_
    na'] I. fh, f>"'f.jth< mld_sa",.,i,<al""a
    /,ima,]6a".
    lit "" <"""'''''~_~ _/ ~ ,ri.Mry ku r~
    it, 11",.,./0'" nmsr4ry '" ,rutIM /o""~~_n
    _/ ~ p 1N~'41, 6lfJ '" "",MIf' ",Jik il <On_
    ,isl<"'uH,""/~III1,,,u,m"'rft""_
    Tnorderlhatthe "udenlmay imm<diateTy
    g,in.tI,"id.. of,heappearance,ch.. ",,_
    'ori"i($ and proVe"i., ofa primaryba .. ,
    wosive adi.gram of such. posilion,which
    :~T:~~r,:il1 of coo"'" copywilh his board

    Thi,di,gr.", reptesen ... prim.ryb.uein


    which, .. the.tu<len,MIl",.dilyperC<!iveby
    the •• oreis<of kno ... ledg< alreodyacquiml,
    '26 THB "'NOl( TACtiCS OP CHESS.

    ,he fi<>l open l'iOleg"" ;,co,nbin,dwi,h,he


    fir.;, open Ktun",lbe fi<>l open li Unlt,lhe
    fiT">' open R.unit,and 'he fir>lopenQuni'.
    By ,do,e.<o 10 Ihe"bleofinleg",l,of,he 'U·
    p";o,p;ece,(p."3),y",,will find ,hateoch
    of ,h".un,,,of Ihese"" ..1 ,up,,;or pi""",
    ;, here oon,;""nllycombined "i,hlh. fir.;(
    "I"'nPinlegral;you .. ,lI ... ,batall,h.
    pLOcooa"'properlypos,ed,andyooaft ...
    fom,ed, funhermOle, Ihot ,hi, i, Ik< mq,1
    'ffi","'Ji'fr"fiqn"IP,<fqrmfr",Mi~p'<
    1f,,,,I./,,",.I,!/lh<o/,<HIW"". Th.r in«_
    g",laooalllheuni"ofthe,upe"Ofpie«,
    .. eoflhefir.l,,,,nk,.nd"'prep,,,.,ionfo,
    ,he play of ,he mid.game alonglhe line, of
    "nopen."acklheposilioncannotiDany
    delailboirupro...,d. H.vingmroc,h""ta..,.
    men,of,hemerilSof,heopenp,in'lfYinso
    ,A (." we ,h.lI co.lI,h. fonnation of Fig.
    33), the aulho .. are dispo"d to on'''''''' ~
    ,ue'l'lhalthe"Llden'lMyve'Yn"utally
    [,ropoundatth""ageofh" prog"'''':
    ,,,me[y, "W,II it be easy far "'e;n ,clual
    l'by, if Iba", 'he "hite pi..,es, 10 g<:t them
    inlo'hi.posilion?"" "fo'hi,we,oplyth..
    you will prollablybeun.b'etoobto.in,he
    l'rinury'=< ,A ".,.IIy."""he mor<cI""'ly
    YOLLa"n>ximM'loi,.,oebet<c,o",,","SYou
    willhav., the mure diffic"l' i,w,ll be fo"ny
    opponentto"inlheg.mefromyou,ooolhe
    e",ie<i,willbofa,)"ou'awinlheg.>mofrom
    any opponent. inawo,d,lheopenpn
    naryba><IA",a .. o.tdoflh.di,po,i,ionol
    ,heroreo.for,heopen.,uck,ondwhenyou
    h.v.thewhil.pie<e."ndel«ltopl.ylbe
    open.".ack (Ihot i.,to play KP-K4" you,
    ~ .. , move), yoo .hould aim at the COn>llUc.
    ,ion cl .. po.ition "'hioh Wlif con/or", tu
    n,ar/ya,/O,,;b/, toth" mod<i, in'pit.of
    wh."YCM.Iloppon<nt "'''ydo. You IDU" ""t
    fo,.nill>lant,up"",o,hotyouroppon.nt
    can gain anyaclvon"'geflOm your./I"orlSto
    e".blish Ibi, primary bose, or .no,herof
    Iow<rrank,pro,id,d,ofeo"".,th.a.tyou
    apply yo",efforts in a j"dido""nd caref"1
    m.nn.,; on ,Ite eon'rary, ,h... t1y preeipi.
    ulion 01. co""'.r-..,tack onhi,po" i,more
    th.nh);o1yinth.e nd'o ....'st,ra'H.,lban
    to "larn, ,he d •• dopme., of you, rorees,
    .oo,pe,h.po,toop<nfol),ou"h...... hall
    coli an a,,;,k~/a/ IiN' qf alflfr., by which,
    onacoountof)'ouropponen,'.erro .. ,)'ou
    "",en.bled ,odeport{romY"u,purpooeoi
    eon"ruOling a primary ba .. , and proceed
    immediately to ,h..... ul' of hi. """lion,
    w;,h,heooortain,yof "';nningIhegame. The
    moo' 'hat y<>u, opponen, can do, ilhe.on
    h;,.ide.l'i>y. . . ",ie"'ificallyoo Y"".;" o
    forc. ,he exeh,nge of • few!"« ... and ,hu.
    IC de"roy a f... of Ih. po"'w. nte";" of
    Y"u'Fosilion.wi,i'lou,c",·t<nsinilonypos
    iliv.d.le<,;o,ei<e,od"l.ay,heporf..,tion
    of YOU' d",dopn"nt. by coml>elhng you
    ,empora"ly,oa<!op,som.what,of<";otun".
    ,B ",'"' ""cl

    l J«l >od ". I.. 'nd


    4A <'" "d "d , ..
    4B <,h l,d l,d ,,'
    SA St. l,d,od ,01 , .. d<ko""
    l8 Sth Jld l,d ," '" &kn ..

    -~';;;:I"""II~II~II~II
    I
    ,
    ".
    >od
    , ..
    , ..
    '01
    l,d
    ,ot
    ,ot
    '"
    lro
    ""'=
    "Ia<k"'&~n'"
    oou''''_'''"k"
    lA JId '81 '" "d ",d OO"",.,..• It"k
    JB JId ". ,od "d >od <oo",.,,,,t,,~
    of 'he olh.relemen .. oflheircompo,ilion,
    10' "'hion pur.,.,.. we u.. botnnum".lsand
    I"'le"inlh. d, .. ificOlion. mam.nn« IhM
    will'<plaini".lflolhe"udenl.
    The"ponptl ...,yb... 1A(f,g_J3) is,
    "".he.dy".... I, the '"o"efficien' di,po"
    lion of .he fo,ees >n Ih. 0]len g.m •. H
    belooll'prope,ly,olhofi"'pl.yer;bu'if,
    ,hrough.rrorsofhi,.dv,",,,,,y.,h. . .oon<i
    pl.yer can ob"'init,'he lalter-..ill th • .-.:by
    secure.decidedadvantogeinlheopening
    Th •• econdplayershouldno,originally.n.
    deavorto ob",io lnisfo,m .. ion. bu, ,hould
    <onlen' hi",,,,,11 wi,h on. 01 'hose primary
    hoses",hi.h properly belong to Black,aim·
    ing., the mOre efficient developmen'only
    ofte,hcM'OOmpl'led,hele... ffi<ienl,ond

    ~~:'~,"~IT:~ei: ~~n:~:.~::. h~h:of~=;:'!


    of,he,ev.",lpl<e,·'intheprimaryb>.se'"
    ateh.",,,i,h described, "i,h o,her obser·
    v.. ions .. hioh,i,i.tobeund.",ood,unl..,
    othe""iseot>'ed,.reinlend,dtoapplyonly
    'otheopeningof.g.me:-
    (a) QRP ...4 XRP .. """" momo.oa. in
    otd" to oomm.nd QK'3 .nd KK'J, r<.
    speotive)y,.nd thu, to preven"hepos'ing
    of adve .... pie.,., on 'hoo. po;n". wh.r<
    ho",I.fo"'eswouldg"'vely.nd.nger,h.
    "",urityofthekind,edposilion. If,from
    thepooit;onoffig.j3,QRPor KRPwer<
    ,.~,eitheroneo"wo".ps,'her<wo"l.J
    bec ...ated,otQ KtJ and KKtJ,re<pe<tively,
    what"" ,h.ll call an u","",nJp;inf,by
    "hich term we cha",,«,i .. a ]>Oint in the
    kimlredp"'ilionwhichc:rnno.begu .. ded
    by' kindred P. The .dvanceofQRP or
    K R Pone !I"p, in order to oomm,nd Q K\4
    orKKI4, r"!,,,ctively, and Ihu, to pr<venl
    the po>!ingof an.dv .... piece >t one of

    :~~oo:~~:~~'o; ,,~;;,~:: .~:;:~t ?r':~~


    nor to.ctics;, particui>rly warned. With.
    prol'.",iyoon"ructod prim>ry b.",,, the fint
    pI.yorguord. QKt4 by mean, of QBP at
    QBJ, and ... ,,,10'" the adv.nce of QRP
    qui •• unnc" ..."y;;tndin.nyeventneirhor
    pl.,)·er h",muchto re",;!h;. 1>OO1l<On;.
    sound,from thecntran<eol.nadve"", p;coe

    ~u~hK~: ;~~~:,~' ;;;,"":l~~;::;"~o~;:~~;


    forco on an uocO'le",rl ]>Oint at QK'3 or
    KK'J. 'ng"ne"l, moroover, ,he advance
    of QRP orKRJ> «nd. to weaken the P
    hoe. by pr"",,,",dywith,lrawinK.ome of ito
    "".!Ve ,upport frum the norm.1 P base,
    and.",ongpl·YeT w;lIf,eq"entlY!.1ke.d
    v,ntageo!",ch.nadvonoe.tonce,by;n
    "itutlng on .tt.ck "8,in,t the "e.~ened winK
    Ps. Evenlf'hoadvc .. aryh"p""edapiee<
    .tyou,QK'4 orKKI4,you.houldnoth ...
    lily.ttempt to d,$Iodge;\ by pbyingQRP
    -QR3 0' KRP - KRJ. fo,",u.lly he will
    gainmon: from the"eaken;ngQfyou,Pline
    132 TH~ ""NOk TAcncs OF CHESS.

    th.anhe J", .. by the Joo>ofti .... nt'iled


    upon him by the m ... t of hi. own piec ••
    Onlhe other o.nd,you may ooeosionally g"n
    v,lu,ble lime,orel .. eompe1.n.xeh,nge fa·
    vorable10 you""lf, by ."taok,ngwi,h QRI'
    orKRP,n O<Iv."" pi ... po>t<:d at QKt4
    or KKt4; whether or ""'Y"" .hould play
    QRP_ QR3 or KRP_ KRJ in .uch a
    position depend, on <i",um"",ne .. whioh
    canno' b< properly di""u""d intM.eJe·
    mentary '",.'i"", bu, which wIll b< .1,,<1
    da1<d, 'he ,u,hots hope,ln""b$equenl
    vol"me.on majortacti<s.nd grand taOlio.
    Wh'l,. he", said concerning QRP and
    KRP.ppli.. to 'ho"" piece, equ.lIy,nany
    of the open pnm.ry ba, ...
    (~)QK'P"'_W1 .. ov04 .. thebase
    Pofthelirstsalien',andlt>houldnoverb<:
    ad.o.needinanyofthepnm.ryba><.'hat
    include thi. salien'. I, may 5Om<tim...
    oowover,(n,heeven,ofthe ..changeQ!
    QBP,take the pi ... of that P; foreumple,
    if Black sIlould ad .. n« hi. QKtP '" his
    QKtS, .nd ,h""id Ihen play QKII' X
    QB1',yourbo"r<plyin,ltepo.ilionoffig.
    J3,or in. ,imilar """tion, .. ou!d ingene",1
    be, no' Q X Por KKt X P,bu'QKtP X P.
    Then,to be ,ure, QKtP would b< absent

    :::~':~:.r:~:~.~": c~~,:o;'hi~~:f:;
    ;
    ioyoorpo,,'ionBI ... must h.. e <",atod a
    muco gre."erone in hi' own. The "udon'
    is "reoi.lly o.",ioned .gain" direct ,h.
    ad,.noe olQKtP ei,heron< et .wa"'rs
    in 'he open game.
    (c) 1[I[,P,o_"""""''''' in order
    ,opre •• ""hcenu.nce 01 an ad..... radiu.
    of off.ne.by ...yof ,heKB', minordiago.
    ".1 or the KKt".,..,"ieal •• nd .Iso '0 leave
    the poi'" KKt) open for KK'.arlyin,he
    mid·gam•• or.in'omein".nc ....... nintl><;
    ol"'ning(cf.p.r)8). ThePunileon.;'<-

    :~~n~"~~i~,':le~:n: :';~h~~::': K:'~


    mu"""
    alter c,."li!'l$; (KN.) .• nd th.",fore
    pr ... rvedintacl.atl ..... untilcl,.initi .. ion
    ofthemid-game
    (J) QBPatQB3.i,... weh .... ol,.ady
    .tated.thc key of the general P"",1Iion in
    th,oreng.me. "gu,rd. '8>'"" Ih. p"',.

    :~ :~:~n~V:7::i:~:e~~ti~.o~?:K;'~
    by.,,'yofthe K·.m.jordiagon.1 tow.rd KT;
    "ako,upport, QP. or. if QPi •• xcha"lled.
    ","ppo'''''''periorpi''''''Q4. If Block •
    • f,er pl.y,ng KP-K4 (as he does in the
    opondefonoo).orQDP_Q B4(aohedoe.in
    Iheclosecounte,.att.cklotheopen.tt""k) •
    • hOllld play KPXQPorQBPXQP.you
    .hculd roc.p,ure with a "'I"'rior pi •• ein
    preferrncetoQBP; in order th .. you may
    be.bletodolhiowithoutdisadvantagewhen.
    everoe<:a.ion ari .... you mu" bring to be ..
    on Q4",m.ny ",dii 01 defence as m.ybe
    134 Till': AlINOR TACTICS OF CHESS_

    noo .... 'y. Th ••d•• noe of QBPtwoSl.1"


    i,n,ver "Iv"able ,n ,h.
    d,v,lopm.n' o{,h.
    open g..... f<>,.;,ho,Wh".o, BI.ok
    (')QPdQ4 i," mO$l impote,nt.le .. ,n,
    of'heorenp'''''"yb",.oonSlituting,h •
    ... rtc>;]'o[,h.fi"t",lLont. Iti'reculiarlf
    ,ubjeot,oattackon,heparto[,he.dver_
    "'f. [0' whioh '....,n i .. prore' defence
    preoenlSfe"ure,o[""""id.",bl,diflicul,y
    Itp'even""' •• ntr.nceo[an.dve .... "diu.
    morl',nce by "oyof the KKf, majord,.g
    on.1 toward KKt',.nd eomm.nd, KS so ..
    '0 penni'the .d..".e ofKP ...Iy ,n the
    ~~-:;:~.:~ i~n t~:. ';:~;:fo~no~C:~~'~~:
    .ide. lithe od'''''rypl')"cone<,ly. ho,,_
    eve" f"U wi)l h.rdly be .bl. '0 m,intain
    QPa'Q4."'"w,1I probably becomrelled to
    exch.nge QP [0' hi. KPo'QBP.inwhich
    case,as "",din 'he ob",,,.,ion. on QBP.
    you.hould,uiv.'QrcplacoQPby"uperior
    ",«e. One of 'he moot ""mmon errono!
    the 50-called , ... nd.~1 orening'i' ,he ..... b
    li,hmen' ofQBP. by .n<xchange,at Q~.
    'his proe ... l....,tho p,im,ryi>ase dele.·
    ,i... inre,peo,to.h •• i>s<".eofilS"'f
    come,.SI""".QBPat QIIJ. E .. nwi,hthi.
    def«.in.hepo.i,ion.1heciu".,ofadvonee<i
    "",.ral Poi'.Wl,hou,dOtlbt.$lrong; n.ve,--
    .hole..,the"ud.n,,,f,hLSthooI)'LS$I,enu_
    ou,lyurg<dtoadop.theeolT<c'pl.nof
    ..ai~/ami.f Q B P at if, 1''''1<' to" af Q B J.
    fl"d, i/fo""",,,u/p,,'i"(a m"ri"Ji,u,1n
    'Ug<'/ QP,,,'Q4' Thodili\o;ullYQfdcmll"
    'h~ "8"." ,~e be" phyol 'he dele.e., the
    autoor>do ootJeny;onacocuntor,lte
    manifoldv."iati '" of'~e C'''''', hO\\'eI'<f, we
    do no' O<tempti",l>i, .<>I",ne'o ,ho .. how
    in all coohngend .. 'he Mfio"i'y ""'y be ob·
    vla,cd, oot oon,.nt Qu"eil'" for 'ne pre.ont
    wi,h repc.Mg ,ne ge"e .. l ded,,,,,ion ,hat
    ,h."",len,,hou"'c<)"'''"cthlspooi!1Qns ..
    n.,<ly •• ho c.>n ,n oonf,mn"y witn tlte
    m",I.lsandaccoming,otheprincipl.. ,hat
    ~re laid down for hi.guid,nce. It may be
    re",lrk,d th"when 'he <xehangeofQI'be.
    co"""in,.i"ble,i'i,f'«Juentlybeuerfor
    YO" to m,k< 'he firs'o.p'"'" 'n'"to po",,;t
    ,~ •• d... ..,ry to make i1. It i•• 1,0 impo'·
    "n'to ",membertn.,,he.bsenceof QPi,
    ,h. le" inju,iou>M'ertho excilonge 01 the
    .d,.... KB, ... hen.n .d"""" "diu, oIQf·
    knee m'1 be direoted .Ions tho K Kt'. majo,
    ,11.,!!0,",1 only by Q•• n<! ,"ch a .. dio, 01
    orr,nce m'y gono",lIy be repell .. , Oe ,nler·
    c'p'e.lwi,h",I>'onlOgebyoneofy<>uel...
    • aiu.blepiecc.;i'ls'hee<iore,..ll,o .. ek
    tne exch.1nge of the ad ..... KD foe your
    QB or Qne of you, K" in ,hes •• i,uation,.
    Tne ad"nceQf QP 'oQs i.notj""ifi,ble
    berae. the mid.game,excep' in connec,ion
    with an acdden ..lline of attack'; and 'hi>
    ~::~~n i~h~~:~lk ;~~h~;s .. Idom ad.;"
    '36 THE .vIHoR T.<CT"$ Cl' CHESS.

    V) KPatK4;., .. arul.,.hefi ... fo~n.


    dot;oO "onetMtyo~ Iay,n build;ngy,,",opon
    pnm~'y htse. I" ><lv:a= aMth" ''''P i, a
    men'ce'h .. 'h • ...-I"=I)''''"''g""n1al:''i",~
    but you mmt nOl hurry the advance, ;n.os.
    m"oh .. ti>ethreoti.frequentlymoreelf«.
    liv. ,h,n ;"execution. KP-KsunOl"" .
    ..,nt;allyam.""",vreufmino,tlclIO$,bIl,;,
    • phy'h" aprer ....'n'prrrp.'ly '0 'he mld
    game; ,,,<1 ..klom ,hou),1 the mOVe be
    m,dee."lier,except .. anaooompo.",menlof
    an ac<id.nllll line of attack,when it may be
    vel)'pow .. ful. !fthe .dversary.tt.mpts to
    ..change ordi,lodge KP by ",ean,ofQP_
    Q4orKBI'_KIl4,j'Quh,vethedoiceof
    ,h .... "'pli«_lO <"p'"'. Ql' or Kill'
    with KP at once. to ><1"0"< Kl' ,0Ks,or
    tom.in~inKI, .. K4 by'h<"'PI>ortofo.h"
    pi« .. ;ofth... threeonOlh",I.,hel."i.by
    larthobe.t,i'thee"g<noie.ofthe,,,""ion
    rermitY"uto adot>li',ondth.secoodi,th.
    l<.""eqnently.,dvi"ble. hhube<n .... 'ed
    in a note '0 'he , .. ond illU$lJab'e g.,m.
    (p. 191.'"0"he ."lvonc<ofQP'OQ4 by
    Bbck, if it 0." be ",.do ~·"ho"t In>,,,,i,l
    I"","n"'f,,i, m>d<j",lictOu,lyancl., 'he
    prope,momo"t.n ...ly.I"'j'>tom,theg.mo
    inhi,favo"'""i,o"oecountof,hed,,,",b
    ."ceo'Wh,te·' KP, "h,ch,th .... fo,.,Whi'.
    m'''''',iv.to p... von, o,oo"n'otll<',ei,hor
    by ... ndonngB1>okuno.ble'o.dv.ne e QPto
    Q4\V<lh"", m.>'erialIO$',o,d«by$O"'1'
    pOrlingKP,h".nat""kupon it .. ,1l be of
    .o.v,il. The«mov.lofKPbefore=,lLog
    isd,ngerous,becauoei'p<,roi",heopera·
    'ionof.no<lve""radiusofolfenceag.inst
    K.long,he,·erlical,oward KJ.
    Ig) KBPatKB4oc<upies.he\><"poot
    fOfolfe",ivol'u'po=,h"i'eanoccup)'in,he
    op<nga,ne,.Re,ca"ling (KR). Byi .. <td
    .... nee KR is «le.,.d,.nd ifi" exchange
    c.nbe elf«.ed KRwill op<rate.,<tdiu, of
    offo.oe .gain" Kllj, .he most vulnerable
    PO'O' in 'he obj«.ive plane. A,.he ..me
    .ime, in conjuno.ion WilhQK'" K1.I3. it
    cov=lVhite·,ownpo,ilionon,heK·.oid.
    ItcoOlempbte',in the mtd·g,me,thefurlh.,
    o<I""noo of KI.Il'to KBS,,1d K1.I6, ""I'.
    pone,1by KP.nd,uperio,piec .. ; .nd the
    >ucce"ful.ooomph,hmentofthi,.dv,nce.l.
    mosti.v.ri.blylne.n.th .... inningofth.
    game. KBP"'ld QPeo6po",,,, "ith each
    ,o ..
    o,her,,,,, .. eu,e,bythe • .ch.tig.ofone,
    ,heposting,rnl""in",n".e.of,h,",h.,i •• he
    fOllnhho,iwn"l. iti •• oommonprncticeof
    ,hefirs'l'loye",h.rofore,toplayKHP_ KH 4
    .. ,hell<oond move or the game, whereupon,
    if BI.<kr<ply";th KPXKUl', Whi'e may
    .peedily .,..bl;,h QPatQ4, and, whether
    Blackelfect. the oaptu,. or not, \\"hite ob·
    tain •• n immedlate att.,ok"gainst which the
    d.fenceisverydifficul.;neverlheleS5,'his
    th.ory is opposed to IiO eadyan<tdv.ncc of
    KBP, "hich, •• we h.ve ..id"houid be de·
    hyerluntn.fle,c .. 'ling (KR).
    '3& TilE _lJINON u(rlCS OF CJlESS.

    (h) KK'.'K2'UppensQBPatQB3.
    QralQ4an,IIo;BPatKB4.aoo contem·
    plo .. , Io;Kt_Klo;t3 early in the mid-gam.;
    its most impe,,",nt purpose,howe • ." .. ,h.
    ,uPPO" QIQI'., Q4. R'hich PO'"'" may
    occupy in 'he el'entol'hccxchongcoIQP
    K. i,'he prop" l"'st 10rKKt: thi. piece
    m">lbe d"'eloped "'ry ... ly in 'hcopen.
    ing''''s to permi' """ling (KR); ,( It i,
    broughtou,., KBJ,itob>truc" ,h •• dv.n<e
    01 KBI', "nd its .."bli,hmcnt" KR3 i,
    nOl only in.fl"wh·,. but posilh'dy h.rm·
    ful, as il immedi>l.ly become, <xpo",d to
    lhe ",di", of offenee of lhe .d,·o"e QR.
    In order not to Ob$tIUC' KB,the move 01
    KK._K. ,"u., nawally be m.de SIlb""
    'l."e n ,lylothotoIKB-Q3·
    (,) QK'a.KD3 ocoupiesthe I""•• hot
    i. in common praOlioeassign,d to KK., but
    which prop"ly belongs to QK •• b..,u.. the
    development oIQK. maybe delayed until
    after the ad ... nceof KBP,,,,he,,,uthalof
    KKt may nOI. How.-.., QKt <hould be
    mo,·.. l to Q ••• "'ly" p.-.ehe.ble, in
    o"lcr that " may cOVer the K'. wing"
    KBJ,,,·,nbefore.he.dvanC<ofKBI',il
    -'''''''Y.in th •••• ntol.n.dv."".....,IL
    The function,olQKt ",KIIJ,be,id.,eov.
    ering the K',"ing.are to "'pport QPand
    a't.o.k ,h. ad""". KI', .ndeontempl.ting
    one 01 'he mid_g.'mc m""e. of QK. _ KR4,
    QKt-KKt,.orQKt_Ks. QKt,as,...ll
    as K K', may occupy Q" if Q P js ",m.",.ed.
    A v<ryv,lu,ble p",pet'y01 'h" '''0 Kt> j,
    ,h.,' ,h,y ,"ppot! .. ob o,h" wb.n 0"' ~(
    ,h,m h.. «pl.".d QPotQ4,.nd th.olh"
    "",t> proper I"'<t. In"", .. '0 get QKt
    to KUJ.)"ou m""mo.o i,firs' IOQ_,.nd
    in onl .. no' 'oob>truc' QUyou mu" move
    QB '0 KJb<:fore QKt 'oQ'. I" ... g''''
    toou, pl.n of Ktdevelopme",.,he ,",00'"'
    d«i ... it,obeund.,."ood ,h.'
    'hey do not
    ,ltogeth<tcond.mn 'he ort!ina<y method 01
    pl.ying KK,-KBJ. QKt-QBJ. and
    QKt_ K •• but con.id" i, 'heoJeticaliyin.
    fmo' to ,h. method which 'h.yreeommend
    (;) XBatQ3,upJ>O"" KPand",.",",·
    pi.,.., in 'he mid.g.,n.,byth ••d"",e o •
    ... h.nge of KI', ,h. opo.otionof a .adiu,
    ofoK,,,ce 'g.i." KR).which J>Oin' •• f,er
    1I1.,kb.. ,astl.d (KI<). is in 'heob!"t",.
    1'1.",. It.lsop,....."IS'h'."'...n.. of.D
    .dv,,,. ",diu, of ofl"<". . .'on3 ,he KB',
    m.jordio.gon,l,ow,rdKB,.bu' 'hedio.go.
    n.l.longwhlChi" fo,oe i"hemostvalu,ble
    and efficient i. ,h. QK,', major diagon.tj
    for which ",agon. rOIl will obs,rve and re·
    memb<:r,KBmayb<:ad"nto.g<OII<lypo,,<d,
    in'h.fi".lco"d1lionofth.primo'yb ....
    eithe •• tQB, Or QKtt, though not so ad-
    vanl2g'ou.ly .... QJ.
    (k) QB •• X3 oc,upi .. the only pomt
    to which it m,y be ,lfeotivoly deploy<d in ,he
    opening, un" .. by t~, .",h3ngo of QP o.
    140 TH£. MINOR TACTICS OP CHESS.

    KBP;''''I3yrepbceoneof,hosePs"'Q4 0J
    K 11,. The <ommon error of playing QB-
    KKtS <>tly in lhe game, we hove alreody
    .reote<iall,nglhinanoleon.hefi... iIlu,,"
    t,.t"egame ("'.p. 6,). QBatKJOIlp
    poruKDPandQP,or.noth"pieee •• the
    la«<rpoin'; or,ifQ4i. ulWCcupicd,i' , ••
    pet,.nyradi",ofoffen«direct<dalongthe
    KKt·,m_JO,di:rgonal.ow.rd KKtt. Con·
    <eming'hecomhinedv.l"e an dthe .. 'pective
    valuO$ofthetwoB·',ondthein.dvi .. bili.y,
    ingon<r>I,of .. changLngoneofthem,welL",·e
    already made ""me ob .. rvation, (p.6.),
    ...hi<h"e".ednot,epeath.re;b",,,edo
    oga,n u,go.h. "uden,alway,lobe1J"in
    miod tht val.o of tht combl.o<l lis, ... d,
    havinsbothon.hoboord,topermittlteex
    changeofoneofth.m only when by.odoing
    h.will obtain.n.dvantagein pooitionthot
    o.t"oigh,thtlo .. ofmaleril1. An in\t>.nce
    of.hel",croon'ltIg.ncy, ... hi<hm'ypo.,;bly
    arisein,h.eon"ruc.ionof,hepr ... n'prl.
    marybase,willbeexpl.i""dinconn«(io"
    with.heopen primary bose 4A (p. '55),
    (I) II:R •• II:B1 <x<rei",. an offensive
    forcein.hedirectionof.hcobjectivepw.e;
    it be""m" .."em.ly.lfte'iv•• f.or 110. . .
    ch.ng.of KHP,.n<! '"PP''''' ,lot .dv,n<e
    ofth ••r,bo," "n;"i ili.1 m",'eand .fler·
    ... rd, when, in .he mid.game, i. may be
    'hrow" ",n fu,.her f."....ard.o Kl:Is.nd
    KB6. fo, the P"'POoe of"" accidental
    lino 01 .".ck in the opening KR may ""
    moved.o KI, but 10' 'oe 1<gitim.. e pu,·
    po .. sof.heopen,ngthltpointis"",,",oc,
    cupiro by QR than by KR. AsR;"in
    gen.rnl,mo.t effect-v. when i.o<cupie •• h.
    baseofanopon,-crti<.I,-th"i"av<rtk.1
    lrom which.he kindred Ph,.""01I,..mO'led,
    it m'y,th",.lol., be lreq.e"tlyad,i.,ble.o
    deploy.heRsin.heopOTl;n,!:,I<01'Ilthe;r
    u, ...l posts, in omer.o comm.n~ such open
    vertbl,. nemos( ;m!","""' occ... ;onIOT
    .hi. maJl"'U'''' is the ab>cnceolbo.h QP
    .ndKp,.,henKR>hOllldbepo,t<:d •• K"
    .ndQRatQI. Itm'ybe''''ted.lso,that
    in the e""n' of the opening 01 .he KKt'.
    v<lti<al,whichmayoccllr.hrollghinjuoicioWl
    ploy on the P'''' olthe.dve=r;·.the"rong.
    ~otR.~~,I~ :'~' after the ",mov.l orK 10
    ("1 QR.' X~ . .erei... an olf.",;.e
    force in thed;",c.;onQI.heobjeo>iv<plano
    pl"<viou, to the ad"""" K "";ng c..tled
    (KR),:md .upports the centre of the kin.
    dreti po.i.ionbo.hfordefence.nd in con·
    .empl.. ion of offen ... e operation. in lhe
    ",;,I·I'-"'e. IfQP h.. been exchanged, QR
    ,oould he po<tedatQr ;n"eadof KI. An
    oth., <..elloRt po,t for QR, if QKtl' ha.
    been e"~.ng"l, " .t Q Kt I. Q R. h.,.-
    ingb<en do""oped at Kr,moy bomoved
    eorlyin the mid.game to K,; .",1 .hen .he
    Rs m.y be doubled, either on the KB'.o<
    on '0, K·",<rti<ol,byfollowmg.'cc<",I,ngly.
    wi,o QR '0 KB. or KR '0 K,.
    (n) Q .. boot poo ..... "'<1', operating
    ...l;,ofdef,nooin SIlpportof (,lK,P,QBP.
    QP.nd KBP,and \o<ingil><lfp""<c,ed by
    QBP,QPandKBP.",,,,,h... ,ocko •• d·
    v..... mdiio' orfmc<. Thi. m",' pow.rful
    pi«. m.,y no' with lmpu",'y be .. pmed '0
    th.,tta,oo!,h ••.l"""",p;.c..,.ndi,istoo
    valu,bl,'obeexch.ngedforanyOtleo!,hem
    ex.oopt,h •• dv<r>eQ i"elf,.ndwhen attacked
    b)"he.dve .... ,yi"n""onl;o.. ily .. ' ..at.'
    th. c",'of time. Q.hould,.,. rule,SIlI'"
    pon,t.tth"",h.nl.. d"heatuck;.ndlO,
    th;'pu'pmei,c.nnotbebett.rpo,,<d th.n
    "Q'.
    Thop.n<ct,heoretic,lonl.rofmove,;n
    'he cOTl"ruotion of thoopen prim.ry base
    .A, f,om whkh, ho"... r, d.vi.tion w,1I
    berend.rcdnec .... rybylh • • dveJSOry'.
    ploy, is, ,. KP- K4; •. QP - Q4;
    3. QBP_QBJ; 4. KB-Q3; 5. KK,_
    K.; 6. Cas,les (KR); 7. QB-KJ;
    8. QK._Q.; 9. KBP-KB4; '0. QKt-
    KII3;" Q-Q.; ". QR-Kl.
    TIle ope. prim.,..,. b ... lB (Fig, 34)

    ~~~~, '~:~~:i,;'~~:(~:~~'~:';e~:? !fo~~


    fi!$topenB"ni';'h.1t;"Klli,~t<d ..
    Q B 4 i n<l •• dof.tQJ,
    The limet;on, of.1I 'he p;oces ""copt
    KEI ... the same in ,hi. prim.ry base.s
    'hey are in ,A. ][S _, QS. opera....

    ~~~IIS~~o~:e~: ~~~. ~:C~bj:;ve~:~


    (KR),ondlor the ..",. pU1f'O$e it""ybt
    po.led wi,h no le.. elf<et at QKt3. If,
    Ile...".." in the JlO'i.lCn of fig. 34, KB
    btfo«.d.ore".at,i••hoold he moved,
    nottoQK'3,bu.'0 Q3,.hu'perf",,'ing.he
    primary bue ,.~. Th. def«" of KB a.
    QB4 are .b,.. , namely,.he B i. ""SUp·
    pon,d; i.;. ,ubjec ••o .h••• tack o/.he
    adv'''''QP;and i. le.... KPwi.hoo •• he
    '"Pl"'<1,whlCh,a·Q3,KBalionh.
    144 THE M'''OR TACTICS OF CHESS.

    The [,<noe•• h<ore.ic.1 "rder of move,


    in .Il.
    ronst"'c';o" of.hj.
    pnmo'Ybase is
    r. KP-K4; •. QP-Q4; J. QBP_
    QBJ; 4. KB-QB4; s. KKt-K.; 6.
    Costl<, (KR); 1.QB-KJ' 8. QKt-
    Q.; 9. KBP_KB4; IC. QK,-KBJ;
    II.Q_Q';I>.QR_K.

    di:: ;:D t~:; ,;:",\l~n;~;~; ~:.!


    seccnd;nste:u!cf .hefi""o['<n K,un;',ond
    .hese<ondio,t<adcf the fi ... , "P<n Qun;'i
    .h., ;',QK.;, postect .. Q. inst.adofa.
    KBJ; .ndQatQB.ins,eadofa.Q •.
    Like ,h. pTe ••chng prim.ryb>s<,thi.one
    "'0 be ...g'Nled as.o incomplete wnn of
    J,~, .1.bOllgb " ro'''''''' differe", proper-
    'ic., ,he chief of which i. ,h., io ,hi,

    ::::~7"~~n ~ ~,i. ::~h:;~~~Y.c:P:;,:~~


    und<fended QB,"'I'be le"" 1IeC\lrely pro·
    .wed Q. Q at QB3 i, "rongly posted £Or
    .he m;'I,g.me on "cooun' of it> support of
    KB in dir«'ing radii 01 oII'e""e to,..rd
    KR7,' poin' in the objective plane, bu,
    .bi, ad •• ntage i, more ,h.n olf.., br,be
    defects of 'be I""i'ion. Th. student must
    remember .ha, in 'be opening of ,he
    g"nethefi"'ployer'.energie,.rerl ••
    m.nded lor 'he '"proM of 'he centre of
    .be ro,i'ion, and chieRy lor,he,uprort
    of QP.t Q4; and for 'his purpose 'he
    ~:,:.!rimary b>s< lA i, olwiou"ly superior

    Theperleo:t theoretical order 01 mov«in


    .he construe,ion of thi, primuy b<tse i"
    I. KP_K~; •. QI'-Q4; 3- QBP-
    QB3; 4· KB-Q3; 5- KKt-K.; 6
    C..,l", ()(R); 7. QB-K3; 8, QKt-
    Q.) 9, Q - QB.; 10, QR _ KI; 11.
    KIIP-KB4_ It is ",mowh.t ... itr to
    'ppro.i", .. e,o ,hi. lorm .. ion than to lA
    or IB, 1><=""" the advance oe KBP",..y
    be delay«! until .he I." move, By now
    playing!>, QKt-KB3.ndIJ.Q-Q.,
    we ob!aio the penee,wrmation,
    '46 nu "'NOK TACTICS OF CIIEss.

    di::': f~=~ :=i::::L:' t;:i:~~!~


    in't<adoflhofirslop<nPint.gro.f;thali"
    KEP i, posl<d at KB, inst •• doht KB4.

    Th;,;,.vOJy p"werful p""tion, who ..


    only defect, .. oom.,.red with the porket
    formation,i. the confinement of KR. It.
    furthord""elopmont in the mid.go",. m.y
    be ell"«ted by the m""eo QKI-KS and
    KBP_KB4,.fierwhich the pos;tion isthe
    .. me .. thot .. hich m",t commonly .. ,ul ..
    fmmlheopenp,;m,ryb>se ,Abymean.of
    the move QKt_ KS: the objection that
    w.. ,,>ade (P.138) '" Ih. dev<lopmont of
    KK'atKIIJ do .. not.'pply'" 'hi,fonnof
    primary b"e, bu, 'he obj",,""n tha! w."
    m><letothed<>.lopmcn,of QKtby ...yol
    QBJdo<. apply. h;, btU.r, 11•• «",«,.",
    COO!id" ,h. K'"n".ven h.,., ..... U .. ;n
    .he pr<ce<iingp,;m,'Y ba$t.,,, formed by
    'he move. KK,_Ko, QKt_Qo and
    QK' _ KIIJ, ,.ther ,haD by KKt_ KBJ,
    QK' -QBJ .nd QKt _ K •.
    l"hcperfe<t,heo,e,;ealon\erofmoveB
    ;nthe Co""",c(ion ofthi, primaryl>ase is:
    I. KP-K4; ,. Qr-Q4; J. QIIP-
    QBJ; 4. KII-Q3; s· KK, - Ko,
    6. C.. t"'qKR); 1. QB-KJ;8. Q!Ct_
    Q,; ,. QKt-KB3; IQ. Q_Qo; 11.
    QR_K •.
    TI1eoponptlma<]'_U(Fig.JJ),
    dilfenfrornthero,egoingonlyinthatitron_
    .. in.the..,condill8,eadofthefi,,'opeD
    B uni.; .h •• is, KB ill pooted at QB4
    i,,,,t.><I of.t QJ
    Thoob>erv:ltion'J'U'lou,lymade(p.14 o)
    on KB at QB4 'pply h~re.
    Theperfe<t,heoretLcoloroOfol.nov.. in
    theco",,,o<tionol,hioprim'lJ'_i,:
    I. KP-K4; •. QP-Q4; J. QBP-
    QRJ; 4. KB-QB4; 5. KKt_ Ko,
    6. rastle. (KR); 1. QB_ !CJ; 8. QKt-
    Q.; 9. QKt-KBJ; IQ. Q_Q,; u.
    QR_KI.
    148 TH!; .lIINOI< "ACTlC~ 01' '-HUS

    di:!: f~~:~ /:.~~ ,,'7:to~,,~ ,~i!<~~l


    in>teod of ,he fi<>< opon K, """,.nd the
    se<ond in,t •• d of the fi<>l open Q U",t;
    .ho., is,QK.lspos!<d .., Q.in,"'ad
    K1I3,andQatQB. in"<ado' atQ,.
    0'.'
    Theob"",,·ation,p,-,,·iou,'ymode(p·14S)
    on QK' at Q. and Qat Q~' ,pply h• ..,_
    The 1""'«' ,h"".-.tieol om" of move.
    in thecon,"oe';onof,h,. prim'TYba>e i.:
    I. KP-K4; •. QP-Q4; 3. QBP_
    QBJ; 4. KB-Q3; S- KKt_K.;
    6. C."l., (KR); 1. QB_ KJ; 8. QK._
    Qz; 9. Q_QB.; 10. QR_KI.
    n.."poGprlm...,._3(Fig·J9)io
    onos' ,imilar.o IC and .C, from whioh it
    dilTef$ollly;n,hat;'eont.o;,..,he,h;rd;n .
    ... odof.hefit>torsocondopenPin,egrn1;
    ,ha. \."KBPi, p",<ed at KIlJ ;nSlead 01
    ~~ ~~.4'" i, i, ill I C, or.' KB" as i, is

    In,heoboe",.,ion, "p"",h.,hi,dop""
    Pin .. grol(p.,og)". ...)(\.ll'h .. n«dbe
    .. id canceming I<Rl' at ERa This for·
    m"ion i"he ""'"gcs' po;s;ole for defensive
    purpooes. It may be e""vetted into 'he
    openprimOi)'ba!e ICbythe moveKBP-
    KB4.
    Theperfect'h.oretjoa\oni01ofmOYeO
    in thecon"ructionof thi, pnmorybose ".
    r. KP-K4;'. QP-Q4; J. QBI'_
    QBJ, 4.KB-QJ' S·KKt-K,;
    6. Cast! .. (KR); 1. KBP-KBJ; 8.
    Ql!-KJi9. QKt_Q.; '0. Q_QB"
    ". QR_Kr
    Tlteopu prtau.ry buoi.A. (Fig. 40) i,
    of'nen'i,<lyMfortn'n;\,ur<ftomanyof,he
    ~::,~~,g:":"d~d"~ ~h.lI ,h... f"r< 'r<ot i, in
    Thi.primarybo",;.,hemo".ffid<n,f=.
    t;on 'hat th ...coml or d.fending phyerc.n
    u>II.lIyobto; in 1ho0l"'ngam•. Itsgen'1ll1
    pUfposti,acount., •• Uoek,stfOngandac.
    <"""', not i.. ,heopening,bu,e..lyi. ,he
    mid.game. It belong> properly.o ,he .. c·
    ondpl.yer,astheprimaryba.,,,.Ir<adyde._
    scribedbelongproperly'o'hefi .... lfth.fi,,'
    I'I.yeradop','hi.form .. ion,theoecondpbyer
    i,frequ,n,ly.b!e'oobt.>inoneoftheprim.a'Y
    b:lse.tbatbelongprope,lyto'hefi"t,"nd
    th"eby to obt.>in an advan"ge in the open·
    ing. Inusing.he bo.udand men ineo.nee_
    Honwi,h Fig.40"h... udentshould MYe,he
    black piece, ,o", .. d him, .nd regard him_
    ..,If .. 'he ,eeond pl.yer. The function. of
    ~~~:piece'iDth,.pri"",,Ybos<are ..
    '52' ,HEM/NOt< T"CTK5QF CHESS.

    (a) QRP. EP, EBI'. EB:tP. B:RP,


    B:R. QRudQ ...",i,..",.o,i,lIy 'he ""no
    fu"ctiOD> her<: \hat they do io the open PrL
    rn"rybo>e ,A (,f. PI'. 'JO-'4'),
    (~) QB:tP ,.00000u onmQv.~ oo,~ OS ~
    ,ul'l"''' fOlQI':, a, QB3 "",I i" o"le, to
    m.i" ... iDth·'""S,,,yof'!o.Q'5~-mgl".th.
    disturbance 01 WhlCh w.,~.". 'he gencr.d P
    lin<. If 'he ,dvoThOry c.p,u"" YOUlQI':'
    with hi, KB or on. 01 hi, K", .. he m.y
    ""met,me. do. ifhe.dop" >n i"f<rior form
    of opentng. 0' if he pr<cipitates the attack
    ofth.mid-g.>m •• )'<lu,hollld,.~rul.rec,p.
    tur<:w"hth<QKt I', thedoublo<l Pon the
    QB', •• rtie.] l> not lh"" a ai..,rlv.nl1g<,fo.
    itstrengthe",th.«n,r<:of,h"po,ition.nd
    I•• ve, the open QK"'."'t",,1 ... na"enue
    throughwhich)'<lu m.y.d,;tnt.tg«>u,lyopc
    ra .. the furceofQR
    «) QBP , ....1". ~~ .. o... 6 as the b...
    of the,hi,d ..,10•• ,. ino,del 1o ,upponQP
    a'Ql' lfth,ad""T'SOrygi"",you"noppo,.
    tunit),toadopt. <upe"Q' fOlln of prim.ry
    ba><. you m.yprepar< for lhe ,,\vance of
    QBPOll. step by moving QK, '0 K,.
    (J) QP.tQ3 .... 1'1""" KP,omd .hould
    generally .. place it if the adwrsa'Y cap·
    'Ur<, KP WilhQPor KBP. If,ho ........
    youc,npo".pi«.otK4 inpbceofKP.
    withoutlo,mgti",.byh.v;ngtow"hduwi"
    you mu,tobto.in •• od.aot>ge. You ,hould
    ad,,""e QPon••tepfurthor.'O Q4, .. ..,.,n
    :; ~: :::::;';:o~, '~~~::"o;".n~~~7U~~
    If)l<lu CO" "feet ,h1.5 od,.,,,,cc, ,nd .i,her
    \><foreor.f«:rw.rdp<»'QBPatQBJ,wi,h
    QK, .. K.,)I<lU will ob"'in. p<»i'ion ,hat
    i, identicolw"h 'heopon I'nmOfY bo."" 111

    ~~~~~n'c~) ;ob~i::':~:~~ ~;::,~m:; :;:~


    (p. 106) in r<prd '0 'he u.. ofQ~ .nd
    QB~ in 'he eon'tNetiQn of the firs' open ~
    integral.
    (_) XxhUtB3 e.etoi .. , thc,",me funo
    ,ion, 'hat QK'a,KBl d"",in ,hepre"ed,
    ing primary b., .. s, .xcep' 'hat in".od of
    supporting QP at Q4, i, m... ly directs a
    rarliu,ofdef.t>Ceupo"'Mtpoin'"hu,pro
    vi<lingfo, the fu,u,e .d ... nc. ofQP if a
    f,,,'o,,,ble opportumty .ns<s, n. "udon'
    .. ill «:od,ly perceive ,hat KK, mu,' be
    j)O$led atKBl bef",. ca.llhog (KR),.nd
    .U.r,heodvanoeofKBP,oKB4; inth;'
    formofopening,'herefo,.,i'i>noc .... ryto
    .dvance KBPb<fore "",",ling,.n,1 ,hi.d"
    O\,m>l,rn:o p", .. nl> 'he mos' con,ider,ble
    difficlllty,hatari.""in,hecon>lruc'iono(

    ~'; &'i~~~: et;;:' ~<n~~;~h«:~=:mtion of


    (I) QEt.tQD3defend, KP,aru! inter,
    c<pts.D.d,',rseradi\1.ofolF<ncedi",e,ed
    toward Q. and K, along ,h. K'. major
    di"8o,",I; bu,i" moo' impo",ntfunction i.
    '0 hinder 'he .dV,1OCO of White', QP,wo
    154 TH~ MINOR ;AcrlCS 01' CHESS.

    step" by opeta'ing a r3diu, oforf..,ce


    og;in"QS. 1n the <ven,ofan.odd,n .. l
    1ineof ... ackon theQ', ,ide,QKt maybe
    pl.yed to QR4 or QKtS; but its natu,al
    d.v<lopment in ,h. mid-game i. by '''y 01
    K. '" KK'J. A. ""odyimp'i<d '" Ihe
    observ"ion'onQBP,you,l'Io"ldmo,'eQK,
    toK, even in Ihe o!",n,ng.if}'oulind an
    opponunily for the "",bl"hm.n' of lhe Ii",
    o!",n P int<gral by m •• n, of ,h. ruo.,..
    QBP-Qlll anrl QP-Q4
    (g) Ell a~ Q1I4 oceupi., an offen'iv<
    post, and plaj'$ an "npon'nt".n in Ih.
    counl<r-atta,\con'emplatod in thi' farm 01
    prim.tybase, a, it do .. in theatt,o,in 'he
    open prim.tybase IB (ef. P.14l); bu, it
    .11iO eoOpe ... 'e, wi,h KP.ndQKt'ohinde,
    Ihe est.bli"'menl of the .d",.. QPor an
    .d""","!""ior pie<. al Qs, in which re·
    ,!"'clili.an.,...,.ti.linthed,fen,ive
    o!",ration, of the po,ilion. AtQKlJ il i,
    equ,lIy'effc<tive,bolhfor oIien,ive.ndfor
    def'n<iv<pu1'pDS<"
    (A) QlIotE3i,ev<n ma,",i",portanlfor
    the defencc than fa'tbe."o<~ (cI.p.ll9),
    asili, the only a.. ilabl. moons of repelling
    .nadve... radiu,oforfence.lo"glh<KKt'.
    m.jor diagon,1 toward KKtl,Ihe po,il;on
    of K after ,,","ling (KR). If, in the con·
    "ruc.ion of .he p,imaty ba"" While ",.
    ch.ng« ono af hi. ,uperio, piece> (gen<mlly
    Ka) fO'YQu,QU., Kl,YQushould rec.p·
    M"with KBP,lhu''''''''gthen,ngthe«n',..
    ofyou'po!ilion.nd openLllglho KII',yeni.
    oalfOlKR; .ve" ifWhil<',KB i, .Ire.dy
    po!l«i.t you'QB;, you .hould mo""<,!B
    '0 K3.ofr,ring lh. exohange, and lhon, in
    gen ...l.youshouldnuinlainyou,p",illon,

    ~~I~wi~~h:'o'~::;::': '~n"':~e:h:o";:: :-;Xe


    "cul'Olyl<> """QBo, K3 LlwllI be""y'"
    ,1>1< for you to hold back KlIrunlll.fl.,
    ,he <1.,elopment ofQB.
    (I) InregorJ I<> lh. po'''io" ofQ.tQ2,
    wh<reltsupport> lh< conlingon' ady.noc of
    QP'OQ4,i'i,wen ,ho' ,h. ""d.""hould
    be ..amed again" th. p",'i"gofQal K.,
    wh".ito""t",c" 'h. oonling<:nl'ran,f.. of
    QXtto 'hat poin'. MOre<lVOT,i'i, .. rongin
    p,indpl. to post Q at X. b.fore <..'ling
    (XR), be< ••"i" i,
    ,!ut po.i'ion i'exposed
    I<> th.dang<r of being pin",d (d. p. 61)
    in fron,o! X by one of ,h •• d",,,,, R.; i,
    maybe nec''''lJ'tod.""lopQ.arlyinthi.
    (orm of opening. ""., 10 ,"pporlQBatKJ,
    ~:~ ~ :~:' ,h,,";ore be pe".d at Q', .nd
    'Thepe,f""ttheoretieatotder of m.,. .. in
    'he ""ru;truttion of the open primary baoe
    ."'i" I. KP-K4; •. QRt-Qa,;
    J. RB-QB4; 4· QP-Q,; 5. QB_
    R,; 6. Q-Q,; 7. KBP-KB4; 8.
    ~~t-KB3; 9. C..t!e$(KR); 10. QR_
    !56 THE MINOB T"CTlCS 01' CH~~S_

    Th.Oponprtmoryb .... UI (Fig. 4')


    dilTcrs f!Om the fOlcgG,ng (4.~J only ill 'oat
    i'con",,",,h. 'hird io"".d Gf'hc ,",cond
    opon Bu"i'; th .. ""KB"p"",ed at K.
    il»teadcfatQ B4.

    In this form.tion KJI oc<upi. . . pUf<ly


    defen'ivepoot,.,tdbe"rle'th .. deta,IC[in-
    forio,ity the pru"''Y 1>0... i, compar."ively
    defe<!>v. bee .... QKt "",,,not immwi.,oIy
    bemovedtoK.;onlheotherhand,byde.
    ployingKBto K., 'he player i. enabled 10
    complete ,he .. lien' much •• riie, in the
    =i:~.th""h.e.nin'h.openp'im.'Y
    Thepenec,'heor<ticaloroerofmovesir
    ,he oo",h,,<;(ioo oflhi. prim.ryba .. io: I
    KP-K4' ,.Q~-QJ; J.QKI-QBJ;
    4, QA_ Kl; 5. Q-Q" 6. KB_K,;
    7, KBP- KB4' 8. KKI_ KBJ' 9.
    (.:.",h(KR); 10. QR_KI.
    TIoo QPon pd ..." 1>.&•• SA (fig. 4')
    Mr... rrum4Ain thot it co"toin, the fifth
    in".,<1 of the fo,"rth oven Pinleg"l; thot
    i•• KBP is posted .. KB, i","ad or at
    KB4·
    Y"" ~ •.
    (B."I.)

    Thi.rormOlioni,."",nli,lIydden.i.."and
    Il>pr0l"'"ies aT< de .. [",m .. hot wO! said
    158 TItE-.I1'.,cnT'{CTlCSCFCltlS.<S.
    in .. fe .. nee to tne ope" primary ba""4A.
    Th.positioni.mo ..... ilyobtain,dthonany
    of the foregoing prim.ry b.....
    Tn. perfect th,or<ticol orJer of mo'". in
    the const,"ction of thi. prim ..y ba>e i"
    r. KP-K4; 0. QKt-QU3; 3. KB_
    QB4; 4. QP-Q3; S. Kh:,-KBJ;
    6. C."I.. (KRl; 1. QIl-KJ; 8. Q-
    Q.; 9. QR _Kr.
    Th.op •• pri .....,. b .. e SS (Fig. (3)
    :Jiffe.. from the foregoins (SA) in that it
    cont.in. ,h. third inst ..d of the s<cond open
    Buni'; ,ha'i" KBi'po".d at K, in<tead
    ofatQ B 4·
    Thi,furmat'on, hke sA,i'p1l reiyde!",,_
    ,ive,.ndlt'pmperlie,ne<dnof"rln... x_
    pl.oa<ion. I,i"h. mo"."",iycan"ru<led
    .n<l lne l..".lIkien, of all lh< open prim.ry
    \xIs< •. For.lIln",however"h."nden'i,
    ."ked la remember lnat i. is. lhoro"ghly
    ,eienlifiel'".ilionand the b;tsi,fu""rong
    def,nce,evon'g.in" them.,.. po"erf"l.d.
    ,'e,;e pl>y_ HOYing obtoin.d lhi, primary
    base,ln •• econd pl.yOT m.y aim tod""elop
    .hep<»ilion in 'he mid.g,mebylhe mo~
    QP-Q4, KB-QJ, QK,_K., QDP_
    QBJ, KKI_ KS, and KBP_ KD4, 'huo
    arri,insat,hesamepo.i'ionth>t"ise,frorn
    'he open primary ho.e rA aner ,h. mid
    g.m. move, QK'-KS'
    The perfecl ,heore,io,1 ord<tof rnOV" in
    ,hecoM,ruo,ionoflhisprio",yb.,sei,:
    I. KP-K4; •. QP-QJ; J. QKt_
    QU1; 4. KK.-KB]; S. KB_K.;
    G. C..,I.. (KR); 7. QB-K3; 8. Q_
    Q.; 9. QR-K,
    The olooe primuy bu. 1 (Fig. 44) is
    eoml>osedof,he "'" close P integral, ,he
    "",do •• KI"nil,lhe fi,,"clooeB unit,lhe
    ""'elo.eRunit"nd ,h. firs' c1oseQ"nit.

    :~~;, ;:;'~h~:'"'~~:~ ~!':;:~:. ~~ :~:


    elM.gom•.
    'fhefunc,ion<of 'he «'<f.lpi«:<. in
    ~~~.,:,;,~ction of ,hi. primary ha>< or< ..
    (nl XRP""a XX,P..."oln ua .. "yo.I
    in order '0 CQ"orK,nd pr<"'''"<lhein',g.
    ri,}"of.henormaIPbase, .. in,heope"
    primary bases (d.pp. 130, IJJ).
    (~) KBP .......". ""mOy.a as the 00 ..
    of 'he ,",oond ""lient, which i, the fund.·
    mental "nit of 'he fil'>t do .. P integra,
    rhe,tlv,nceofKBPI .. ves KP"".k,.nd
    ","end,db}""" f.vomble circum'tancesin
    'hisfo'mofopening.
    (Cl KP.,X3i.,he hy of 'he gen.,,)
    Pline, .. QBP.'QBJ is in 'he prim.1J'
    00'" of ,h. of'l'n a'tack. It <upport. QP
    a. Q4, doses 'he K·, verlicoland,he QB·,
    rn.jordiagonalag,insttheentranceof.d_
    verse radiiofolfence, and prevents the
    po"ingof.n ,dve".. piece at KS4. For
    the pUrpo>O.ofmmorto.ctios, ther</ore, if
    the adven""y e.ptu,es QP it i, betteTto
    ,ec'plllreWltha,uperiorpiece,othe,things
    being equal. th.n, by '<copturing with KP,
    to withdrnw that important P f,om i"PToper
    poot;on theotherhand,theplayershould
    generally.voidthei50lationofaPonthe
    Q'.or tbe QS'. """ieal, ~·hich may , .. ul,
    f,ompootinga511pe'io'pieceinplaceof
    QPatQ4. Iti. seldomju"ifiable,tho"gh
    i'i.o<c .. ion.lly,to,um the po.ition into an
    open one by.dvandng KPtoK4; ,"oh an

    ~v::~~t.>~I~=::~ :~:c~h=e~/:'~'ve~
    opmgmove
    (d) QP •• Q4 should be mointained at
    ,hat POO' thfOllgho", ,he developmen' so
    long .. ,here i,no dang<rofthe i",lation of
    a Ponthe Q., o'the QS·, .. rtico.l,.nd if
    the exoh.nge of QPfOT 'he .dv..... QSP
    must be mad.,lt i'the first player, ... rule,
    who.hould elf""t the firs' c.pture. Never,
    except •• an incident in an aoddrnt.al line
    of .tt.>ck, ,hould QP beadv."e<d to QS.
    QP at Q4, in conjunction with KKt at
    KB3,prevents the ad.,nce of the ad ......
    KPtothe.dve"" K4,.nd.I..,.fI"ord, oup
    pen fot .he posting of KKt at K5 inth.
    eveulof""accid'"t.>lliDe of Ollack. Q4
    U52 THE MlNOK TACTlCS OF' CHESS.

    i.a,oncetll< chiefpointofa'taek.nd the


    mo""cur<tyguordertpo,nt;n,hepos;,;on.
    (,) QBi'.t QB. PO""''''' propeni ..
    and function"imil., '0 Ihose of QPatQ4,
    bu,i.rathetof an oll".n,,,. na,ure, while
    Q~ a' Q4 i..... nli.Uy dd.n,i ••. If the
    <1<ch.ngeofQBPfo"he.d •• ,... QP mu"
    be ""de, it ",h. fi,,' ploy"" o,~,"I., who
    .hould ......<tthofifStc.plure.
    (/) QK'i'.tQ:B:t3", ,''"''.ly1 .... i'"
    potUnt.h," KP.t KJ; it '"ppons QIIP,
    and loa.O$ QK" oj>eTI for ,11< oc<up"ion
    ofQB. QK,P.hould no,bead"nccd 10
    QK'4;n the op.ning,andifQBP is cap
    tur<dby,h •• dv.rsary;,.o.:lUldg.nerany
    be"placedbya'''periorpi"",,,,her,han
    by QK,P; bu, "pon ,hi. "ubj«t 'he Sluden'
    ,ho"ldc""'p'reR·h ....."",idoiKl'." K3
    (g) QRP .. mala. ~nD>O.e~ •• 'he bo ..
    of ,h • ..,cond ou"Ii'ry ..,hen•. I" m,in
    .en.,,,,,.in,h.nonn.IPbose,,enjoin.d
    "pon,h. . .ud.n'. The onlyobjoctofil<
    ad .. ncei, '0 preven'theadv<rseQKtrrom
    occupying QKI4, bu, th>t i, $O"",hmg
    which 'he ployer ha. no reason what.wr to
    fear, ifhi'f'O'ition i'prof'Or1ycon81ruct<d
    (A) lII;lII;t at lII;B3 '"ppon, QI' "ml
    of'O",.,.ift)I>ortan•• O<iiiofotr.ncoas,in"

    !'o~;:~ i~'~: ~ov~ o~:~ ~<~;~:n~e li:o~:


    ott.><:k,orofth.m;,I.g.nte
    ('1 QK' aI QB3 gu.>rd. K4 again"
    ."
    ,he entrance o{,n ad,."" p;ec<,andope .
    ..... an import.nt radiU'DrOIT.nCe .g>iD<t
    QS. I" further developmen. in the mid·
    V"" or in an acddentalline orotuek i,
    n>.tur.llyon 'he Q"'ide, citheratQK,s 0'
    .. QR4
    0) KB .,11<2 supports KK'al KBJ
    .g.ms"he_,ble.,tackof,h•• d,.""
    QB. I" defen" ... po,i';Q" j. '"P'"'''' 10
    ,heotren'ivepo$t.t QJ,mor<ovor,b<c."s< •
    .. Ih. latt..- point, KBwould ohs'",c' .he
    ~~r~:\o"" of Q and K R along the Q'.

    (k) OB at 0 Eta occupi., ....".;.lIy an


    olfcn.iv<pOIl.,.lthoushin,hcop<ningi.
    po""""' .. ,"ongdden,iveprop."' ... If.he
    QR'.diag<>nale.n b<opencd,QBop=te.
    an important ",diuso{Q/fonoo againot .he
    objccliveplane.lti"obeobs<",ed,h..
    in the open game KB ;,theolren,jye, and
    QB the de!.","ve, B; in the dQII< game
    .hefuoctio,",oltheD.a:re,..."",J.
    (I) ERa.Ql.ndQRatQBl operate
    foretalons,h. """bloth.. are m""likely
    to boopene.I,by m<ans of the <xoh,nge of
    QPandQBP. HtheK'svenkali,op.n.d,
    KR rn.yoc<Ollpy Kt in,,<ad orQt; b<t'QR
    i"ffid<!ntlyp<>st<donlya!QBI,in<mi<rto
    <on!roltheQB·,vonkal.
    (m) 0 at 03 """opi.. the only available
    pO$t open for th.! pie"". AtQUoorQJ
    Qwould bo ,ndange' ofatta<k by t.Ite ad·
    164 TilE MINOR TACTICS OF CHEss.

    ~..... Q I(t. At Q >, howev«, Q and I( R


    coOperate in 'he most.tr«,ive mann« for
    at13ek and ddence along 'he imporl.1n'Q"
    "'rlical,.ndQi.covered by kindred pi""".
    from the ..... lt ofany.dvolS< force
    Th. perfect theore,icalord<lof m.,....;.
    'he con"rue,ion afthi. prim.l)'\>ase i., ,
    QI'-Q4;" KP-1(3; 3- KKI-1'1I3,
    4.KII-K., 5. C."lo.(I(R);6. QBI'_
    Q1I4; J. QI('P-QI('3; 8. QI('-QII3,
    9.QH-QI(,,; 10. Q-Q.; 11. QR_
    QIII; IO, I(R-QI.
    -rh c,.... p,Ia>"'Y b ... 2 (f,g. 45)
    diff... f",,,, ,he foreg<ling \.) iQ ,ha, 11 <on-
    rain, ,he>t<ond ,.".od '"
    oflh. firs' dose P
    int<g",l,th<U"r<.I,n'teadof,hefirs'c!o,",
    Buni' •• n<lthcthi,Ji" ....dof'hefi .. 'clo..
    Q u",,; 'ha! is, QKlP remain. unmov<d
    in" ••d of beIng p"<t.d at QK'J, QB i.
    p"st«l a, Q. in".ad of .tQKt.,a!>d Qi.
    po.ted~tQKtJ i.".. dof .. Q._
    Thi.dos<forrnation yield. a sareddenoo
    ,nJ an elTec,iv< counl<r_,tt.ck as.ins, 'he
    ol'<.,".ck oftn. lirst player. The I"TIC_
    Mn, of Q KtI', QH ,od Q, ",hoo. """ition'
    d,lfor from 'hei' pooi(ion< in tlte close
    prim.,yb"."",.a,follo".'-
    (a) QEtPr ........ "".. O'I'od'nord.rlC
    "",m;, Q to ""C"py QK'J and support
    QIIPinanolf<m.w< m.nner.
    (~) QB is post.d .1 'he only available
    point, and m.ay I.. er occupy ,h. "",ngde-
    f<n'i"."",,'a,KT,thu,releuingthefoT<:<
    of KR. for oporation ,long 'he Q',vertk.1
    (cl Qa' Q""3, toSeth .. with QKt .t
    QBl"oppom,h •• uock ofQBPuf'O" 'he
    pointQ5, which in thi. form of op<ning i.
    usually occupied by ,h. odv."", QP. If
    Whit< c.ptu .... QBP wi,h QP, KB "'<>1'"
    '" ..... .,dbecome."ronglyp<"odfor .."ck
    atQB4. IfWhi'e so thoro"ghlysupporlS
    ho> QP thot ilS <xoh.ngo i. in.dvi ..ble,
    Black may .d..""e QBP to QBS a, the
    initial move of an .ttaek on the Q·"tde in
    themid·g.me.
    The p<rfe<t lheotetioai ord ... of move,in
    tit< CQn"ruc,i" of this prim .. ), ba'" i.
    r. Kl'-Kl; •. QI'-Q4; l. KK,_
    Kill; 4. KII_K2; 5. Ca"le, (KR); 6.
    QBP-QII4; J. QKt-Q83; 8. Q-
    QK'l; 9. QB_Q2; 10. QR_QB.; 11
    KR_Q •.
    TII • •100. prlmuyb ... 3A (Fig. 46) i.
    CQ"'pooeJof.h<,hir<!doseP,n'cgral,.h.
    fi ..,dooe "t"nil.Ihofi... , cl ..... B ,,"il,the
    ><conddooeRunit"ndth...""nddo:;eQ

    Thepurpo .. of,hi,forma'ioninth.dose
    game i. aeount.r_atlack, "hich, from ,h.
    ""'".. ofth. P hne,containing,"" It doe"
    no angle 01 «si'lance, is ~uardo"" .nd,
    '"
    ,hO"gh,trong,scientilicallyde(<cti.e. It is
    ,g.tinsttheadve... K',.id. that the black
    force isco=n,rated,and 'he m.inel.m<nts
    of ""'ngth of tho po.ilion.re 'he advanced
    KBP, with Kll. ,"pponing it; the open
    QK,', m.jor d1-1gOnal, eon,,,,Ued by Qa.
    Q82; .",lloelon, range of QO,.rterlhe
    t."'Qv>lo!QK.fromQBj,along the 01"'"
    QR', diagonol. On ,he other h>.nd. the
    chiofdereo,iveelent<nt of the po>ition i'the
    weal< Qr. who'" adv."c< t" Q4 would at
    :~:""'~ru;.' ,he off.""i•• for<e of QB and
    Theperfe<ttheo",,'biorderorm<m'5 in
    the con"ruction of ,hi. prim.ry 00... is:
    1. KBP_KB4; •. KP-KJ; 3. KI(._
    KBJi 4. KB _K,; 5. C,,,I .. (KR); 6.
    QBP-QB4; J. QKtP-QKtJ; 8. QK.
    -QB3; 9. QB-QK"i [0. QR_QB'j
    ". Q-QlI2.
    Tho cl". . primary b ... 3& (Fig. 47)

    ~iff:;,~:~ :~: f:::~"~n~~e~ o~Y,~~ ~:


    ~!::.: o~n~: ;K'~." is, K U is pooted at Q 3
    Foroil"en,ivepLtrpo.."hi,form,'ioni,
    evenstrong<r,.ndfordelensivepurpo"",
    even we.ker,.h.on 3A. KBatQ3eo_oper_
    '''''pow<rlullywithQatQB2in ,hodi •..,_
    .ioon!radiio! offence,gain .. KR),apoinl
    in 'he obi.."ive pl.ne .Iler the ad",,,", K
    has been ....,1<d (KR); but, at the .. me
    t1me, Kll i, not ad"'lu>1<ly ,upported byQ

    ~: ~ e:::'~:tr.;it;; ~e;~:~:~~;
    •• i';..
    cov.",dby,k,nd",dl';and,be,;'I..,lhc
    .dl'lloceofQI',wnlChmorl>o:cQtncn«".,,,y
    fQ' the defenco,i,ob>tructed byKB alQJ
    Theperfe<tthoorctic.lo,de, of move> in
    the co .. tnlction of thi, prim"y ba.e i"
    I. KBP_ K1l4;'. KP-K3; 3. KKt_
    KB3; 4. QBP-QB4; 5. Q_QB,; 6.
    KB-Q3; 7. C."l., (KR); 8. QK,P_
    QKt3; 9. QK'-QB3; 10. QB_QKt,;
    11. QR_QBI.
    G"~D uw or MINOR TA=

    .it=~'~la~:':::: o~o~:-o< :'. :::::


    ol"',OD,.orm.tlOD_Wlit,lII.tova!o,pn-

    :';:.::,':01>~::~I~";:=b~.u:
    APPENDIX.

    TH~I:;;~;:,er:~"o;~:.re::~~ ~~~:~
    Me ..t>.PauIMorphyandAdolphAnd ..... o,
    which was played in Pari, ,n De<.",b<r,
    ,858. 1, ilIu"...«, ,h. o]>en p'iowybo...
    • A and an awro.i", .. elycorre<' melhodol
    oblainingtlulforrn'lion
    WN,n(." M...,lr), BLA"" (M, ../",/",,,.)
    I, EP_Et. Indica'ing his inlUlion to
    ;n'litu".na'lackbyme.nsoflhe"labli,h
    menl of on. of 'he o]>en prim.1}' bo= Ih.t
    belong to 'he fimpl3yer (of.p. IJ6).
    1, EP_E3. P'op".
    ingtooppo<etheopenottaokwith,hedooe
    em,nter-.ttaok by "'O.'n' of lhe e'labli,h·
    "'eot of tho oIooe prim'ryoo.e. (ef,p.T641
    3. QP_Qt. Sei,,"g the opponunity to
    forrn the fi"t ",pponi"g1"'rnllel (cf,remarb
    on ad •• noe of QP in the fim o]>en P
    ;",egr.I). Thi.unitofthePin«gnli,gen
    3. XXtp_xx.a. R.
    dically wrong in pnneiple; 'he K',e~'f<me
    wing Ps (KK,P and KRP) ",,,,I ""I be
    di"u,bed in 'he opening (d. p. 160).
    3. XB_Q3. AI,houSh,hee>t>bli,hmen,
    oflhe fi"'open B uni, before 'he <orople.
    tionof,he"",saUeu',by,headvanceof
    QBP one ,'ep, "permi",ible in ,hi, in
    >hInce,the eomple'ion of,he..uien' at onee
    i. technically correct ;.d~~ ~;;~... Thi,
    method of deploying KB i.c.lled a "Id",
    d"IW." It fortll$ apart of no ,deo,itic B
    unit, because, fits'. i.neeeosi .. ,,,,, lhewu.
    ening of 'he K', ,.;ng by 'he advance Qf
    KK,P,and secondly, itwIlhdr.,,' KBfrom
    its majordi'gon.l,olong ... hich,in ,beclo,,",
    fornution .. itexerci .... itsnorm.lfuoc'io""'
    (of. p. 16j). In ,hi. I"'rticular ca,e, mo,e·
    over, \' re"n,,, impro.tic.ble the proper
    development of the seeond<lo« Pinteg"']
    (."" nolO on m.c~'. no" move)
    B :~i~B - X3. Compl«i"g the first open

    ... QDP-QB4. The


    uneoveredpo;nta, Q3 (cI.p. (31) "nd,ke
    ,el"'ration of the Q', wing !'It c,eoted by
    thi< prematu", ,dv.nce .'" as ull><i.ntifie
    as Blaek'. plo" of~o>'ingKB, 1><<;.0".. , wit~
    KBremov<d Irom it> p",ptrdi.go".I, th.
    point> QJ .nd QB4 ...e kIt totany un
    guard,d. Funh."nore, Blook', pl.n .Uo,...
    IVhitou"r<st,.inodlytoost.bl,shan • .,ly
    perfwprim.ryba><,.oo,once.,t>blosh.d,
    thi.on_powerl"l formation i, bo'm~ to win
    withtheexen:iscofordin.ry"",ebythe
    ""'piayer;iti.logic.lIye<ru;n,th".r",.,
    Uut,.gainstproptr pl.yon the 1"'" of the
    .d,e=ry,Blook h. . .l",ady,lo"game.
    5. QBP _ Q1l3. Cornpl<t;ng 'he fir>!
    sali<ntandthc>ocondopenPintegral.
    5. QBPXQP. Corn·
    ptlled now to make this ... h.ng<, Black',
    ,..,knc" in ,he <entr< i"herebY intOTl"fied.
    6. QBP X p. While', 'wo p<rf«t unit>
    (,he fir-.t'"pport1ngpar.>t)et.nrl 'he first
    op<nBun;<j.lakeninoon)"nClion..-ilh
    Block·,.·.,.,kn ... in 'he «n're, rende, ,h.
    advantage of the lormer ,h. more manifest
    Whit< .e<>p,ure< .. ith P inst.,d of B in
    ordertoavoidtheexch.ngeofhi,wen.
    posted QB for the a:.V~~i~.~'~d KB.
    7.X""._""g. Enti",ly;nhormonyw;th
    our theory, whi<h dem.nd. ,h. posting 0/
    KK,.,K,. ifpo<sibl., iostead of.tKBJ
    (cf.p.rJ8).

    b3lI,hu,far p<"i,tedin hi,ortsina1plano[


    ... empting '0 eSl.bli.n,lnougn,n .n
    ""'tmanne<, l!leclo .. p""""yw .. "and
    i""o,·

    now the COR$i,"'nt poOl fo,KK,,,,at KIlJ,


    giving ,h. S"t do .. Kt "nit,wnich plope,ly
    ente" into Ihis fonn.tion_ H. ch,ng•• hi'
    1'Ian.ho... ve •• contempl>lingth •• d",nc<of
    KBPon.st.p. Th.rei.but httl. mO,e,o
    :: '~i'~ ;:~~;,:gh~I·:!~~::~~Q:n~.· 'lfives
    8. a..tIe. (ER) . .8. CUU .. (ER).
    9. QB:._QB3. Afeintagains"hewe.k
    ne", of thoad"""" centre •• hreatening QKt
    -QKI,orQP-Qs. White pl.Y' lhu"
    lOO",o.e.,""" 'ole.~the poin.Q.open
    for .h. occup>tioD ofQ, which tonnot be
    posted.tQB"formingthe'e<ondtlo.. Q
    uDi',I><oou.....h•• point Qwo,tld I><",l>-
    ject to the .... ck of the od~ ... QR.long
    the open QB'. '''''''e.l. N.v."h.I .....1
    ,houghlVhite'.st""egic plan h.. its.dvan_
    tagcs, i. is ve.y doubtful whtther it i. not
    inferior to the "taightfotwaro ....Ni,hmen'
    oftheli.stop<nKlunitbymeamofQK,_
    Q • • nd QKI_KBJ (cf. p. '38), aft..
    K8P- KB4. While the game is h".after
    _on in the ending. i, migh'be won mOl<
    .peediIYIR,h.micl_gam.,iIWhi,ewer<eon•
    • i... ~t1y to PU"U" the norma! plan ofdovel·
    opingQK"IQ>"nerw.rd "'inforcing'he
    K', .ide .",ek ",ith thot piece. instead of
    leaving i, oomparati .. ly idle on ,he Q'.
    wiog.
    9. QP-Ql. Ne<.,
    .. 'Y.IOp ..... nlth.anVllnceoftheadve"..
    QP 10 Qs and Q6. whkh wo.ln p1linly
    b'~~~ ~.;~~, :;.iti<;l~h::u:~~:!~:h:,ce~~:;
    tompora,ily loc~, up ,h. IQm:, on Black',
    Q·,.id<.anncutsoll,ho.clion olh;, KB
    ,,"1in" Whj ..·, weakQP. \\·hj,e·,d.v,lop.
    men' j,soneorly complmth" any ""cmp'

    ~nt~:,,:::~~:~nt~~r:~~..~: ~;;~7d.':::
    jmproveWhit.·, oPf'O,,""j,y lor 011.",;""
    openti""" ag.inst ~ ;~.~:-~:I~n';n,ck
    ,mm,dia,.ly'sso.ys '0 (".h,m,elf from ,h.
    pre~";;{;~ ~t;~~ li'':~; ~·,~~.e.
    13.lI:lIPxP. 12.QRP_QR3
    AI,ho"gh ,h. 1001 of ,ime "nd"oakeningoi
    ,h.Q·,wing entailed bylh"mo"e "",ap-
    p."<:ntlyn,<e,,itatedbytheadver.;ethr.,.,oi
    QK'-QKt5 .nd QK'-Q6, still. i, i,
    q" ..,iOMhlei{QK,atQ6"o.,clbeso.ffec
    liv.", QK, at KR4. whi,h.,,, might have
    beenmoverl. by w.yofK B3. if Whit. had
    pl.y.d9.QKt-Q •.
    13. Q_Q2. Comp1etios ,h..... tli,h
    menlofth ..... n'i.l"ni"ol,h.prim.>'Yb3 ..,
    "ith.winningposition. /ti,unne<: .... 'Y
    to mov< QR •• o "",(0,," Ih. firsl open
    R uni'; ili'pmp<dy kcpt.tQRTunti) it
    m>.y.dv.ntag«>u,lybe play<:d to KBT,tO
    '76 THE MINoR TACTIC5 OF CHESS.

    "1'1= KR (se. ID"'''' '9). W. p",.. nt.


    ni.g,.m of ,h. "'''''0•. ,how,ng WM.',
    I>"m.,y b, .. ,'PP,QX\m'1<ty perfect,d (cf.
    Fig. n. p. "s).

    11 QK'_QKU.
    It. QB_EEt!. Thismo •• i"i,;', .. ,h.
    mi<1.g,m.. If.QE.XXB
    U. QXQE •. If. QB-Q3.
    16. Q _KR3. lJir«,ing"diLofoKe"".
    ag.in" KR1 •• pointof'heol.ojeetiveptane.
    and K6. the Im.r being me ..lya {.. nr
    agai"'th.u.u""av.~poin'
    U.Q-XL
    17, XX'_XXt3,17. Qll_QBl.
    l&I<RXI<IlOh.18.QXXR
    U. QR _KR1. G.ining.ime by ..... k·
    ing ••• ",lvo"" Qwi.h. pi«o of leS8 pot<n·
    lial •• lue,.ndd,,«,ing.,ocondradiu,of
    ctren.e.,g.i"",heobj«,ivepl.ne.lnthi,
    gamo, as in ,he o,h."o{.he ol"'n <i.", 'hat
    ..<give for PU'p"""ofillu,tr.>Mn,lh< "u
    d<n", a"<n,ion i. e.mes,ly ",lied to Ih.
    manner;" "hieh ""t/i, Oloff,"" "" ~!w.t)'s
    .p"~tM 8l"<RU tl" 0lf",;'''' pia .. i~ t/"
    ",i~~;"gpr"cm, .,hether Ihe",ul, i,ac,u.l

    ~~~<c!t",:~e ~:c~;!y :~; ~:.~! 7."~:i~~ su~


    noted, wi,h ",ference to Whi'e'. ,Sth and
    19th m01leo,that h. h•• demoli>hed a po"
    tion(KR)ofthe.d"""ry'.defen,il'<fo,ce.
    "".hOllt ,iimini<hing .he 'ggr<g>'e of {or<.
    Ih.,h<QI"',a'"ag.instthe a<iver<epo,i.

    19. a_Xl
    :10. Q_Kllt. '0. XKt_KRt.
    21. KXtX KI< •. 21. KK.P X KX..
    32. Qll-ERa. '3, QR_aKt4_
    23. QR-KK.3. Pt<p>ring to 0l"'".n·
    o,he,raditl,ofoffenco>g>in",h<Qbjec,ive
    ~-:;'i:'~~ the JemovalofQII from 'h< KKI'.

    13, QR_QB'. Di

    ~~~g ~ ~::: ~ d~~. ,o~:'d fo~~' ~(


    178 TNB _"INOR T"CTlCS OF CNBSS.

    U. QB - EB6. WhiI. now h"" th ....


    ,..diio[oll"ence""t'ng"j>Onth.objecti"<
    piano. 2 •• I<DP_I<B5. "-
    [u"lc aU.mpt to ... 1< ••< t~< p""ure uj>On
    ~" j>O~t\On at ,he ",poo,. 01 a P; but
    noth,ogc.nbedoncto"""th,g.me:,.g.,
    i['1. Q-KB" '5. Q-KR6, '5. K_
    KR,; .6.QRxKB, ,6.QRXQR;
    '). QKtxQB, '1. QRPXQKt; 28
    QBxQRch, .8. QXQB; '9. QX

    K:;·~·XI<BP. 35.Q_I<Bl.
    :16. QE.x QD. 26. QDP X QE~
    11. Q-E:R6. 27. E_ElI.l
    2B Q:R X I<D. 2B. QlI.X QlI..
    "".I<_I<B3. 29. I<_EI<t~.
    30. QXQ:RoIo. 30. QXQ
    3l.QDXQ. 3l.XXQB
    32. E-EB~ B~~~n~~,~,_o~~~5~e.
    3~. EE.P_EI<'i. 3:1. I<-I<E.3.
    34. E:RP-I<Ri.:H. QI<'P_QI<,4.
    :IS. X_E3. 3 •. QI<'P_Q1t<6.
    36. QRP_QR3.36. :Rolle ••

    ".!:': t~~~ ~h:'~I::k


    from 'he K',
    '~ ~~~:: ~ ~;.~
    ,ido in orner to defend
    QK.Ps, \""",,,<1 whic~ th. whit< K;"p-
    proaohing, for then the twowh,t< Ps on t!>.
    K', wing ..ould break through.,nd one of
    .hem "uuki be 'p<odHy queened.
    'fheseoondillu,".. ivoga""' .... play«l
    by M... ,." H.E.Bmlan,1 R.B.Brionin th.
    Birmingham (Eng.) to"mamentof,858. It
    iIIu,,,ato,the.,r«tiv<"... ofthoop<:npro

    :7.~.' ~:~rmt~~~~ti':7"!.t~o:~
    inf<riortoth.loftMpr..,edinggam ••

    WHM"&IM,.B;,.{) BI.AOK(Mr.Bri<>o)

    J,XP-K4. ~.xp_K3.

    3. QP_Qt. a QP_Qt. Com-


    pl<ting the ,..,ond ",Iio"t,au•• klng th.ad
    "" ... supportingpa"n.l.,ndth«.teningto
    ";nth••d""". KP. Block'. p"y,rend.,
    ing th ..... bli'hm.ntof'h.adv.... forma
    ,ion .. difficult a'poss;b1e,i< ,h. corrtet
    '0
    cou"" be pu""ed by,h,,,oond play.,.
    3. KPXQP. in ord., '0 m.in,"in ,h.
    supponing p.mUeI Whi,. would h."" '0
    ,upport KP by KB at QJ 0' by QKt a'
    Q1I3' !Io,h ,h ... method ••Te objec'ion_
    able"h.former,becau ..,.neTJ.KII_QJ,
    3. QP X KP; 4. KII X P, 4. KKt_
    Kill, White m",,' me ,ime to avoid the
    <xehangeofKB; ,ho1a'ter,boc.a"", i'ob_
    .trnots'heeomple'ionof'holirstsalien' by
    1<mpora,ilyp,,,,,,,ntingQBP_QBJ. Again,
    th.>.dvanoeofKPtoKS..,· .. lyinth.d •.
    velopmen' i.quite prem.,"""as it bocom ..
    • pointofattackbeforeit""nboadequat.ly
    180 rHE.IIINON rAcrlCSOF CHUS.

    support,d. Th<r<for< tho,l",d pion 'hot he


    mayadop'-n.mdy"ho ",oh.ngcol ? _
    i. hi. bc" «I. 1>. 'J(i~. Kp X P

    t. KB_Q3. (!;eenQteonWh",'"bild
    move In G.",. l.) t. KK._KII3. H;,
    prop-eroollr<ei, tocompl,'e 'h, firs'sal;c",
    by QBP-QBJ,.nd, later, to post KKt.t
    K.ifpo;.;lbl,
    5.II:KO_II:B3. "I"~e plOooding note

    is 'pplkablo,1so to 1V:.i~':~Y~;re

    ~ i;~~::.R~ ~~~rRRl"
    9.KBP_KB4. 9.QRP_QR3.
    r Not
    on,oIBlaok·s last ,hlOemo... conlomt.j.O
    ,he,he0'l'0fm;no,"ctios,.nd,he"ud.nt
    ;","m.d against the oommi .. ionof.imllar

    10. QKt_Q'. 10. QKO_Q83.


    11. QBP_Q83 ll. QK'_K2.
    12. Qxt_1I:83.U. QII:._1I:84
    n. Q8 _ K82. Rwe."ing in order to
    .>oid,he.xehango,ondin.uch."",,,ne<""
    .hlltOcomm.nd ,he KK,·, major diagonal
    (cf.p.140 ).

    U. Q-Q83 Adopl;ng ,h,..,<ond in_


    .teadof,hofirs'opcnQunlt,notbec,u",he
    i.oomp-ellc<ltodo>obythepo.i,iono{,he
    ad ...". KKt, but in~rd., tod,~t the Q'.
    ,adiu.ofoffenceagainst ,he,.d"I'SO KK'j,
    which h.. !>«n tv<.kened bythe.dv"nceof
    KRI'. The p"ma'Y""" i.now .... n'"lIy
    <ompl ... {Seedi.gwnj

    F'G..9·
    (B""~·I

    m",'e, ~'hkh, if K R h'ere "nmO'o«l, rn,sh, "e


    m.d.l>i.lterrO<t,i. he .. "tt..iflUin"." be
    <'.se KK') now become, on uncovered
    PO'"'
    U. xx<p _ xx... Ini'i.tinS the mid·
    gam •. The ",ili... io" of KK,Pto, oifcn·

    ~;:t ~::::~ :~i;;:-e i:!:ed~~~:~":~~'~!


    of (he mo<t oIogon' man","v,,,, of ch.",
    ""'''gie,.

    17.KK'''XQE''1~.Q8X''.
    la. QB_KK.3. 18. Q8-KR6-
    19. EK.XQ8.
    :I(). ER" X EK .. 20. KKtP_ KEH.
    :11. KR_E2. 21. QB_EE.S.
    22. KR _ KB2. 22. QB X EE..
    23.ERxQB 23.KR_K2
    n. QR-B:Bl. Wh;tonowh"fo",rwlii
    ofoff,nc,dLre<,edag.,in",heobjeo(;vopl.,ne.
    (Cf. no" on White'. !9~~n~.~;~ ~.,one !.)

    U. Q_ItB2.
    26. XB_QKt!• • ti. Q_E3
    27. Q_QB2. Thrc;~~n;~e~~\~';t<:.

    3O.KB_KBS. 3O.Q_K84
    SI. ItB_EII:.6. 31. Q_1I:86
    32.II:R_ItS1. S2.KRXKR.
    33.ItSXKRoh. 33. K_KRI.
    Sl.II:P_1t6. H,,",ngsccu,od ..,ffic;ent
    .,I,.m'>ge, thro,,~h the bre.king down of
    nb,,·, moon, of ddence, to win 'he game,
    II'h;tc (hu, ;n;';."e, 'he 3~~d;~ _ II:Sl.
    35. Q_X3
    36. Q-II:S"b
    3'1. xlI_xII5. 37.01l-XIIL
    3ItQIIXQR. 38.XBXQII

    Wo XB_XII:'6ob. fO.RoolJU
    For,wh<th<r lIlaek e.,p'""" KBor no',
    IVh,,< qucon. KP,giving chock.

    2. QP _Q~.

    3{;1·::~e31.) 3. XII_X&2.
    4.01l_X3. "' QIIP_QB4.
    5.QBP_QII3 '.QBPXQP.
    6.QIIPXP 6,Q-OX,3Thi,
    Ft<IDatnre development of Q. wi,hou, 'ho
    eoope ... ,;"nofothcrion;;o.;soneof,ho>c

    ~~e~~<~~o,~e:~ o::;;"':'~':~,~~~Ch carry


    7,XII:'_1I:2. 7. QXQX,P. A,
    • rule ,uch, ,ort<oofQ i, irvlefcn,iblc, in",
    mocha.,h.g,in ofaPi,no oompcn .. 'ion
    184 THE MINOR TACTICS OF CResS.

    fo"helosoof';nto.n""ledandfo"heop.
    port"n;'y,hu,.fI"olded,o,headve""'ylo,
    'he ~d~.d~v~~~~en'8of~i~f~';: 3.
    9. QR_QBl. 9. QX'_QJl3.
    10. QI<O_QI<". Th. oco;<l0"101 lone
    of.",ck,ou, beg''" by IVhi'e ,sa;n" ,h.
    blad Q" ,ide;, 'he di"c' resul' of hi,
    odv..... ry·, "nwi.. doploymen'ofQ (of.no1C>
    onBbck·'6'h.ndl'h':.v~B_I<Bl. A
    Wl.a, «nd.redn...... ryfu"o.dof.",,<of
    ~~v:';~;G~:e, ;<f. not. on Block·, fourth
    U. Cutt.. {I<Jl). (Seed;"3",m.)
    ";
    11. QP_Q3
    12. (lP-QS. lnill>tinglhc m"l-g.nte

    14.08_083. U. Q_Q1
    U.EBP_EB4.1S.xSp_XBtJ.

    1'. Q_QR. U.OB-Q'


    18. QB-QKH. 1& I[l[t_KR3.
    19. K_I<Rl
    00. Q_QR3 20. QK'_QB~.

    21. QK'XQPoh. 21. B:BXQEt-


    aa.QSXQK' 2'.1<BXQB.
    23. QXES 23 Q_X:o.

    25. Q_QR5.
    26. QR_QB7.
    "'.ER_QBl. 2'f.QRP_QR3
    38.KE._Q4 28.Q8-0B1. If

    .8~~ ~~t ~ ~~, '9iv~~.P n~:L«(, fou,


    ,.<liio(off<ne< og,,",, the obJe",;,-. pion,,;
    I'i", onc ooch bymeon, ofQ "ndQR,.nd
    lwo by mean,ofK Kt. 39. QRX QR

    ~: ~~i~~3' E: :;t~p~~tt4.
    23. Q_QKU 33 KK,_ QKt4
    .... KDXKK. . . . . . QRPxEB
    3'.QXEP 3".KIU·_KR~.
    3Ii.QRXQKtP, S6.R"IpO.
    WNlnl."T. .s..."'~I. BL.<;K( .....""')
    1.XP-K4. 1. XP_Xf.
    2. XK,_KB3. 2. Qlltt_QB3.
    3. QP_Qf. Thi,i,aneff."<t"e ~u.l
    to Whi'e', 5<oond mo;.e ~fpK:~-p~ B3.
    4. QBP_QB3. T~o<;or"'ot"'ply;,
    4. KK,xl'. The ""don, should "nderst.>.nd
    ,ho.t,hi'gamo i'pre",n'eJ in ordor '0 ,how.
    nottheprop<rme'hodofob .. i inga p';"',!),
    ~:; ~~:~~ r:~~';;.1 ",,"I, obtainod. and Ih.
    4. QP_Q6.
    5. 1It1lt._Qf. 5. IItB_QB4
    6. QB_1It3. 6. XB_Qlltt3.
    7. IItllxP. 7. 1It1lt._IItB3.
    a IItBP_IItBt. a QP_Q3
    ~. IItRP_IItB.3. 9. c .. tl .. (II:B.}
    10. Cutl •• (IItR).lo. Q_1I:2
    11. Q _K03. The proper."",inuatioo i.
    n. QKt_Q ••

    12. QIIt._Q2. In.noleon,hog.mea,


    Ih)$poinIM,.S .."n'Qn ....·nm"'... ;lhdolighlful
    ."
    13 QB_XB2
    a. (lR _XL Tbi. t. the ".ge of the
    ~:I;:!"~h;t.~~~~t·~[;;t;:.:n~o,: :~::~~<~:~~
    dU>!er,"-th.ti',thep,jm'ryb>se,of",hkh
    wc p:eoenta dt.>gtam

    I •. QKtXKXt.
    15. QB XQxt- 15 KB X QB.,h
    16. QBPX1UI.16. QDP_QB.
    17. EP_X5. 17. QP)(KP_
    188 rffeM/NOR TAcr/CSOPClless.

    18. lI:BPxP. la. XlI: ... Q2


    19. KP_X6. 19. XBP_KB3.
    20. QP_Q5. 20. KK'_K'.
    21. QRXXXL 21 ........
    For, if". KBPxQR; ". Q-KIIJeh

    1. lI:P_Kt. l XP_K4.
    2. QP-Q'. 2.lI:PXQP.
    3. lI:X._XB~. 3 KB_QB4.
    t. lI:B-QBt. The proper play ;'4.
    KKt X QP.

    5. KlI:'XQP. 5. XK,_XB",
    6. Cutlo, (ER). 6 Cutl .. (XR)
    7. QB_XE.5. (Up. 140.)

    8 QB XlI:XL 8. QX QB
    9. QBP_QB3 9. QRP_QR3
    10. E_ERl 10 QB_Q'
    U. lI:B X XEL
    12 Q X EB. U. Q_Ext3.
    13. QEt_OB3
    ..,
    U. QIt'-K4

    lti Q_KXU
    u. QXQ.

    U. QR_El
    20. EB_QB2. 20. QKt_X'.
    21. QX'_ EB3. (See d,.gram of p'"
    m.<yb....)

    2 •. QX'_KR~. 22. QB_QE'4.


    '3. "'ft_KEu. 23 KK'P_KE.3
    ,... KPXKBP, 24 KK'P_KK.4.
    ,his I""". P,bu, ,h.", " no,hi1lg better
    19<) THE -"'vOk 'rACTICS OF CHIiSS.

    to be dODO. '\g,in,he"uden, ;,;mp,e<o<d


    "i,h,howinningq",1i,,,,,of,hep,;""'l'base
    "honprop",lye,<abl;'h.d, as Whil'"i"n
    'hisgam •.
    25. KBPx II:II:,P. 3'.II:RPxP
    U.QRXQKt 26. KlttP x QII:.
    27. ItR _lI:l."nd~';n'. l\'hi<oh"g.>;ned
    a P, which ",mi., hirnto ViCIO'l' in 'he
    onding

    2.II:Kt_KB3 2. QP_Q3 T<oh


    n;<.lIy;neom:<:t.l><c""" "(]""'"O'''''';''dy
    opj>O" ,he form>tion of 'he .nv.... p
    '"'<gr.<1
    :I. QP_Q4.
    t.II:KtXQP
    5 QII:'-QD3
    6. Caotloo(KR).
    7. KSP_II:D4 ,. QSP_QS4
    Croating""OOv<"dj>Oin""QJ,ndQ4
    8. KK._KB3 8. QK'_QB3
    9. C..tl .. (II:R). 9. QB_KKt.
    ID. QB_1II:3
    ll. QRP_QR3
    111.KBxQB. 12. QR_QBI
    13 QK'_K2 13. Q_QB2
    14. QIII:._1II:1t.3
    I$. QBP_QB3 15. QR_Ql

    17_QR_Ql "fhecOT.«r po .. ""QR


    .. lrh the Q'. ,'ertlcol open (cf_ p_ '4')'
    (Seedl"P.m.)

    U_QlII:rP_QlItU.18 QIr:;._QR2
    19. QBP - QBt 19 QBP X QI.P.
    20. QRP X P_ 'Q QP_Q4. The
    21. QKt_QBl. And
    Bl.cki>.he,eforecompelleJ 10 I"", ',m<" in
    ,he<om><tionofh"eno""nd'o.fI"ord
    ~:'~~~'i~i; ~::~~un~v":.,::~!~:h:fG t~:
    pl.y <,1" fo,"" commen,. b,,,,, 'hould be
    c.... rUn) ,"min,d by.h,,","de"
    22.QBpxQP. 22.XBxQXtP.
    ,,".XX'_Q2.
    1~.QP-Q~. U.Q·QXtL
    25 XB_QB~.

    :no QRP_QR4
    33.QR-XQa.
    2. QIUP_QX.3.
    3.XB_Q3. 3.QB_QX.2
    4,XX,_ XB3. In a Dote on this
    mol'< Mr. WiIllam S,,;n;""pi.ntly remark.,
    "Nota good po<tro"h.Ktin ,hi'opening"'

    T~d::I~7.~:h:;;o.
    6, QB-P_QB3. 6. XRp_XR4.
    7. QII_1I:3 7, QP_Q3.
    8. Q_QB2. 8. QII:._Q2
    g. QK._Q2 g, Q_K2
    10 QR_XI. Notwithst.>nd;ng the d.·
    fecll,-.:po<i,ionofWhi,o·,KK,.tho,uperi.
    onty of hi, oompara'ively petf." pr;m.,),
    b."e o,"r Blaok·. compromi."d P inte·
    gral.ndun""on,ifi,.,IIYf>O<tedpi.o«is
    strikingly .>e",pli~od 1n the en,uing play.
    (Se<diagtllm.)
    11. KB_KII3.
    12. QPxEP

    ~. :~~~~~R)
    U.0-K4eb. I? E_01l3. An
    errorrh,t"olyh"tcn,h;,in,,·;",blen,feot
    lS. OIlP· OBt 18. OK._QBf
    19. OR_OIl30~ 19. R •• 1po
    4. XlI_Q3
    5. QIIP_QII& 5. QBPXOP .
    ... QBPXP ... XB_QXt5ob .

    : ~~:=~~3.
    9. C..tl.. (XR)
    B. C.. tl .. (KRj
    9. XBXQItt
    ~O. QXtP xXB. Whit< h.. nowcom·
    pl<ted" much or the primary 00.... he
    196 THE ,IIINOe TACTICS OF CIIESS.

    r«tuir<.b<for<on'eringupotlthel'·"id.
    an.ok. (Seeui'g""n.)

    1O.II;II;'_II;II;t3
    11.11;11;._11;11;03, 11. QB_QR3.
    l.l!,II;Bf'_II;Bt. l.l!. Q_QBa.

    ad~~nc~:rK:l~:; ,~. fi~~,:,~;::'l'~f ~ ~,~


    side a"ack, which i. here made p"»iblo by
    the ful<e j>l.ilion of BI.ck', KK,
    u. QxQBP. (Seo
    no'" on Black', 6,h and 7,h mov .. in

    G~~" i?~ x QB :14. QXt X KJI


    U. XBf'XKK1c 1.0. Q XQlL
    U. Q_KR5oh.
    ~. KK~_KKO".

    23. QKO_QB"
    .. QKO_Q".

    'h~i.~.~. -i:-.Bf:~ ::,~~ <.nnotnow.scape


    .5. QK'_KB?oh.

    GA~" 9.
    Th. ninth ilIu"r,,,iv< s.m.,
    play.d by
    Mess ... John Mason and hldor Gun'1><rg,
    g.vethel.tterthe,pe,l>lprizeforth.t>e".
    pl.y<dg.n,.inth. tournamcnt oftheSi.th
    i\.m<ricanCh,ss Cong'ess. ltlllu,t" ... ,he
    .dvonl3geo of. sound d,r,nc<,o>obt.in.d
    by ,h..... bI~hment or the open prim,ry
    bo."4A.

    2. QK._QB.
    :J. KB_QB4 3 KB_ QB4
    t QP_Q3 Entirely um".entifie on the
    p.rtorthefi"tpl.y<r • .,i'<5l.bli,ho.lhe
    198 THEM/,VGI< TACTICS OF CffE55,

    ~. QP_Q3

    5. QB_K3. 5. KB_QKt3(d.
    r ....,<,onKIl,p.I43)
    6-QBP_QB3. A,.'",.dyOl.ted,QIIP
    ,houldgenorallybeb<ldb;l.,l;un"laf,.. the
    .d"nceofQ~'oQ4

    7.QKt_Q~ 7.Q_K'. Nota


    $<ient,fio Q"nil,'Ddj"stifiabl<onlyon.o
    00"'" ofWhilO', viob.1Lon, of principle in
    the ;l.~'i0:'~"'~~ f.
    9.KB_QK'5. 9. KB XQB

    ~: ~:: ~~~~h' ~. ~~;P-J:!.


    ~: ~;~~!~:)'.4' E: E~~~~:
    Thi ••dv.noo ... hich I'"foc .. ,h""pporting
    paroUol ,od compl .... 'h< ansl' of ""i,'
    ancc. ,~oul,1 be .,dop'o<l as <arly a. f<,.,bJe
    "'ith,hLSPm,.g..,l. (S..d"'g:ramofll!aok·,
    po • .,iOll.)
    U.KPXKIIP. J..5 QIIXP.
    16. QB_Q2
    l'.QIU_QBt,.
    :18. QK._K3 18.KK,P_KK,3
    19.QIIP _ QlIi Cre>linganuncO'Iored
    ro"'t><Q4,wnlch lIJ.,ckatoncomo"",u,·reo
    to occupy ~'ith K Kt

    2o.KK,P_KK.:J. 2O.QB_KRG
    21 KR·KBZ- 21 lI:X,_lI:XU
    23 Q_QltU.
    aa. QR_lI:l
    34. QR_lI:2 34 QR_lI:Bl
    Op""insthree rodi;o! off.n~ agoin" the
    obj«ti,·eplane.
    as EE'_Q~
    26. QR_Q3 36 Q_EII:H.
    2'1.QII:._II:II:03. 27.QBXQE'
    28.II:XQB 28. Q_E6-
    29.II:_II:B1 29. EEt_QE'6
    3ORHI_
    n."odenl,ho"ldc,,,,fullyeuminethe
    ,it"",ion, ,nd convince hi,,",<llth., While
    h., no mtan,ofo"oidlngdcc"i.c loss.

    IVII,uP/T.NI,,') Br..CK (MT. wu,p)


    1.II:P_lI:f 1 EP_lI:t.
    3 QII:'_QB3.
    3.1I:8_Q84 3.II:B_QBt
    4. Q8P_Q83
    5. QP_Q3 5. QP_Q3
    6.II:RP_II:R3 6- QB_1I:3.
    7.EB_QII:'3 7.Q_E2. N",
    onlyanun,demificQunit(cf.notoO!"l\lbck·,
    llhmoveinG,m·9).b",unj""il;'bleh.",;
    for 'h .... i. no rea,anwhyQ.hould nOlI><
    movedtoilOpr<)l"rpo",Q •.
    8 QII_1I:3 a II:IIXQlI.
    ~. II:IIP x 11:11 9 O.. " •• (II:R)
    10, QSP_QSf, 10 KK._KR4
    Altog.,h<r I',em,tute. He should perrect
    ,oepnm.tybase"Qn<:< by '0. QR-K,
    ~ ~!~~Q!:'4. ~ ~~' __
    ItKIB3
    ",.,bh,hLnC the ptimaty base in on ir,.
    pro"h.blcrorm,e..ecp.,hcf.ls<:po.ition
    ofQ. (Seediagrarn.)

    13, Q_Ka. 13, KK._Q2


    14,CaotlooIQR) It, KK._QS4
    15, KS_QSS 15 QK._QK.S.
    16, KS_QK.l 16.QS_Q2.
    1', QP_Qf 11.KK'_QR5.
    l.8.Q_Q2- 18 KK'XQB:t.
    19. QXKKt. 19. QIt._QSs,
    20. B:B_QB2 30. Q>lP_Q>l4
    al. B:_QB:tl 31 QB:,_QB:.,.
    22. QP"B:P U.QB:t"B:R
    n.Q"QB:, MQP"P
    ai. Q>l_Q~
    2' QR"QRP
    96. B:B:'_Q2
    .5
    24. QB_QB'.
    Q_B:Ba
    26. Q_B:B'.
    3V.B:R_Q1 'n Q"B:P
    3B-QR_Q>la .... Q_B:'.
    n.QR_B:B:tJ ... Q>l_Ql.
    30 Q>l_B:B:tl :ID. QR_Q5
    a1.Q>l_B:1 31 Q_B:Xt1.
    a3.B:_QB1 3;;I.B:R_Ql.
    3. Q"B:B:'P.
    &I. Q>l_B:B:'L 3. Q_B:B5
    3'. Q>l_B:1 3>. Q"B:RP
    36 QB:tP_QB:t4 36. Q>l X B:Et
    37._g..
    Wilite'.I"" movowos' bluod<f, but he
    could do notilillg to ,",vc 1hosarno.
    3.KB_QKtS 3. QKt_QS.
    4.KKtXQKt 4. KPXKItt-
    S.QP_Q3 S. QBP_QB3.
    6 KB_QB4.
    ?c..tl.. (KRI ? QP_Qf
    .. B:PXQP
    9. QK._Q2 9 QB_Ka
    10. QK._Kl.
    11. Q_B:g. 11 Cutlo0IB:R)
    n QB_Qa 12 Q_Qa
    U QR_KI la OR_Kl..

    I5. QB:._KK.3 15. KB_QBl. Ob


    raining the OiX"n p,im,fJ' \)3$0 ,B in on
    almos'petf<otfonn"hoonly",,,i"ion,bting
    iDthecon'lOofthePhne (Seed"grom.)
    204 rUE MfNOR r-lcTlcsOJ'cuESs.
    J,i,Q_IItB3
    UQBxlltKt l'QJi'XQB
    la Q_IIt2- laQB xlltB
    19. QPXQB
    ao, QR_Ql 20. IItR_Q3
    :Il.QRXKR :Il.QXQR.
    :l2.QllttxKBJi' 22 Q_KB3.
    23, KKtJi'_KKtf. 23, QR_Ql.
    at.KR_XL at.QxQllttJi'.
    as. KKtp_IItKU, as. Q_QB6
    KK_IItRL KQ_Ql.
    rn.QxO rn.KPxQ.
    as. KR_QL 29. KB_QKU.

    ~h~~~n;;n: of 'h< ;'~d~8~~<K ~


    30. QOP_Q03, 3O.KOXQRP.
    nK_KO:!' 3l,QOJi'·QBf.
    32- O •• !p~
    Whi'e«nno( p,..vont'he.d""''l'from
    pbyingQR._ KS, wh,,'h fo,c<.thega",e.
    WHIT. (M. SI ,/....,)_ Bu.cx (Mr, S-"""'I,
    1 QP_Qf_ l_xP_x3 Infe·
    rior, l:.eoatl,e in reply Woile may play •.
    KP_ K4,wilh 'he ruo"f.vorable P""P"'"
    of obtaimng Ihe open prim.')' base ,1\.
    The corr<ct move i. t. QP-Q4
    a,QBP_QBt He,hOllldfi"'e< ...blish
    ,h''''<ond .. l.en, by •. KI'-KJ,ifhedoe.
    not p...,f<r to ini",te Ihe open go,"e by,.
    KP_ K". Thepren,.tureform.t",nof,he
    ,upp<>"ingpomll<lm many inslanco, afford.

    ~~~!<;:p:i~:n;~~~.~~ ~:~I~~~-~:\;h~~~
    prim.'}' ba ...

    4-QKt.QB3- "'QBP_QB'"
    5 XXt.xB3- 5,QKt.QBa
    6 QlI.p_Qaa The "ud<n' h>Idly re·
    qu;,<o\o1>elold lhat this is not only
    "nn"" .... 'Y,botun •nyg'OIlndi •• ninde.
    f.n"bl< v;olation of ,h«7,i<! ~~r:' )I~ ,he
    <lo .. op<ningKBi.prol>etly.de(ensl.. pieee,
    .nd ,hould be 1"',,,,,1 at K, If,he.d,-."",},
    "",k.. ,fi.nch.ttoofQBatQK,,; on 'he
    othorh.nd,i,.hould be deploy,d.tQj,"
    ""ori'<nSL'cpicce,ifthe.dv''''''YpiaysQB

    :n~:h. :.~ ~1:~'I~::~~: :~,:::;~h::~~o~:


    gord to ,h. d..·.lopment of h;'QD. before
    he mOV<5 hi,own KB. In the P"'''''"' in·
    .Unee Black, i",toad of moving KB- K"
    .hould prop.", 'Qfian<h<UQQBbypl.ly,nR
    6. QK'P_QKtJ
    ~. XII_Q3. Whi'em.""hesamomi,
    u .... Black,ltdinhi,I."""",e,!nh.. uly
    d.... eloping KR.
    1.c..'JooII[RI
    ac..'JooII[RI. a Qx.p·QI[,3.
    9 QXtP_QI[,3. 9 QB_QX.2.
    Black·'po<i';on .. ,hi'po.n';,ent;relyin
    ae",rd.nc."ith,heth""ry. \\'hl",·,i"nf.
    ri",in mp"0' to the.dvance oIQRPand
    the poo'ing of KII at Q3 ;n".. d of Ko.
    (See diagram.)
    WQIIPxQP. WB:PXP. Th.
    objeotofWh".·, I.. , mO\' ....... '0 tncl.oo
    BJ.cktotec.pture. . . heno"d"",.'"th
    KP; but the a.thors n"in"in .hat 'he
    proper ploy" 10. KKt X P, and then,'f
    H, QK.X KK', It. Qx QKt
    1l,QII_QB:t2. lLQIIPXQP,
    laB:PXP_ ]solll,dl'.,liketho,,"-hi<h
    nowe,,'" in 'he position, are rigoro •• ly to
    beavo,ded b)'theeolT<c' play"
    12.B:II_ Q3. At·
    tempting a ptema •• re <ounter·allack, "--"cl
    withdrawing Ihedefonsi .. force of KlI from
    it,properpo$', He.hould play , •. Q_Q',
    in ordorto def.nd .heQll'.maJordi.gonal.
    and pro;'ide'>rbringing QIr. in'opl>yalong
    'heop<n K',v<rttc,1
    13 B:R_B:l J"dicio",ly occupying 'he
    openverUe.tI

    °sI;]F.r hi~';~~~f~ g

    17. B:RP_B:R3. Quit.a.ind,fen,ible.,


    BL>ek's Ilth.w v• 17. QB:t_QL
    1& Q_Q2 18 QRP_QR3.
    Cf. not ..
    on White'. 6,h and '1,hmO\'e.,
    and Bbek', 'l,h mo ••.
    19.QB:tl'_QB:'~_ 19.Ql<t_l<:l
    _1<11_1<11'" BI""k', posi'ion is no-..
    208 THB MINOR TACTICS OF mB5S,

    almos, f.tally defee'i •• , "nd Whi« .,.ils


    him,elf of 1'1" O<I"n,"go;;, ~~;i~~~.nn ..

    21. QKt X I[l[t, 2l.QPXQE'


    .... Q}'·Q5 31PxEE~ He
    conllO" improve hi' position ,om.,."., by
    ... KB_ KBS_
    g3, Q1I. X QI[~ ~fr. S""nton",,",id.red
    ,hat from 'h" point '0 ,h•• nd his opponent"
    pl.y w.. of,h. high .. , order
    23 Q_Ql
    24. KI[,PX QB.
    II5.Q1I.XE8 25.K_KEU,
    a&. QRxQ •• ndw,n,.

    G"'E '3.
    Th.'hi"•• n'hillllst""ivegame ..... pl.y<d
    by M...... J. H. ZukerlOn an<I J.H. Black_
    bu,ne,intheLondonin'erna\1On"lOur"ament
    of ,883, 1, .11"0«1 •• fioc e.,mpl. of the
    ""eiden..,h.tof",... kgrowingoutofthe
    cl""oopen'ng
    WHin Pf>".7.'",,,,,. ]!L<CK 01" 81""'""~)

    1, QBP_QS •. Objce""",blefo".,,,,,,,
    pr.,.io",ly",«d. Sce "".. On White·,.d
    mov.in,h.p",cedingg.me.
    I.EP_KS Sound
    now,bte.u«WMt •• h.ving .dvancedQBP
    toQB4,cannotadopttheopeofo,rnotiQn.
    3. KEt_KB3 3. QlttP_Qltt3
    4.ltll_E2. Prope', bec,"", lIback,by
    hi,I."mo ... ,h •• dool.~hl$lnt<n.ionto
    fionoh ..1O QB. Cf. note OIl Black's 6th
    mOvO in the p..w:dicg !ge;~g:-t2
    6. QP_Q4. 6.ltB_Qa 11 ..
    necessary now 10 king out KB, in order
    to permit ""'Iling (Kill; any <cd.. vOI
    further tod ... lop theQ'$Wlog by QIIP-
    QB4,etc.,wwld be hazardo .. on account
    ofthe<xpo><d posi.lOn of K. Th<cOlT<Ct
    play, howevor, i, 6. KB_K" becau.. if
    Whit< 5Ili>s<quently fianeheltoe, ~ •• QB,
    Bl.,ek', KBi,th,nprol"riypo".d; "nd if,
    on thoo.herhand,Whi.eoommil$tho error
    ofpb.ying QB_Q" the black KB may
    sui>s<q"entiybemO'o'edtoQ3'

    :.~?-~~It;:ta ::?~~~~R).
    White ~ .. now on ab«>hoteiy p<rfeot posi.
    tion, while Bl.ck'. K B, Q Kt .nd Q are
    inco",«tly posted. Black ,hould prol"rly
    h.... eompl.tedh;,Pint<grnlbyad.. n.
    c;nghi,QHP'oi"fo"rth.,ndretaken ... ith
    QKt io c... ofane«h.>.n~ofP, (See
    d;.gram.)
    10. QKt" QKU_ T.king advantag< of
    theadve"",y',erron.t=,byfo,dng,h •
    • "eh,n8< of QK'for .he .dv."" KB, and
    ~.~i~~t:~roC~h: d~Of:::.~hich ,hoold be

    l1QK'XKB. 1l.QBPXQEt.
    Reeap,uringwithQi,b.u.r; he <ho"ld not

    Wi~:I~:~_~i~~m 'to ~ni~~:x~::t.


    If, QXEEt. Tho .•t",n,ionofth.",Klon'
    i'p"",eu]."lyi,w""',othcm.nnor'nwhkh
    ~:~t.rn.inta,""h.in,.gr"yofh;.pr'mary
    14.QPXQBP
    ".QP_Qt.
    ,'. KB_Q"- 16 K~_QB'_ Th;"
    point ,houkl ofoou"" be occupied byQR,
    and not by KR, in the do,", g:l"'o
    17. Q~_Kl_ Il<gin ing to con\'OTt the
    do,", into the ofH'n pri"'ory b"e for tho
    putpo'" of. K', ,ide .uack ,nd winning in
    'ho mi.l.gmne,which i, a man",uvre of 'ho
    high.S1ordorofch ...
    17_ KR_QB2.
    lJI. Q~_QBL

    19. KP_K5 19_QK'_KL It


    wiUbe notic.dth"While',fi",re,lolfcnsiv.
    OfH'",'ioni,'he<li,lodgingofth.,dvo ... Kt
    :::.' its proper defeo,ive post on ,h. K',

    :10. KBP_KB4. :zo. KK.P_KKt3


    A fo",] w<>keningof 'ho K',wing Ps. He
    wou]dbeuer prevent ,h<furlher.dvan<:<of
    the ,d ..... KEf' bypi>ying here KBP_

    K:4~:~~~p.np.:!. ~:;;~B4.
    2a. KBP_KB5. The process of <I,,""
    teg"'''''tI of the ad"""e K', ,id<, " car
    ri,d out by Mr. z""<tto,, in ,hi, game,i"n
    onol«opllon.,bto mooot O~'.h~~ ~;'.y.

    21.KBXQKt. a~.QPxKB.
    :l5.KBPxKKtP. a5_KR_QB7.
    :K. PXKRPcb as.K_KuL
    2'1. QP_Q5clt.
    28. Q_ QXH. ·l'hegrandt""p. _o/f<ring
    the """'Pl"'I[.d Q wi,hou, <lth" c'I~"ring
    .pie<eorC;";llgch«k,.nd undcr,uchdr_
    cum,",nc« ,M,.·ho,her Q be c.pturodor
    not theg.me isequ,lIy won
    :laQR_QBf. If
    .8. QXQ, '9. QBX Kl'ch, '9- K x
    I'; JO. QIl.-KRJeh>Jo. K-KKtJ,
    3'. QIl._KKt3Ch. J'. K-KR3, 3'
    KR - Kilo ch.l" K- KR4; JJ. KR-
    KB5ch.J3. K-KRJ; 34. QB-KIl4
    cI'ai~:_";;~;J.5' ~:: P
    OOQ x I!: P 011. 3O.1!:_XXU
    3l..QB xl!:PeIt. 3J.. XXXR.
    :no QB_I!: lI:.? oh. :n. Ruipo.

    GllIE'4
    Thcfou"",nthill"stra'ivegame""pl'yed
    by Me" .. _ Jomes ~lcC""nell.nd Paul Mo!
    phy;it,howoth.""",erol'hecount<r
    atwck'fI"ng from ,he do .. p,im''1'b.t .. ,.
    WHITlIM,.M,C",,",lIj. IlLACKI.V,.M.rt1,)
    l.lI:J'_Xt. l.lI:P_I!:3.
    a QP_Qt. a.QP_Qt..
    3.I!:P_I!:5. A move ,hat properly be_
    ionS' to the mid_game, and i, altogether

    PfO;~::a:~7'&b: ~:~_:~::ng.
    5.XBP_XB4, 5_Q_QE.3.
    6.Xxt_XS3 6 QB_Q2-
    ~,QRP·QR3. ',EE._ER3
    8,QI[.P-QB:,.. 8_QBP)(QP.
    g,QSP)(P 9_QR_QSl
    10, QS_QEt2. 10. B:X._I[S4
    1LQ_Q3. Whi •• " I""i'wo>" en!".ly
    um<i"ntifi" "hole BI><~'> " in .11 ...pOC1.8
    ,,,ongand,,,,"ud. (So:<di.g,..nt_)

    1LEBxQxtPol>
    l.2.QRP)(EB 12_ QE.xQl[tP
    I3_Q_Q:I. 13. QR_QB',
    l4_Q_QL
    15,~
    w.,.... w'S,,"). H""KIM""''''''~'''I
    1. XP_IU 1- QBP_QBt
    Z. XXt_II:Ba 2_ QEt_QB3
    3. QEt_QBa The prop" ploy i, 3.
    QP _ Q4. ,ftor'which Whi,. . .n ,eadily
    ..... bh,h.f;vo"'lolef.,..,of'heop<np,;-
    ""',>,00".
    4.KB_QlH t QRP_QR3.
    S,QRP_QIU.
    6_Q_E2
    ._ QP_Q3 ~ EB_Ea
    a QB_E3. 8, c..u..,KRI
    ... """"(ER)
    10. EPXKBP,
    11 QII:._QXtl 11, QII:"_Q][,3
    1. QBP_QBa H."ingoommitt<d>ev,
    ".,1 s"",mors,In.".,'Omp" ,.y,intol
    rem,rly thorn b), pl,ywhioh, e"lier. ,",ould
    ~,~:~ boon q'"'' COIt«' , but Ll i, now "XI
    UQEt_Q2 U.Q_Q82.
    14 QP_Q4. 14_EKt_E811.
    15. Q_QI
    :Seediag,am.)

    IG_QP><Q8P 1(i.QK'PXP.
    "_QBXKK~ l~.QXQa
    la I[R_l[l J.8. Q]['_][f.

    20 ][_1[81 20 QEt_EEU
    2l_][RP_ER._ 21 Q_ER?
    A'peooi" rnethodof"i"ning isby"
    QKt_ KR1ch, ". K_KK'".,_ KR><
    K:t~~~ii/ >< K:'i~~::tiBj
    "'. QXKBPch
    .6. Q_KB4oh.
    Z7. Q_K4cl>
    26.K-Q:I.
    ,od ..; ...
    INDEX.

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