RADIO SYSTEMS – ETI 051 Contents

Lecture no:
1 • Course information

• What is a radio system?

• Some concepts
Introduction

Ove Edfors, Department of Electroscience

Ove.Edfors@es.lth.se

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Course web-site

• All course information is available at:

http://www.es.lth.se/home/oes/radiosyskurs

• Most important:
COURSE INFORMATION –
–
Continuously updated schedule
Lecture handouts (available before each lecture)
– Exercises
– Any additional material

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Textbook Schedule

• Three recurring components

Wireless
– Lectures: [Ove Edfors]
Wireless • Published by Wiley/IEEE Press
in September 2005.
MONDAYS (15-17) and TUESDAYS (13-15)
Communications
Communications
– Guest lectures: [from industry]
WEDNESDAYS (13-15) [to be scheduled]
• Available from the department at – Exercise classes: [Peter Almers]
500 SEK (if you joined the order) FRIDAYS (13-15)
• Two special components
• Authored by Andreas F. Molisch, – Student presentations:
professor of Radio Systems at At the end of the course
Andreas F. Molisch
Lund University/LTH.
– Written exam:
March 10, 14.00-19.00

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Lectures Guest lectures

• Mainly researchers/engineers from telecommunications

• Overview of the contents in the textbook industry

• Additional material • Detailed schedule to be done

• Application examples • Previous guest lectures from:

– Axis Communications
– Ericsson Mobile Platforms
– SonyEricsson
– TeliaSonera
– …

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 Reading and presenting a journal
Exercise classes
paper
• During the course you will read and give a short
• Exercises from the textbook presentation of a recent (scientific) journal paper in the
area.
• During exercise classes, some of the exercises will be • Performed in groups of TWO or THREE students.
analysed in detail • Propose your own topic/paper or select from a list of
suitable papers.
• By working through the exercises beforehand, you can give • Presentations (about 10 minutes each) will be done at the
valuable input on which exercises to focus on during end of the course.
classes
• THIS IS A COMPULSORY PART OF THE COURSE!
9 Participate in a group that reads and presents a paper.
9 Attend the presentations given by other students.

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Written exam

• How?
– Total of 5 hours
– Part A: 1.5 hours – closed book questions (15 points)
– Part B: 3.5 hours – open book problems (15 points)
WHAT IS A
RADIO SYSTEM?
• When?
March 10, 14.00-19.00

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Radio system? Some questions to ask

• From Merriam-Webster Dictionary

– Radio: • What do we want to achieve with our system?
1 : of, relating to, or operated by radiant energy – This gives us design constraints (system requirements)
2 : of or relating to electric currents or phenomena (as electromagnetic
radiation ) of frequencies between about 15 kHz and 100 GHz
– System: • What frequency band should we use?
1 : a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a – Properties of the radio channel changes with frequency
unified whole
– Radio spectrum is firmly regulated
• ”Radio systems” can be used for many purposes, e.g.
– Detection and ranging (Radar)
• Which technology should we use?
– Astronomical observation (Radio telescope)
– Not all technologies can perform the task
– Heating food (Microwave oven)
– Cost is important (design, production, deployment, etc.)
– Navigation (GPS, etc.)
– Communication (Cellular telephony, etc.)

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Example: Microwave oven Example: Human eye

Why is 2.45 GHz used?

Dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss of water between 0°C and 100°C Why is the human eye sensitive at
the electromagnetic wavelengths
(frequency band) we call visible light?

Is it a coincidence or a clever
design by evolution?

(This is not radio waves, but it illustrates

the importance of the used frequency band.)

Most absorbtion here Microwave oven here

Graph from www.sbu.ac.uk/water/ microwave.html Graph from http://earth.usc.edu/geol150/weather/

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Example: Radar Example: Mobile telephony

Amplifiers with low dynamic range can be

made more power efficient than highly
linear amplifiers.
Distance d

Does this affect the choice of modulation

Calculation of distance
technique?
Transmitted pulse

Received pulse
c × ∆t 3 × 108 × ∆t Radio signal Radio signal
d= =
Time 2 2
∆t
The accuracy of our ”measured” time delay determines the accuracy
of the ”measured” distance.

Does this have any influence on the bandwidth requirement?

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A rough breakdown into areas

Fundamental problems
in wireless communications

Propagation Digital transmission Mobile communications

and antennas over wireless channels systems
SOME CONCEPTS
Deterministic Probabilistic Modulation Multiple access

Channel models Speech and Cellular telephony

channel coding
Narrow-band Wide-band Speech coding
channels channels Equalization
Wireless data networks
Antennas Diversity

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SINGLE LINK SINGLE LINK
The link budget – a central concept The link budget – depends on what?
”POWER” [dB] • Some examples:
This is a simple
PTX version of the
L f ,TX G – Regulations (transmit power, etc.)
a ,TX link budget.
– Antenna placement (feeder loss)
Gain

Lp CRITERION – Antenna type and quality (antenna gain)

TO MEET: – Frequency band and environment (propagation loss)
Loss

Required
Ga , RX L f , RX – Receiver design (noise power)
C/N at
C receiver – Modulation, coding and signal processing (required C/N)
input
N
Noise reference level

This
This isis aa rather
rather
Antenna Noise complex
complex issueissue that
that
gain we
we will
will spend
spend quite
quite
Transmitter
Transmitter Antenna Propagation Receiver
Receiver some
some effort
effort on.
on.
gain loss
Transmit Feeder Feeder Received
power loss loss power
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SINGLE LINK SINGLE LINK

Required C/N – another central concept Required C/N – depends on what?
Quality IN
• The most important: This one is usually
(C/N) Quality OUT – Required output quality determined by the
DETECTOR
DETECTOR application

• ... then, through the detector characteristic:

DETECTOR CHARACTERISTIC The detector characteristic
is different for different – Signal constellation
Quality OUT
system design choices.
– Modulation type
– Error-correcting codes All these will have to
be chosen in a
REQUIRED QUALITY OUT:
– Equalization system design
– Antenna processing process
Audio SNR
– Synchronization
Perceptive audio quality
Bit-error rate – etc.
Quality IN
Packet-error rate
(C/N)
etc.

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THE RADIO CHANNEL THE RADIO CHANNEL
Some properties Path loss

• Path loss
– Roughly, received power decays with some exponent of TX RX
distance
Received power [log scale]
Received power ∝ Transmitted power × Distance − Propagation exponent
∝ 1/ d 2
• Large-scale fading
– Large objects, compared to a wavelength, in the signal path ∝ 1/ d 4
obstruct the signal

• Small-scale fading
– Objects reflecting the signal causes multipath propagation
from transmitter to receiver
Distance, d [log scale]

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THE RADIO CHANNEL THE RADIO CHANNEL

Large-scale fading Small-scale fading

Signal on reflected
path arrives later
Received power

D
C

TX Signal on direct RX
d B path arrives first
t
en
em Constructive (self-)interference Destructive (self-)interference
A ov
Position M
A B C C
+ = + =

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THE RADIO CHANNEL THE RADIO CHANNEL
Small-scale fading (cont.) Small-scale fading (cont.)

Illustration of interference pattern from above

Received power [log scale]

Movement
A B
TX RX

With Position
Withaalarge
largenumber
numberofof Transmitter
reflection
reflectionpoints
pointsthe
the A B
interference
interferencepattern
pattern Reflector
becomes
becomesextremly
extremly
complicated.
complicated.

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MULTIPLE LINKS DUPLEX AND MULTIPLE ACCESS

Conceptual changes (comp. single link) Overview

• The same ”radio spectrum” resource has to be shared

– Multiple access schemes
– Access schemes have different properties
Garage openers, car alarm, ...

• Interference becomes a major design issue Audio and video broadcasting, paging, ...
– Interference can become a much bigger issue than noise
– Even these cases can cause significant interference:
• A close transmitter on a different channel
• A distant transmitter on the same channel
– Network planning to minimize effects of interference
Microwave links, ...

Mobile telephony, wireless LAN, ...

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DUPLEX DUPLEX
Frequency-division Duplex (FDD) Time-division duplex (TDD)

Down link
Up link
Transmitter

Down link
Down link
Down link
Duplex

Up link

Up link

Up link
Transmitter
filter
Receiver
Frequency Receiver
Time
FDD gives a more complex TDD gives a low complexity
solution (the duplex filter). solution (the duplex switch). Duplex
Duplex
switch
switch
Can be used for continuous Cannot be used for continuous
transmission. transmission.
Examples: Nodic Mobile Telephony (NMT), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Examples: Global System for Mobile communications (GSM),
Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

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MULTIPLE ACCESS MULTIPLE ACCESS

Freq.-division multiple access (FDMA) Time-division multiple access (TDMA)

US Users
ER Usersareareseparated
separated Users
Usersareareseparated
separated
3 ininfrequency
frequencybands.
bands. inintime
timeslots.
slots.
US
ER
2
US
ER
1

USER 1

USER 2
.

USER 3
eq

eq
Code

Code
Fr

Fr

USER 1

USER 2
Tim Tim
e e

Examples: Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT), Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Example: Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)

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MULTIPLE ACCESS MULTIPLE ACCESS
Code-division multiple access (CDMA) Carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA)

Users
Usersare
areseparated
separated Users
Usersare areseparated
separated
by
byspreading
spreadingcodes.
codes. inintime
timebut
butnot
notinin
an
anorganized
organizedway. way.
The
Theterminal
terminallistens
listenstoto
the
thechannel,
channel,and and
transmits
transmitsaa

USER 1
packet
packetififit’s
it’sfree.
free.

USER 3
US

USER 2
ER
.

.
eq

eq
Code

Code
3
Fr

Fr
US
ER Collissions
2

USER 2
can
US
ER occur and
Tim 1 Tim data is lost.
e e

Examples: CdmaOne, Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), Cdma2000 Example: IEEE 802.11 (WLAN)

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LINK LIMITATIONS
Summary
Noise and interference limited links
NOISE LIMITED INTERFERENCE LIMITED • All the latest course information on
– http://www.es.lth.se/home/oes/radiosyskurs
TX RX TX RX TX • Reading and presenting a journal paper – compulsory!
Power Power – Start thinking about a subject you would like to study
• The link budget concept
C C I
• The detector characteristic concept
• Overview on propagation: Path loss, large- and small-
Min C/I scale fading
Min C/N
• Duplex schemes: FDD and TDD
N N • Multiple access: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and CSMA
Distance
• Link limitations: Noise-limited and interference-limited
Distance
Max distance Max distance

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Next lecture (no. 2)

• Chapter 4: Propagation mechanisms

– Short on dB calculations*
– Basics about antennas *
– Free space propagation *
– Reflection and transmission
– Propagation over ground plane *
– Diffraction
• Screens
• Wedges
• Multiple screens
– Scattering by rough surfaces
– Waveguiding

* - Important issues

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