Name/s: Carillo, Selena Rose E. & Noquera, Olibeth J.

Date:03/31/2023

EXERCISE 6
Integumentary System
INTRODUCTION:
The body's first line of protection against dangers from the outside world is the integumentary system,
which is made up of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. We will examine the integumentary system's structure
and physiology in this lab report. The epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer of the skin, along with
their functions, will all be covered. We'll also look into the skin's specialized cells and organs, like hair
follicles, sweat glands, and sensory receptors.
ACTIVITY 1: Locating structures on a skin model
OBJECTIVES:
● Describe the accessory structures of the skin and the functions of each.
MATERIALS:
● Skin model
PROCEDURE:
1. Examine the skin model and label its part.
ILLUSTRATION:

ACTIVITY 2: Determining the Two-Point Threshold

OBJECTIVES:
● To determine if the patient can distinguish between two nearby spots on a small patch of skin and
how finely they can do so.
● To identify which part of the body area that has the most tactile receptors
MATERIALS:
● Caliper
● Marker
● Paper
PROCEDURES:
1. Using a caliper, test the ability of the subject to differentiate two distinct sensations when the skin
is touched simultaneously at two points.
2. Do this procedure on the face, back of hand, palm of hand, fingertips, lips, back of the neck, and
ventral forearm. Record the result.
RESULT & DISCUSSION:
Body area tested Two-point threshold Body area tested Two-point threshold
(millimeters) (millimeters)

1. Face 23.6mm 5. Lips 3.8mm

 2. Back of hand 24.6mm 6. Back of the neck 27.3mm

3. Palm of hand 13.8mm 7. Ventral forearm 36.7mm

4. fingertips 2.9mm
As seen on the table above, fingertips have the lowest two-point threshold which means that it has more
tactile receptors making it more sensitive to feel two objects at the same time when being touched. On the
other hand, the ventral forearm has the highest two-point threshold which means it has less tactile receptors
which make it less sensitive compared to the other parts.

ACTIVITY 3: Testing Tactile Localization

OBJECTIVES:
● To test the individual's ability to perceive where on the skin he/she was touched with a light
stimulus.
MATERIALS:
● Marker
● Caliper
PROCEDURES:
1. The subject’s eyes should be closed during the testing.
2. The experimenter touches the palm of the subject’s hand with a black marker. The subject should
then try to touch the exact point with his or her own marker which should be a different color.
Measure the error of localization in mm and repeat the test in the same spot thrice.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION:
Body area tested Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Average

Palm of hand 0mm 5.9mm 11.9mm 5.93mm

Fingertip 0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm

Ventral forearm 6.8mm 10.8mm 12mm 9.87mm

Back of hand 0mm 11.8mm 0mm 3.93mm

Back of neck 26.2 20.7mm 0mm 15.63mm

The fingertip, followed by the back of the hand, is the body part with the best tactile localization, as seen
in the table above. The back of the neck is the area with the fewest touch receptors since it has the least
tactile localization.

ACTIVITY 4: Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands

OBJECTIVES:
● To identify which skin area tested has the most sweat glands.
MATERIALS:
● 1 bond paper ● Cotton ● Timer
● Scissor ● Adhesive tape
● Betadine ● Pen
PROCEDURES:
 1. For a simple experiment you will need two squares of bond paper (each 1cm x 1cm), adhesive tape,
and a Betadine (iodine) swab or Lugol’s iodine and a cotton-tipped swab. (The bond paper has been
preruled in cm2 —just cut along the lines to obtain the required squares.)
2. Using the iodine solution, paint an area of the medial aspect of your left palm (avoid the crease
lines) and a region of your left forearm. Allow the iodine solution to dry thoroughly. The painted
area in each case should be slightly larger than the paper squares to be used.
3. Mark one piece of ruled bond paper with an “H” (for hand) and the other “A” (for arm). Have your
lab partner securely tape the appropriate square of bond paper over each iodine-painted area, and
leave them in place for 10 minutes. (If it is very warm in the laboratory, good results may be
obtained within 5 minutes.) While waiting to determine the results, continue with the sections on
hair and nails.
4. After 20 minutes, remove the paper squares, and count the number of blue-black dots on each
square. The appearance of a blue-black dot on the paper indicates an active sweat gland. (The iodine
in the pore dissolves in the sweat and reacts with the starch in the bond paper to produce the blue-
lack color.) The “sweat maps” have been produced for the two skin areas.
5. Which skin area tested has the most sweat glands?
RESULTS/ILLUSTRATION:

Number of Blue-black dots:

Arm (“A”) - ranges up to 250-550 blue-black dots.
Hand (“H”) - ranges up to 100-150 blue-black dots.
DISCUSSION:
The pictures above show the documentation of the said experiment. Which indicates that the arm produces
more sweat glands compared to the hand. This result will answer the question posed by the procedure,
"Which skin area tested has the most sweat glands?". And now we can identify that the arm in this
experiment is abundant in sweat glands, even though it depends on the room and body temperature of a
person. In this experiment, we conclude that the arm produces more sweat compared to the palm.

ACTIVITY 5: Examining a Skin Slide

OBJECTIVES:
● Identifying the microscopic structures of the skin.
● In terms of structure, name and distinguish the epidermis layers, the stratum corneum and the
stratum basale.
MATERIALS:
● Prepared slide of human skin ● Compound microscope
PROCEDURES:
1. Go to the demonstration area to view a prepared slide of human skin.
2. Study it carefully under the microscope.
3. Identify hair shafts, hair roots, hair follicles and other parts.
ILLUSTRATION:

DISCUSSION:
The illustration above depicts a microscopic view of the different structures of the human skin. We can
locate and identify which part of it is the hair follicle, hair root, hair shaft, and many more. Moreover, this
part of the activity enabled us to study the human skin with the help of the compound microscope and gave
us an insight into this matter.

ACTIVITY 6: Identifying Nail Structures

OBJECTIVES:
 ● Aims to identify and review all significant aspects of nail anatomy.
MATERIALS:
● Printed illustration of a nail structures
PROCEDURES:
1. Identifying the nail structures on yourself and your lab partner.
ILLUSTRATION:

DISCUSSION:
The illustration above shows the location of the different parts or structure of the nail or the nail anatomy.
That through this illustration, we can now familiarize ourselves with. Moreover, understanding nail
anatomy is crucial for comprehending both the pathophysiology and physiology of many nail presentations.

GENERALIZATION:
The integumentary system is the body's biggest organ, forming a physical barrier between the exterior and
interior environments that it protects and maintains. The epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, related glands,
hair, and nails comprise the integumentary system. Which this experiment is indeed important since it gave
us an understanding of the function of the skin, showed us what area of the skin is abundant in sweat glands
and what area sweats the least or sweats longer, showed us what area of the skin senses the most and the
least, and so much more that really interests us. Moreover, this experiment gave us an overview of the
human skin's structure and enabled us to familiarize ourselves with this matter.

REFERENCES:
Shier, David, et al. Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.Shier, David, et
al. Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.
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2Fillustration%2Fnail-
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d=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLjn_cDp-f0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAb
http://healthcaresciencesocw.wayne.edu/sensory/3_1.htm#:~:text=Touch%20localization&text=Touch%2
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