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Phramacotherapeutics Notes

HIV& Opportunistic infections

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system,
leading to weakened defenses against infections and other illnesses.
Opportunistic infections are infections that take advantage of weakened immune
systems and often occur in people with HIV. Here are some short and point-wise
notes on HIV and opportunistic infections:
Definition:
HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, which
are essential for fighting off infections and diseases.
Opportunistic infections are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or
parasites that usually do not cause disease in people with healthy immune systems,
but can be life-threatening in people with weakened immune systems, such as
those with HIV.

Etiopathogenesis:
 HIV is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and
other body fluids.
 The virus infects and destroys CD4 cells, leading to a weakened immune
system.

 Opportunistic infections occur when the weakened immune system cannot

fight off infections that a healthy immune system would easily control.
Clinical Manifestations:
The symptoms of HIV can vary widely, ranging from flu-like symptoms to no
symptoms at all.
Common symptoms include:-
 Fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, rash, sore throat, and muscle aches.
 Opportunistic infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on
the type of infection and the part of the body affected.

Notes by Abhay Sagar (Lecturer RCCCOP,Basti)

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Phramacotherapeutics Notes

Non-pharmacological Management:
1. The most effective way to prevent HIV is to avoid behaviors that can spread
the virus, such as unprotected sex and sharing needles.
2. People with HIV should practice good hygiene and avoid contact with
people who are sick to reduce the risk of opportunistic infections.
3. A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress
reduction, can also help strengthen the immune system.
Pharmacological Management:
 Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the most effective treatment for HIV, and
can slow or stop the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of
opportunistic infections.
 Treatment for opportunistic infections depends on the type of infection and
the severity of symptoms, and may include antibiotics, antifungal
medications, and antiviral medications.
 Vaccines can also help prevent certain opportunistic infections, such as
pneumococcal disease and influenza.

Notes by Abhay Sagar (Lecturer RCCCOP,Basti)