Lecture 3 Kinematics in One Dimension - Student

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1)
Motion Dynamics
Dr Eicher Low
: 6592−2052
e-:
Eicher.Low@SingaporeTech.edu.sg
Describing Motion :
Kinematics in One Dimension
ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 3.2

Outlines
1. Reference frames and displacement
2. Average velocity
3. Instantaneous velocity
4. Acceleration
5. Motion at constant and zero acceleration
6. Freely falling objects
7. Variable acceleration; integral calculus

Kinematics
• Mechanics is the study of motion and its causes.
 Kinematics is the study of the motion of objects.
 Dynamics deals with force and why objects move as they do.
• For now :
 we will not worry about what causes the motion.
 we will concentrate on translational motion.
− The motion of the idealized particle (model), considered as
point mass with no spatial extent (no size), where object’s
size is not significant.
− Point location of the center of mass of object that moves
along a straight line path.
 we will not worry about rotation.
Reference Frames
• Any measurement of position, distance, or speed must be made
with respect to a reference frame. Whenever there might be
confusion.
• If you are sitting on a train and someone walks down the aisle,
the person’s speed with respect to the train is a few km per hour,
at most. The person’s speed with respect to the ground is much
higher.
• Important to specify not only the speed but also the direction of
motion.

One Dimensional Motion
Draw a set of coordinate axes; x and y are always perpendicular to

each other.
Choose the x-axis as the line along which

the motion takes place.
Position of an object at any moment is

given by its x-coordinate.
If the motion is vertical, use the y-axis.

Position
• Vectors for one-dimensional motion have only one component,
the 𝑥𝑥-component, for now.
• Use the symbol 𝑥𝑥 to denote position vector.
 All position vectors are measured relative to the origin of the
coordinate system, which can be chosen arbitrarily.
 Vector x can be positive or negative (its magnitude is again
always positive, though).
For example: 𝑥𝑥 = 0.37 m
• Position vector can be a function of time.
• Notation for the time-dependent position vector: 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡).
• Notation: Vector 𝑥𝑥 at some specific time 𝑡𝑡1 : 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡1 ) = 𝑥𝑥1 .

Displacement and Distance
Displacement (blue line) is how far the object is from its starting
point, regardless of how it got there – change in position
∆x = x2 − x1
Distance traveled (dashed line) is measured along the actual path
– length of path travelled
Total distance travelled = 70 + 30 = 100 m

Displacement = 40 − 0 = 40 m
Note: Displacement is a vector quantity ! Displacement is positive Displacement is negative

Work Example 1
An ant starts at 𝑥𝑥 = 10 cm and walks along the negative x-axis to

𝑥𝑥 = −5 cm. It then turns around and walks back to 𝑥𝑥 = 20 cm.
What is the ant’s displacement and total distance travelled ?

Speed and Velocity
• Speed is how far an object travels in a given time interval,

regardless of direction.
 Average speed is the ratio of total distance traveled to total
time taken.
distance travelled
average speed =
time elapsed
• Velocity includes directional information in the form of

displacement.
 Average velocity is the ratio of displacement to total time
taken.
displacement
average velocity =
time elapsed
Average Speed and Velocity
The direction of the average velocity is always the same as the

direction of the displacement :
x2  x1
v= (average velocity)
t2 − t1
When the motion is all in one direction, either along positive x or

negative x axis :
average speed = average velocity

Work Example 2
During a 3.00 s time interval, the position of a runner as a function

of time is plotted as moving along the x axis of a coordinate
system, changes from x1 = 50.0 m to x2 = 30.5 m, as shown. What
is the runner’s average velocity ?

Work Example 3
A car travels at a constant speed of 50 km/h for 100 km. It then

speeds up to 100 km/h for another 100 km. Determine the average
speed of the car for the 200 km journey.

Instantaneous Velocity
The instantaneous velocity is the average velocity in the limit as
the time interval becomes infinitesimally short.
∆x dx
=v lim
=
∆t →0 ∆t dt
E.g. ideally a speedometer would measure instantaneous velocity;
in fact, it measures average velocity, but over a very short time
interval.
When ∆x → 0, magnitude of
|displacement| = distance traveled
Magnitude of
| v� | = Instantaneous speed
If an object moves at a constant (uniform) velocity during a
particular time interval, its instantaneous velocity at any instant is
the same as its average velocity.
The car speeds up to 50 km/h, remains

at that velocity for a while before
slowing down to 20 km/h. Finally stop at
its destination after traveling a total of
15 km in 30 min. The average velocity is
∆x 15 km
v =
= = 30 km/h
∆t 0.50 h
Instantaneous velocity is the limiting value of the average velocity
as ∆t approaches zero.
∆x dx
=v lim
=
∆t →0 ∆t dt
On a graph of a particle’s position vs.

time, the instantaneous velocity is the
tangent to the curve at that point.
(“slope of the curve” at that point)

Work Example 4
A jet engine moves along an experimental track (which we call the x
axis) as shown. Its position as a function of time is given by the
equation x = At2 + B, where A = 2.10 m/s2 and B = 2.80 m.
(a) Determine the displacement of the engine during the time

interval from t1 = 3.00 s to t2 = 5.00 s.
(b) Determine the average velocity during this time interval.
(c) Determine the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at t =

5.00 s.
Work Example 4
(a) Determine the displacement of the engine during the time
interval from t1 = 3.00 s to t2 = 5.00 s.
(b) Determine the average velocity during this time interval.
(c) Determine the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at t =

5.00 s.

Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Average acceleration is the change in velocity divided by the time

taken to make this change.
v2  v1 change of velocity
a 
t2  t1 time elapsed
v
 (average acceleration)
t
+/− sign to indicate direction relative to chosen coordinate axis.

Acceleration
A car accelerates along a straight road from rest to 90 km/h in 5.0 s.
What is the magnitude of its average acceleration ?
t1 0;= t2 5
1000
v (t =
t1 ) ==
v1 0; v (t =
t2 ) ==
v2 90 km/h =×
90 25 m/s
=
3600
∆v v2 − v1 25
a
= = = = 5 m/s 2
∆t t2 − t1 5

Work Example 5
(a) If the velocity of an object is zero, does it mean that the
acceleration is zero ?
(b) If the acceleration is zero, does it mean that the velocity is zero ?
Think of some examples.

Work Example 5
An automobile is moving to the right along a straight highway,
which we choose to be the positive x axis. Then the driver puts on
the brakes. If the initial velocity (when the driver hits the brakes) is
v1 = 15.0 m/s, and it takes 5.0 s to slow down to v2 = 5.0 m/s, what
was the car’s average acceleration ?
change of velocity
average acceleration =
time elapsed

Acceleration
• Negative acceleration and deceleration are not necessarily the
same.
• Negative acceleration is acceleration in the negative direction as
defined by the coordinate system.
• If the signs of the velocity and acceleration are the same, then
the object is accelerating.
• Deceleration occurs when the acceleration is opposite in
direction to the velocity.
deceleration
Work Example 6
A car moves along the x axis. What is the sign of the car’s
acceleration if it is moving in the positive x direction with (a)
increasing speed or (b) decreasing speed ? What is the sign of the
acceleration if the car moves in the negative x direction with (c)
increasing speed or (d) decreasing speed ?

Acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration is the average acceleration in the limit

as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short.
∆v dv ∆v
=a lim
= ;=a
∆t →0 ∆t dt ∆t
dv d 2 x
a =
=
dt dt 2

Work Example 7
A particle is moving in a straight line so that its position is given by

the relation x = (2.10 m/s2)t2 + (2.80 m). Calculate :
(a) The average acceleration during the time interval from
t1 = 3.00 s to t2 = 5.00 s
(b) The instantaneous acceleration as a function of time
(c) Sketch the time graphs of the displacement, velocity and
acceleration

Work Example 7
(a) The average acceleration during the time interval from t1 = 3.00 s
to t2 = 5.00 s
At t1 = 3.00 s :
At t2 = 5.00 s :

Work Example 7
(b) The instantaneous acceleration is
(c) So :

Work Example 8
This figure shows the velocity as a function of time for two cars
accelerating from 0 to 100 km/h in a time of 10.0 s. Compare (a)
the average acceleration; (b) instantaneous acceleration; and (c)
total distance traveled for the two cars.

Constant Acceleration
The average velocity of an object during a time interval t is
x x  x0 x  x0
v  
t t  t0 t
The acceleration, assumed constant, is
v  v0
a
t
Note that 𝑣𝑣0 , which is the initial velocity, is sometimes also written
as 𝑢𝑢.
x  x0  vt ; and v  v0  at

In addition, as the velocity is increasing at a constant rate, we know
that
v0  v
v
2
Combining these last three equations, we find :
v0  v v0  v0  at
x  x0  vt  x0  t  x0  t
2 2
1 2
 x0  v0t  at
2
Combining these equations so as to eliminate t :
v0  v (v0  v)(v  v0 )
x  x0  vt  t  v 2  v02  2a  x  x0 
2 2a
Kinematic equations :
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
1 2
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑣0 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡
2
𝑣𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 )
𝑣𝑣 + 𝑣𝑣0
𝑣𝑣̅ =
2

Work Example 9
How long does it take a car to cross a 30.0 m wide intersection
after the light turns green, if the car accelerates from rest at a
constant 2.00 m/s2 ?

Work Example 10
You are designing an airport for small planes. One kind of airplane
that might use this airfield must reach a speed before takeoff of at
least 27.8 m/s, and can accelerate at 2.00 m/s2. (a) If the runway is
150 m long, can this airplane reach the required speed for takeoff ?
(b) If not, what minimum length must the runway have ?
(a)

Work Example 10
(b) Now we want to find the minimum length of runway, given

Work Example 11
Estimate the minimum stopping distance for a car. Calculate the
total stopping distance for an initial velocity of 14 m/s and assume
the acceleration of the car is −6.0 m/s2 (the minus sign appears
because the velocity is taken to be in the positive x direction and its
magnitude is decreasing).

Work Example 11
(1) The 1st time interval begins when the driver decides to hit the
brake, and ends when the foot touches the brake pedal. This is
the “reaction time” about 0.50 s, during which the speed is
constant, and a = 0.
“reaction time”
For reaction time : x = v0 t

Work Example 11
(2) The second time interval is the actual braking period when the
vehicle slows down (a ≠ 0) and comes to a stop.
“reaction time”
We want

Free Falling Objects
• Objects fall with same constant acceleration in the absence of
air resistance.
• Distance travelled is proportional to the square of
the time.
2 1
d ∝t from y = y0 + v y0 t + a ⋅ t 2
2
• The constant of acceleration is called acceleration due to
gravity.
• Acceleration due to gravity at the Earth’s surface is
approximately 9.80 m/s2.
• Gravity decreases with increasing altitude.
• Gravity is higher at the poles than at the equator.
Work Example 13
Suppose that a ball is dropped (v0 = 0) from a tower 70.0 m high.
How far will it have fallen after a time t1 = 1.00 s, t2 = 2.00 s, and t3
= 3.00 s ? Ignore air resistance.

Work Example 14
Suppose that a ball is thrown (v0 = 3 m/s) from a tower 70.0 m
high. (a) How far will it have fallen after a time t1 = 1.00 s, and t2 =
2.00 s. (b) What would its speed be after t1 = 1.00 s and t2 = 2.00 s ?
Ignore air resistance.
(a) Now v0 is not zero, it is v0 = 3.00 m/s. At t1 = 1.00 s and

t2 = 2.00 s,

Work Example 14
(b) What would its speed be after t1 = 1.00 s and t2 = 2.00 s ?
The velocity is obtained from
When the ball is dropped (v0 = 0)

Free Falling Objects
Two misconceptions :
(1) that acceleration and velocity are always in the same direction,
and
(2) that an object thrown upward has zero acceleration at the
highest point.

Work Example 15
For a ball thrown upward at an initial speed of 15.0 m/s, calculate at
what time t the ball passes a point 8.00 m above the person’s hand.
When y = 8 m, what is the

time t = ?

Work Example 16
Suppose that a ball is thrown upward at a speed of 15.0 m/s by a
person standing on the edge of a cliff, so that the ball can fall to the
base of the cliff 50.0 m below. Ignore air resistance.
(a) How long does it take for the ball to reach the base of the cliff ?

Work Example 16
(b) What is the total distance travelled by the ball ?
At maximum height, i.e. v = 0 m/s

Variable Acceleration – using Integral
Calculus
We can derive the kinematic equations for constant acceleration :
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑣𝑣0 0 𝑥𝑥0 0
since a is constant 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑣𝑣0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 − 𝑣𝑣0 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥0 0
𝑡𝑡 2
⇒ 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑣𝑣0 𝑡𝑡
2
1
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑣0 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 2
2
Work Example 17
A car starts from rest (v0 = 0) at t = 0 and accelerates at a rate given
by a = (7.00 m/s3)t. After 2.00 s, find :
(a) The car’s velocity
(b) Its displacement

Work Example 18
The acceleration of an object as a function of time is given by a(t) =
(1.00 m/s4) t2. If displacement of the object between time t = 1.00 s
and time t = 2.00 s is 15.0 m, what is the velocity of the object at
time t = 0.00 s ?

Summary
• Kinematics is the description of how objects move with respect
to a defined reference frame.
• Displacement is the change in position of an object.
• Average speed is the distance travelled divided by the time it
took; average velocity is the displacement divided by the time.
• Instantaneous velocity is the average velocity in the limit as the
time becomes infinitesimally short.
• Average acceleration is the change in velocity divided by the
time taken.
• Instantaneous acceleration is the average acceleration in the
limit as the time interval becomes infinitesimally small.
Summary
• The 4 kinematic equations for constant acceleration are given;
each one of which requires a different set of quantities.
• Objects falling (or having been projected) near the surface of the
Earth experience a constant gravitational acceleration of
9.80 m/s2 (downward).

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ASE1201 Physics (Part 1)

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 3.2

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.3

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.5

Draw a set of coordinate axes; x and y are always perpendicular to

Choose the x-axis as the line along which

Position of an object at any moment is

If the motion is vertical, use the y-axis.

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.6

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.7

Total distance travelled = 70 + 30 = 100 m

Note: Displacement is a vector quantity ! Displacement is positive Displacement is negative

An ant starts at 𝑥𝑥 = 10 cm and walks along the negative x-axis to

What is the ant’s displacement and total distance travelled ?

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.9

• Speed is how far an object travels in a given time interval,

• Velocity includes directional information in the form of

The direction of the average velocity is always the same as the

When the motion is all in one direction, either along positive x or

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.11

During a 3.00 s time interval, the position of a runner as a function

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.12

A car travels at a constant speed of 50 km/h for 100 km. It then

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.13

The car speeds up to 50 km/h, remains

On a graph of a particle’s position vs.

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.16

(a) Determine the displacement of the engine during the time

(b) Determine the average velocity during this time interval.

(c) Determine the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at t =

(b) Determine the average velocity during this time interval.

(c) Determine the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at t =

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.18

Average acceleration is the change in velocity divided by the time

+/− sign to indicate direction relative to chosen coordinate axis.

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.19

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.20

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.21

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.22

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.24

Instantaneous acceleration is the average acceleration in the limit

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.25

A particle is moving in a straight line so that its position is given by

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.26

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.27

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.28

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.29

The acceleration, assumed constant, is

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.30

𝑣𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 )

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.32

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.33

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.34

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.35

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.36

For reaction time : x = v0 t

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.37

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.38

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.40

(a) Now v0 is not zero, it is v0 = 3.00 m/s. At t1 = 1.00 s and

ASE1201 Physics (Part 1) Kinematics in One Dimension Lecture 2.41

When the ball is dropped (v0 = 0)