1.

²è²æ²¸ð²Üø ²1
вð È̲βÚÆÜ ØºÊ²ÜƼØÆ ÎÆܺزîÆÎ ìºðÈàôÌàôÂÚàôÜ

ػ˳ÝǽÙÇ  ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ Ïááñ¹Çݳïáí áñáßíáÕ ¹ÇñùáõÙ O1A

ëϽµÝ³Ï³Ý ûÕ³ÏÇ Ñ³ÛïÝÇ 1 ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý ¹»åùáõÙ
áñáß»É Ù»Ë³ÝǽÙÇ µÝáñáß Ï»ï»ñÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ու ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ
³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ` ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ
Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ ¨ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ »Õ³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáí:
²ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ µ»ñí³Í »Ý ³ÕÛáõë³Ï 1.1-áõÙ, ÇëÏ
ٻ˳ÝǽÙÇ ë˻ٳݻñÇ ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÝ»ñÁ` ³ÕÛáõë³Ï 1.2-áõÙ:

²1 ³é³ç³¹ñ³ÝùÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ
²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1.1
ÂÆì , ³ëï 1 , í -1 ÂÆì , ³ëï 1, í-1
1 0 30 16 225 7
2 15 12 17 240 25
3 30 21 18 255 26
4 45 13 19 270 27
5 60 22 20 285 15
6 75 14 21 300 23
7 90 11 22 315 28
8 105 9 23 330 29
9 120 8 24 345 10
10 135 24 25 20 31
11 150 16 26 50 4
12 165 17 27 80 32
13 180 18 28 100 6
14 195 19 29 140 33
15 210 20 30 220 5

1
 غʲÜƼØܺðÆ êʺزܺðÀ
²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1.2
1 2

a = 0.010 Ù, b = 0.040 Ù, a = 0.030 Ù, b = 0.060 Ù,

l O1A = 0.020 Ù, l O 2C = 0.045 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O 2B = 0.020 Ù,
lAB = 0.090 Ù, lBC = 0.037 Ù, lBC = 0.020 Ù, lAB = 0.060 Ù,
lBD = lCD: lCD = 0.070 Ù:
3 4

a = 0.035 Ù, lAB = 0.040 Ù, a = 0.040 Ù, b = 0.010 Ù,

l O1A = 0.020 Ù, l O 2B = 0.030 Ù, l O1A = 0.025 Ù, l O 2B = 0.040 Ù,
lAC = 0.050 Ù, lAD = lBD: lAB = 0.070 Ù, lBC = 0.050 Ù,
lAC = 0.050 Ù, lCD = 0.060 Ù:
5 6

a = 0.040 Ù, b = 0.025 Ù, a = 0.010 Ù, b = 0.060 Ù,

l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O 2D = 0.024 Ù, l O1A = 0.018 Ù, l O 2D = 0.050 Ù,
lAB = 0.035 Ù, lBC = 0.020 Ù, lAB = 0.060 Ù, lBC = 0.030 Ù,
lCD = 0.033 Ù: lCD = 0.042 Ù:

2
 ²Õ.1.2-Ç ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ
7 8

a = 0.030 Ù, b = 0.020 Ù, a = 0.050 Ù, b = 0.025 Ù,

c = 0.040 Ù, l O1A = 0.020 Ù, c = 0.035 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù,
l O 2B = 0.030 Ù, l O 2B = 0.023 Ù, lAB = 0.070 Ù,
lAB = 0.030 Ù,
lBC = 0.030 Ù, lCD = 0.050 Ù: lBC = 0.031 Ù, lAC = 0.050 Ù,
lCD = 0.035 Ù:
9 10

a = 0.045 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, a = 0.023 Ù, b = 0.015 Ù,

l O 2B = 0.030 Ù, lAB = 0.070 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O 2B = 0.065 Ù,
lBC = 0.060 Ù, lCD = 0.055 Ù, lAB = 0.051 Ù, lBC = 0.022 Ù,
lAE = lBE: lCD = 0.038 Ù:
11 12

a = 0.045 Ù, b = 0.020 Ù, a = 0.060 Ù, b = 0.030 Ù,

c = 0.010 Ù, l O1A = 0.021 Ù, l O1A = 0.020 Ù, l O 2D = 0.030 Ù,
l O 2B = 0.021 Ù, lAB = 0.026 Ù, lBC = 0.014 Ù,
l O 2C = 0.058 Ù,
lAB = 0.040 Ù, lCD = 0.014 Ù:
lBC = 0.047 Ù,
lCD = 0.038 Ù:

3
 ²Õ.1.2-Ç ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ
13 14

a = 0.035 Ù, l O1A = 0.020 Ù, a = 0.045 Ù, b = 0.020 Ù,

l O 2B = 0.045 Ù, l O1A = 0.020 Ù, l O 2D = 0.025 Ù,
l O 2C = 0.020 Ù,
lAB = 0.050 Ù, lAB = 0.060 Ù, lAC = 0.020 Ù,
lBC = 0.030 Ù,
lCD = 0.030 Ù: lCD = 0.030 Ù:
15 16

a = 0.055 Ù, b = 0.025 Ù, a = 0.035 Ù, b = 0.040 Ù,

l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O2D = 0.024 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O 2B = 0.030 Ù,
lAB = 0.070 Ù, lBC = 0.035 Ù, lAB = 0.060 Ù, lBC = 0.030 Ù,
lCD = 0.040 Ù: lAD = lBD:
17 18

a = 0.020 Ù, b = 0.021 Ù, a = 0.050 Ù, b = 0.050 Ù,

l O1A = 0.020 Ù, l O 2B = 0.040 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O 2B = 0.025 Ù,
l O 2C = 0.025 Ù, lAB = 0.080 Ù, lAB = 0.065 Ù, lBC = 0.055 Ù,
lCD = 0.060 Ù: lAC = 0.030 Ù, lCD = 0.045 Ù:
lBC = 0.025 Ù,

4
 ²Õ.1.2-Ç ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ
19 20

a = 0.030 Ù, b = 0.015 Ù, a = 0.019 Ù, b = 0.019 Ù,

c = 0.025 Ù, l O1A = 0.012 Ù, c = 0.022 Ù, l O1A = 0.012 Ù,
l O 2B = 0.028 Ù, lAB = 0.050 Ù, l O2D = 0.019 Ù, lAB = 0.055 Ù,
lAC = 0.024 Ù, lCD = 0.047 Ù, lBC = 0.019 Ù, lCD = 0.023 Ù:
lAE = lBE:
21 22

a = 0.050 Ù, b = 0.050 Ù, a = 0.035 Ù, b = 0.015 Ù,

l O1A = 0.022 Ù, l O 2B = 0.025 Ù, c = 0.015 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù,
lAB = 0.040 Ù, l O 2B = 0.030 Ù,
l O2C = 0.025 Ù, l O 2C = 0.020 Ù,
lCD = 0.030 Ù: lAB = 0.055 Ù,
lBC = 0.018 Ù, lBC = 0.025 Ù,
lCD = 0.030 Ù:
23 24

a = 0.017 Ù, b = 0.054 Ù, a = 0.045 Ù, b = 0.050 Ù,

l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O2D = 0.040 Ù, l O1A = 0.016 Ù, l O 2B = 0.035 Ù,
lAB = 0.050 Ù, lBC = 0.035 Ù, l O 2C = 0.060 Ù lAB = 0.080 Ù,
lCD = 0.040 Ù:
,
lCD = 0.070 Ù:
5
 ²Õ.1.2-Ç ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ
25 26

a = 0.011 Ù, b = 0.031 Ù, a = 0.030 Ù, l O1A = 0.020 Ù,

l O1A = 0.016 Ù, l O 2B = 0.033 Ù, l O 2B = 0.040 Ù, lAB = 0.065 Ù,
lAB = 0.030 Ù, lBC = 0.010 Ù, lAC = 0.030 Ù, lCD = 0.040 Ù:
lCD = 0.035 Ù:
27 28

a = 0.090 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, a = 0.050 Ù, b = 0.020 Ù,

l O 2B = 0.040 Ù, l O1A = 0.020 Ù, l O 2B = 0.050 Ù,
l O 2C = 0.027 Ù,
lAB = 0.070 Ù, lAB = 0.090 Ù, lBC = 0.035 Ù,
lBC = 0.035 Ù,
lCD = 0.055 Ù: lCD = 0.040 Ù:
29 30

a = 0.040 Ù, l O1A = 0.020 Ù, a = 0.045 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù,

l O 2B = 0.035 Ù, l O 2B = 0.030 Ù, lAB = 0.040 Ù,
l O 2C = 0.035 Ù,
lAB = 0.050 Ù, lBC = 0.021 Ù, lCD = 0.040 Ù:
lBC = 0.040 Ù,
lCD = 0.075 Ù:

6
 ²Õ.1.2-Ç ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ
31 32

a = 0.060 Ù, b = 0.025 Ù, a = 0.050 Ù, b = 0.070 Ù,

c = 0.060 Ù, l O1A = 0.020 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O 2B = 0.030 Ù,
l O 2B = 0.050 Ù, lAB = 0.045 Ù, lAB = 0.055 Ù, lAC = 0.025 Ù,
lAC = 0.015 Ù, lBC = 0.050 Ù, lBC = 0.045 Ù, lCD = 0.070 Ù:
lCD = 0.075 Ù:
33 34

a = 0.040 Ù, b = 0.045 Ù, a = 0.050 Ù, l O1A = 0.020 Ù,

l O1A = 0.020 Ù, l O 2B = 0.040 Ù, l O 2B = 0.035 Ù, lAB = 0.080 Ù,
lAB = 0.060 Ù, lAC = 0.060 Ù, lAC = 0.080 Ù, lCD = 0.080 Ù,
lBC = 0.025 Ù, lCD = 0.075 Ù: lAE = lBE:
35 36

a = 0.030 Ù, b = 0.025 Ù, a = 0.035 Ù, l O1A = 0.014 Ù,

l O1A = 0.020 Ù, l O 2B = 0.050 Ù, l O 2B = 0.025 Ù, lAB = 0.060 Ù,
lAB = 0.080 Ù, lBC = 0.030 Ù, lBC = 0.045 Ù, lBD = lCD:
lCD = 0.060 Ù:

7
 ²Õ.1.2-Ç ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ
37 38

a = 0.030 Ù, b = 0.030 Ù, a = 0.040 Ù, b = 0.030 Ù,

l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O 2B = 0.025 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O 2B = 0.030 Ù,
lAB = 0.055 Ù, lAC = 0.035 Ù, lAB = 0.050 Ù, lBC = 0.030 Ù,
lCD = 0.030 Ù: lAC = 0.030 Ù, lCD = 0.040 Ù:
39 40

a = 0.020 Ù, b = 0.015 Ù, a = 0.025 Ù, b = 0.040 Ù,

l O1A = 0.010 Ù, l O 2B = 0.020 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, l O 2B = 0.065 Ù,
lAB = 0.030 Ù, lBC = 0.025 Ù, lAB = 0.050 Ù, lAC = 0.050 Ù,
lCD = 0.070 Ù: lAD = lBD:
41 42

a = 0.025 Ù, l O1A = 0.015 Ù, a = 0.060 Ù, b = 0.050 Ù,

l O 2B = 0.030 Ù, l O1A = 0.018 Ù, l O 2B = 0.020 Ù,
l O 2C = 0.030 Ù,
lAB = 0.040 Ù, l O 2C = 0.035 Ù lAB = 0.070 Ù,
lBC = 0.020 Ù,
lCD = 0.060 Ù:
,
lCD = 0.040 Ù:
8
 2. ²1 ²è²æ²¸ð²ÜøÆ Î²î²ðØ²Ü úðÆܲÎܺð
úñÇÝ³Ï 1: ²é³ç³ñÏí³Í ËݹñÇ ÉáõÍáõÙÁ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Ýù
ÝÏ.2.1-áõÙ µ»ñí³Í ٻ˳ÝǽÙÇ ë˻ٳÛÇ ûñÇݳÏáí: àñå»ë
»É³Ï»ï³ÛÇÝ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ ïñí³Í »Ý`
1 = 10 í-1,
 =120,
a = 0.05 Ù,
l O 1A = 0.25 Ù,
l O 2B = 0.08 Ù,
l O 2D = 0.035 Ù,
lAB= 0.09 Ù,
lDE = 0.09 Ù,
lAC= 0.06 Ù,
lBC = 0.065 Ù:

ÜÏ.2.1

ػ˳ÝǽÙÇ ÏÇݻٳïÇÏ ë˻ٳÛÇ Ï³éáõóáõÙÁ

ܳËù³Ý ٻ˳ÝǽÙÇ ÏÇݻٳïÇÏ ë˻ٳÛÇ Ï³éáõóáõÙÁ ³ÝÑñ³-
Å»ßï ¿ áõÝ»Ý³É Ýñ³ ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷»ñÁ, ÇëÏ í»ñçÇÝ-
Ý»ñÇë áñáßÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ ÁÝïñ»É »ñϳñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëßï³-
µ³ÛÇÝ l ·áñͳÏÇóÁ ѳٳӳÛÝ ëïáñ¨ µ»ñí³Í áñ¨¿ µ³Ý³Ó¨Ç

(2.1)

ÎÇݻٳïÇÏ ëË»Ù³Ý Ñ³ïϳóí³Í ï»ÕáõÙ å³ïÏ»ñ»Éáõ Ýå³-

ï³Ïáí ³é³çÝáñ¹íáõÙ »Ýù ٻ˳ÝǽÙÇ ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý »ñϳñáõ-
ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó ³é³í»É³·áõÛÝáí (lAB), ÁÝïñ»Éáí Ýñ³ ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷Á
AB = 45 ÙÙ: (2.1)-Çó lAB ¨ AB Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ áñáßáõÙ »Ýù
l-Ç ³ñÅ»ùÁ, ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ÝáõÛÝ µ³Ý³Ó¨Çóª Ùݳó³Í ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ »ñϳ-
ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷»ñÁ, áñáÝó û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¨ ϳéáõóáõÙ


²Ûëï»Õ ¨ ѻﳷ³ÛáõÙ -áí ¨ Ýñ³ áñ¨¿ óáõóÇãáí Ý߳ݳÏí»Éáõ ¿ ѳٳå³ï³ë˳Ý
ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ »ñϳñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, Ù -áí, ÇëÏ AB, BC, pb, pc, b ¨ ÝÙ³Ý Ý߳ݳÏáõÙÝ»ñáí
ٻ˳ÝǽÙÇ ÏÇݻٳïÇÏ ë˻ٳÛáõÙ, ³Û¹ Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ å³ïÏ»ñáÕ Ñ³ïí³ÍÝ»ñÇ
»ñϳñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ÇÝãå»ë ݳ¨ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÝ»ñáõÙ å³ïÏ»ñáÕ
ѳïí³ÍÝ»ñÇ »ñϳñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ÙÙ -áí:
9
»Ýù ٻ˳ÝǽÙÇ ÏÇݻٳïÇÏ ëË»Ù³Ý Ýñ³ O1A ëϽµÝ³Ï³Ý ûÕ³ÏÇ
 = 120 ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ Ïááñ¹Çݳïáí (ÝÏ. 2.2):
l =lAB / AB = 0.09 / 45 = 0.002 Ù / ÙÙ:

ÜÏ.2.2
ØÛáõë ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ·Í³·ñÇ íñ³ å³ïÏ»ñáÕ Ñ³ï-
í³ÍÝ»ñÇ »ñϳñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÏÉÇÝ»Ý`
O1A = l O1A / l = 0.025 / 0.002 = 12,5 ÙÙ,
O2B = l O 2B / l = 0.08 / 0.002 = 40 ÙÙ,
O2D = l O 2D / l = 0.035 / 0.002 = 17 ÙÙ,
DE = lDE / l = 0.09 / 0.002 = 45 ÙÙ,
AC = lAC / l = 0.06 / 0.002 = 30 ÙÙ,
BC = lBC / l = 0.065 / 0.002 = 32 ÙÙ,

10
ÇëÏ a Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ïÏ»ñáÕ Ñ³ïí³ÍÇ »ñϳñáõÃÛáõÝÁ`
a·Í / l = 0.05 / 0.002 = 25 ÙÙ:

²ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áñáßáõÙÁ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ

Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ
гÛïÝÇ ¿ 1 ûÕ³ÏÇ ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÁ, áõëïÇ Ýñ³ A
ͳÛñ³Ï»ïÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÏáñáßíÇ Ñ»ï¨Û³É µ³Ý³Ó¨áíª
VA = 1 l O1A = 10 0,025 = 0,25 Ù/í:
A Ï»ïÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ áõÕÕ³Ñ³Û³ó ¿ O1A-ÇÝ ¨ áõÕÕí³Í ¿ 1 -áí
å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ (ïíÛ³É ûñÇݳÏáõ٠ųٳóáõÛóÇ ëɳùÇ
åïïÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ѳϳé³Ï):
ػ˳ÝǽÙáõ٠ѳñà ߳ñÅáõ٠ϳï³ñáÕ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ûÕ³Ï
ųٳݳÏÇ ïíÛ³É å³ÑÇÝ áõÝÇ Çñ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ
Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ: ì»ñçÇÝë ³ÛÝ Ï»ïÝ ¿, áñÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÁ ųٳݳÏÇ ïíÛ³É
å³ÑÇÝ Ñ³í³ë³ñ ¿ ½ñáÛÇ: ÐÇÙÝí»Éáí ³ÛÝ åÝ¹Ù³Ý íñ³, áñ Ù³ñÙÝÇ
Ï»ï»ñÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ѳٻٳï³Ï³Ý »Ý ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ
³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÇó Ýñ³Ýó Ñ»é³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ϳñáÕ »Ýù
áñáß»É Ù»Ë³ÝǽÙÇ µÝáõó·ñÇã Ï»ï»ñÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨
ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁª ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñ-
óÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ û·ÝáõÛ³Ùµ£
ø³ÝÇ áñ 1 ¨ 3 ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇÝ å³ïϳÝáÕ O1 ¨ O3 Ï»ï»ñÁ ³Ýß³ñÅ
»Ý, áõëïÇ Ýñ³Ýù Çñ»ÝóÇó Ý»ñϳ۳óÝáõÙ »Ý ³Û¹ ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ P1 áõ P3 åïïÙ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÁ:
ػ˳ÝǽÙÇ 2-ñ¹ ûÕ³ÏÁ ϳï³ñáõÙ ¿ ѳñà ߳ñÅáõÙ, ѻ勉µ³ñ
ABC ß³ñÅ³Ã¨Ç ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ P2 ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ
·ïÝíáõÙ ¿ VA (⊥O1A) ¨ VB (⊥O2B) ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ A ¨ B Ï»ï»ñÇó
ï³ñ³Í áõÕճѳ۳óÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ïÙ³Ý Ï»ïáõÙ (ï»ë ÝÏ.2.2): ¶ïÝ»Éáí
ß³ñÅ³Ã¨Ç ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ P2 ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ ¨ áõݻݳÉáí
VA ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ϳñáÕ »Ýù áñáᯐ ³Û¹ ûÕ³ÏÇ 2
³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ`

2.5 í-1:

2 -Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳÙÁÝÏÝáõÙ ¿ P2 Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ ßáõñçÁ A Ï»ïÇ

VA ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý í»ÏïáñÇ Ñݳñ³íáñ åïáõÛïÇ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï

11
(ï»ë ÝÏ.2.2): 2-ñ¹ ûÕ³ÏÁ ųٳݳÏÇ ïíÛ³É å³ÑÇÝ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ ¿
³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ åïï³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙ P2 Ï»ïÇ ßáõñçÁ 2 ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ
³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ùµ, ѻ勉µ³ñ Ýñ³Ý å³ïϳÝáÕ B ¨ C Ï»ï»ñÇ
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ïáñáßí»Ý Ñ»ï¨Û³É µ³Ý³Ó¨»ñÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ`
VB = 2  l P2B = 2  (P2B) l = 2.5  73  0.002 = 0.365 Ù/í,
VC = 2  l P2 C = 2  (P2C) l = 2.5  75  0.002 = 0.375 Ù/í:

VB ¨ VC í»ÏïáñÝ»ñÝ áõÕճѳ۳ó »Ý ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ

P2B ¨ P2C ѳïí³ÍÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ áõÕÕí³Í »Ý ³ÛÝå»ë, áñ P2 Ï»ïñáÝÇ ßáõñçÁ
¹ñ³Ýó Ñݳñ³íáñ åïïÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳÙÁÝÏÝÇ 2 -Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ý
Ñ»ï:
BD ×á׳ÉͳÏÇ 3 ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ
áñáßíáõÙ ¿ ³ñ¹»Ý ÇëÏ Ñ³ÛïÝÇ VB -Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ (B Ï»ïÇ åïáõÛïÁ
O2-Ç ßáõñçÁ ï»ÕÇ ¿ áõÝ»Ýáõ٠ųÙëɳùÇ åïáõÛïÇÝ Ñ³Ï³é³Ï), ÇëÏ
Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ`
3 = VB / l O 2B = 0.365 / 0.08 = 4,56 í-1:

BD ×á׳ÉͳÏÇ D Ï»ïÇ VD ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý í»ÏïáñÝ áõÕճѳ۳ó ¿

O2D ѳïí³ÍÇÝ, áõÕÕí³Í ¿ 3 ¬áí å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ, ÇëÏ
Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÏáñááßÇ Ñ»ï¨Û³É µ³Ý³Ó¨áíª
VD = 3  l O 2D = 4,56  0.035 = 0.16 Ù/í:
DE ß³ñųèÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ϳï³ñáõÙ ¿ ѳñà ߳ñÅáõÙ, ѻ勉µ³ñ
Ýñ³ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ P4 Ï»ïñáÝÁ ·ïÝíáõÙ ¿ VD ¨ VE
( VE X−X) ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ D ¨ E Ï»ï»ñÇó ï³ñ³Í áõÕճѳ-
Û³óÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ïÙ³Ý Ï»ïáõÙ: ²Û¹ áõÕճѳ۳óÝ»ñÁ ·Í³·ñÇ ë³ÑÙ³Ý-
Ý»ñáõÙ ã»Ý ѳïíáõÙ, áñÝ ³ÝÑݳñÇÝ ¿ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ P4D ¨ P4E ѳïí³Í-
Ý»ñÇ »ñϳñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áñáßáõÙÁ ·Í³·ñÇ íñ³: ÜÙ³Ý ¹»åù»ñáõÙ
ѳñÙ³ñ ¿ áñáß»É Ñ³ïí³ÍÝ»ñÇ »ñϳñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ »ñÏñ³ã³÷³Ï³Ý
ϳÝáÝÝ»ñÇ ÏÇñ³éٳٵ: öá˳¹ñÇãáí ã³÷»Éáí 1 = 56 ¨ 2 = 105
³ÝÏÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, P4D ¨ P4E ѳïí³ÍÝ»ñÇ »ñϳñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ áñáß»Éáõ
ѳٳñ û·ïí»Ýù EP4D-Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ ·ñí³Í ëÇÝáõëÝ»ñÇ Ã»áñ»ÙÇó`
P4D / sin2 = P4E / sin1 = DE / sin[180 - (1+2)],
áñï»ÕÇóª
P4D = (DE)  sin2 / sin(1+2) = 45 sin105 / sin161 = 133 ÙÙ,
12
 P4E = (DE)  sin 1 / sin(1+2) = 45 sin56/ sin161 = 114 ÙÙ:
4-ñ¹ ûÕ³ÏÁ ųٳݳÏÇ ïíÛ³É å³ÑÇÝ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ ¿ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ
åïï³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙ P4 Ï»ïÇ ßáõñçÁ 4 ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ùµ,
ѻ勉µ³ñ áõݻݳÉáí VD ¨ P4D Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, Ý³Ë Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù
áñáᯐ 4 ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇëÏ ³ÛÝáõѻ飯 E Ï»ïÇ
³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁª
4 = VD / (P4D l) = 0.16 / (133  0.002) = 0.6 í-1,
VE = 4 l P4E = 4  (P4E)  l = 0.6 114  0.002 = 0.13 Ù/í:

Üß»Ýù, áñ 4 -Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳÙÁÝÏÝáõÙ ¿ P4 Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ ßáõñçÁ

VD ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý í»ÏïáñÇ Ñݳñ³íáñ åïáõÛïÇ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï, ÇëÏ
VE áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ÛÙݳíáñí³Í ¿ 4 ¬Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ (P4 Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ
ßáõñçÁ VE í»ÏïáñÇ åïïÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ å»ïù ¿ ѳÙÁÝÏÝÇ 4 áõÕ-
ÕáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï):

²ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áñáßáõÙÁ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ

ABC ß³ñųèÁ ϳï³ñáõÙ ¿ ѳñà ߳ñÅáõÙ: Üñ³Ý å³ïϳÝáÕ B
Ï»ïÇ VB ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÁ ϳñ»ÉÇ ¿ áñáᯐ áñå»ë µ¨»é ÁÝïñ³Í A Ï»ïÇ
VA ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ûÕ³ÏÇ Ñ»ï ÙdzëÇÝ ³Û¹ µ¨»éÇ ßáõñçÁ B Ï»ïÇ
åïï³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅÙ³Ý VB A ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý í»Ïïáñ³Ï³Ý ·áõÙ³ñÇó`

VB = VA + VB A ,
áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ - ⊥O2B ⊥O1A ⊥AB
Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ - - + -
áñÇ Ù»ç ³ÝѳÛïÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ »ñÏáõëÝ »Ý` VB ¨ VB A ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ
Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ÈáõÍ»Ýù ³Ûë ѳí³ë³ñáõÙÁ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ
û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ: Î³Ù³Û³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñí³Í p µ¨»éÇó (ÝÏ.2.3) ï³Ý»Ýù
pa ⊥ O1A-ÇÝ í»ÏïáñÁ (å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í 1 -áí), áñÝ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÙ ¿
A Ï»ïÇ VA ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÁ£ Üñ³ ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷Á ÁÝïñíáõÙ ¿
ϳٳ۳ϳÝ, »ÉÝ»Éáí ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ
ѳïϳóí³Í ï»Õ³Ù³ëÇ ã³÷»ñÇó (ÝÏ.2.3-áõÙ pa = 20 ÙÙ): ÀÝïñ»Ýù
ϳéáõóíáÕ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ Ù³ëßï³µÁ`

13
 VA 0.25 Ù  í −1
V = = = 0.0125 :
pa 20 ÙÙ

ÜÏ.2.3
äɳÝÇ a Ï»ïÇó ï³Ý»Ýù áõÕճѳ۳ó AB¬ÇÝ (ù³ÝÇ áñ VB A ⊥ AB),
ÇëÏ p µ¨»éÇóª O2B¬ÇÝ ( VB ⊥ O2B)£ ¸ñ³Ýó ѳïÙ³Ý b Ï»ïÁ ÙdzÝ߳ݳÏ
ÏáñáßÇ VB ¨ VB A í»ÏïáñÝ»ñÇ pb ¨ ab ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý å³ïÏ»ñÝ»ñÁ,
áñáÝó áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ áñáßíáõÙ »Ý Áëï í»Ïïáñ³Ï³Ý ѳí³ë³ñÙ³Ý,
ÇëÏ Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁª
VB = pb  V = 28  0.0125 = 0.35 Ù/í,
VBA = ab  V = 19  0.0125 = 0.24 Ù/í:
ø³ÝÇ áñ ٻ˳ÝǽÙÇ ú1 ¨ ú2 Ï»ï»ñÝ ³Ýß³ñÅ »Ý, áõëïÇ
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ íñ³ ³Û¹ Ï»ï»ñÁ Ïå³ïÏ»ñí»Ý p µ¨»éáí:
ABC ß³ñųèÇÝ å³ïϳÝáÕ C Ï»ïÇ VC ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý í»ÏïáñÁ
åɳÝÇ íñ³ áñáß»Éáõ ѳٳñ ϳñáÕ »Ýù û·ïí»É ûÕ³ÏÇ ¨
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý å³ïÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ ÝÙ³ÝáõÃ-
ÛáõÝÇó£ ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ ab ѳïí³ÍÇ íñ³ å»ïù ¿
ϳéáõó»É ABC-ÇÝ ÝÙ³Ý abc, å³Ñå³Ý»Éáí ·³·³ÃÝ»ñÇ ÝáõÛݳÝáõÝ
ï³é»ñÇ ÁÝûñóÙ³Ý Ñ³çáñ¹³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, b Ï»ïÇó
ï³Ý»Ýù BC¬ÇÝ áõÕճѳ۳ó ÙÇ áõÕÇÕ, ÇëÏ a Ï»ïÇó` AC-ÇÝ: ²Û¹
áõÕÇÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ïÙ³Ý c Ï»ïÁ ÙdzóÝ»Éáí åɳÝÇ p µ¨»éÇÝ Ïëï³Ý³Ýù
VC ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý í»ÏïáñÇ pc ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷Á: л勉µ³ñ`
VC = pc  V = 30  0.0125 = 0.375 Ù/í:
ø³ÝÇ áñ BD ×á׳ÉͳÏÇÝ å³ïϳÝáÕ D Ï»ïÁ ·ïÝíáõÙ ¿ BO2 ·ÍÇ
ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³, áõëïÇ Áëï ÝÙ³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ûï³ÝÇßÇ ³ñ³·áõ-
ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ d Ï»ïÁ å»ïù ¿ ·ïÝíÇ pb ·ÍÇ ß³ñáõݳÏáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³,
ÇëÏ VD ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý pd ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý å³ïÏ»ñÇ ã³÷Á ÏáñáßíÇ
O2B / O2D = pb / pd,
14
å³ÛÙ³ÝÇó, áñï»ÕÇó
pd = O2D  pb / O2B = 17  28 / 40 = 12 ÙÙ:
D Ï»ïÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÏÉÇÝÇ`
VD = pd V = 12  0.0125 = 0.15 Ù/í:
àõÕÕ³·ÇÍ Ñ³ÙÁÝóó ß³ñÅáõ٠ϳï³ñáÕ ëáÕ³ÝÇ E Ï»ïÇ VE
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÁ ½áõ·³Ñ»é ¿ X−X áõÕÕáñ¹ÇÝ: Üñ³ Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáß»Éáõ
ѳٳñ û·ïí»Ýù ѳñà ߳ñÅáõ٠ϳï³ñáÕ DE ß³ñÅ³Ã¨Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ
ϳ½Ùí³Í Ñ»ï¨Û³É ѳí³ë³ñáõÙÇó`
VE = VD + VE D
áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ - x−x + ⊥ ED
Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ - - + -
²Ûë ѳí³ë³ñáõÙÁ ÉáõÍ»Éáõ ѳٳñ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ d Ï»-
ïÇó ï³Ý»Ýù áõÕճѳ۳ó ED-ÇÝ, ÇëÏ p µ¨»éÇó` ½áõ·³Ñ»é X−X
ÑáñǽáݳϳÝÇÝ: ¸ñ³Ýó ѳïÙ³Ý Ï»ïÁ ÏѳݹÇë³Ý³ e-Ý ¨
ÏáõݻݳÝù`
VE = pe  V = 10  0.0125= 0.125 Ù/í,
VED = ed  V = 4  0.0125 = 0.05 Ù/í:
àñáß»Ýù ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝ-
Ý»ñÁ`
2 = VBA / lAB = 0.24 / 0.09 = 2,6 í-1,
3 = VB / l O 2 B = 0.35 / 0.08 = 4,375 í-1,
4 = VED / lDE = 0.05 / 0.09 = 0.55 í-1:
¸ñ³Ýó áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ áñáßíáõÙ »Ý VB A , VB ¨ VE D
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í»ÏïáñÝ»ñÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ£ úñÇݳÏ, 2 ¬Ç
áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáß»Éáõ ѳٳñ VB A ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý ab í»ÏïáñÁ
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇó ÙïáíÇ ï»Õ³÷áË»Éáí ٻ˳ÝǽÙÇ B Ï»ïª
ï»ëÝáõÙ »Ýù, áñ AB ûÕ³ÏÇ åïáõÛïÁ A Ï»ïÇ ßáõñçÁ ï»ÕÇ ¿ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ
ųٳóáõÛóÇ ëɳùÇ åïïÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ѳϳé³Ï£
²ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¨
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝáí ëï³óí³Í ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ѳٻٳï»Éáõ
Ýå³ï³Ïáí í»ñçÇÝÝ»ñë µ»ñ»Ýù ³ÕÛáõë³ÏÇ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ
² ¨ ´ ïáÕ»ñ:

15
 VB VC VD VE 2 3 4
-1 -1
Ù.í í
² 0.365 0.375 0.16 0.13 2.5 5 0.6
´ 0.35 0.375 0.15 0.125 2.6 4.4 0.55

úñÇÝ³Ï 2: ػ˳ÝǽÙÇ Ï³éáõóí³Íù³ÛÇÝ ëË»Ù³Ý å³ïÏ»ñí³Í ¿

ÝÏ.2.4-áõÙ ¨ áñå»ë »É³Ï»ï³ÛÇÝ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñ ïñí³Í »Ý`
1 = 10 í-1,
 = 120,
a = 0.02 Ù,
b = 0.132 Ù,
lCE = 0.014 Ù,
lEQ = 0.04 Ù,
lTQ = 0.02 Ù,
lEM = 0.02 Ù,
lQM = 0.032 Ù,
lMN = 0.042 Ù:

ÜÏ.2.4

ػ˳ÝǽÙÇ ÏÇݻٳïÇÏ ë˻ٳÛÇ Ï³éáõóáõÙÁ

ÜÏ. 2.4-áõÙ å³ïÏ»ñí³Í ٻ˳ÝǽÙÇ ëË»Ù³Ý ï³ñµ»ñíáõÙ ¿

ÝÏ. 2.2-áõÙ ¹Çï³ñÏí³ÍÇó Ýñ³Ýáí, áñ ³Ûëï»Õ 4-5 ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇó
ϳ½Ùí³Í ϳéáõóí³Íù³ÛÇÝ ËáõÙµÁ Ùdzóí³Í ¿ 2 ß³ñųèÇÝ, ÇÝãÁ
³Ù»Ý¨ÇÝ ãÇ ÷áËáõÙ ûñÇÝ³Ï 1-áõÙ Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í ËݹñÇ ÉáõÍÙ³Ý
»Õ³Ý³ÏÁ:
ܳ˳å»ë ÁÝïñ»Éáíª

»ñϳñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëßï³µ³ÛÇÝ ·áñͳÏÇóÁ, áñáß»Ýù ÙÛáõë ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ

·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷»ñÁ`
EQ = lEQ / l = 0.04 / 0.001 = 40 ÙÙ,
TQ = lTQ / l = 0.02 / 0.001 = 20 ÙÙ,
EM = lEM / l = 0.02 / 0.001 = 20 ÙÙ,
QM = lQM / l = 0.032 / 0.001 = 32 ÙÙ,
MN = lMN / l = 0.042 / 0.001 = 42 ÙÙ,

16
 a·Í / l = 0.02 / 0.001 = 20 ÙÙ,
b·Í / l = 0.013 / 0.001 = 13 ÙÙ:
γٳ۳å»ë í»ñóí³Í C Ï»ïÇó áõÕÕ³·ÇÍ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ
ï»Õ³¹ñ»Ýù a·Í ã³÷Áª Ýß»Éáí T Ï»ïÁ ¨ áÁÕÕ³ÓÇ·Ç Ýϳïٳٵ
ϳéáõó»Ýù  = 120 ³ÝÏÛáõÝÁ, áñÇ ×³é³·³ÛÃÇ íñ³ CE ѳïí³ÍÇ
û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ëï³Ý³Ýù E Ï»ïÁ (ÝÏ. 2.5): E ¨ T Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÇó ·Í»Ýù

ÜÏ.2.5
ßñç³Ý³·Í³ÛÇÝ ³Õ»ÕÝ»ñ ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ EQ ¨ TQ
ß³é³íÇÕÝ»ñáí, áñáÝù Ïѳïí»Ý Q ¨ Q° Ï»ï»ñáõÙ (Q°-Á å³ïÏ»ñí³Í
ã¿): Q Ï»ïÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ å»ïù ¿ ³é³çÝáñ¹í»É ë˻ٳÛáõÙ T, Q
¨ E ï³é»ñÇ Å³ÙëɳùÇ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ ßñç³ÝóÙ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÇó: M Ï»ïÇ
¹ÇñùÁ áñáß»Éáõ ѳٳñ ϳéáõó»Ýù QEM-Á ѳÛïÝÇ EM ¨ QM
ÏáÕÙ»ñáí: àñáßí³Í M Ï»ïÇó ·Í»Ýù ßñç³Ý³·Í³ÛÇÝ ³Õ»Õ MN
ß³é³íÕáí, áñÁ X−X ÑáñǽáݳϳÝÁ ÏѳïÇ N ¨ N° Ï»ï»ñáõÙ (N°-Á
å³ïÏ»ñí³Í ã¿): öá˳ÝóÙ³Ý  ³ÝÏÛ³Ý Ýí³½³·áõÛÝÇ å³ÛÙ³ÝÇó
ÁÝïñíáõÙ ¿ N Ï»ïÁ:

²ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áñáßáõÙÁ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ

Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ
E Ï»ïÁ ϳï³ñáõÙ ¿ ѳí³ë³ñ³ã³÷ ßñç³Ý³·Í³ÛÇÝ ß³ñÅáõÙ 1
³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ùµ, ѻ勉µ³ñ Ýñ³ VE ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÁ
áõÕÕ³Ñ³Û³ó ¿ CE ß³é³íÕÇÝ ¨ áõÕÕí³Í ¿ 1 -áí å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í
17
áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ (ųÙëɳùÇ åïïÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ), ÇëÏ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý
Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáßíáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ï¨Û³É µ³Ý³Ó¨áíª
VE = 1  lCE = 10 0.014 = 0.14 Ù/í:
ػ˳ÝǽÙÇ EQM ß³ñųèÁ ϳï³ñáõÙ ¿ ѳñà ߳ñÅáõÙ,
ѻ勉µ³ñ Ýñ³ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ P2 Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ
áñáß»Éáõ ѳٳñ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ýñ³Ý å³ïϳÝáÕ Ï³Ù³Û³Ï³Ý »ñÏáõ
Ï»ï»ñÇ (¹Çóáõù E ¨ Q) ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ï³Ý»É
áõÕճѳ۳óÝ»ñ, áñáÝó ѳïÙ³Ý Ï»ïÁ ÏѳݹÇë³Ý³ P2-Á
(ï»ë ÝÏ.2.5): ºñµ 1 ¨ 2 ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ E ѳݷáõó³ÛÇÝ Ï»ïÁ å³ïϳÝáõÙ ¿
1 ßáõéïíÇÏÇÝ, ³å³ , ÇëÏ »ñµ ³ÛÝ å³ïϳÝáõÙ ¿ 2
ß³ñųèÇݪ : ²ÛëåÇëáí`

 4.375 í-1:

2 -Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ѳÙÁÝÏÝáõÙ ¿ P2 Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ ßáõñçÁ E Ï»ïÇ

VE ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý í»ÏïáñÇ Ñݳñ³íáñ åïáõÛïÇ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï: 2-ñ¹
ûÕ³ÏÁ ųٳݳÏÇ ïíÛ³É å³ÑÇÝ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ ¿ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ
åïï³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙ P2 Ï»ïÇ ßáõñçÁ 2 ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ùµ,
ѻ勉µ³ñ Ýñ³Ý å³ïϳÝáÕ Q ¨ M Ï»ï»ñÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ
Ïáñáßí»Ý Ñ»ï¨Û³É µ³Ý³Ó¨»ñáí`
VQ = 2  l P2Q = 2  (P2Q) l = 4.375  30  0.001 = 0.13 Ù/í,
VM = 2  l P2M = 2  (P2M) l = 4.375  41  0.001 = 0.18 Ù/í:

VQ ¨ VM í»ÏïáñÝ»ñÝ áõÕճѳ۳ó »Ý ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ

P2Q ¨ P2M ѳïí³ÍÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ áõÕÕí³Í »Ý 2 -áí å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í
áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ: TQ ×á׳ÉͳÏÇ 3 ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý
áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáßíáõÙ ¿ ³ñ¹»Ý ѳÛïÝÇ VQ -Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ, ÇëÏ
Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ`
3 = VQ / lTQ= 0.13 / 0.02 = 6.5 í-1:
MN ß³ñųèÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ϳï³ñáõÙ ¿ ѳñà ߳ñÅáõÙ, áõëïÇ Ýñ³
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏÝóñóÛÇÝ P4 Ï»ïñáÝÇ áñáßÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ
³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ 4-ñ¹ ûÕ³ÏÇÝ å³ïϳÝáÕ M ¨ N Ï»ï»ñÇó ï³Ý»É
áõÕճѳ۳óÝ»ñ ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ VM ¨ VN í»ÏïáñÝ»ñÇÝ:
ø³ÝÇ áñ N-Á ѳݷáõó³ÛÇÝ Ï»ï ¿ 4-ñ¹ ¨ 5-ñ¹ ûÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ, ÇëÏ

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í»ñçÇÝëª ëáÕݳÏÁ ϳï³ñáõÙ ¿ áõÕÕ³·ÇÍ Ñ³ÙÁÝóó ß³ñÅáõÙ X−X
ÑáñǽáݳϳÝÇ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ, ѻ勉µ³ñ VN // X−X-ÇÝ:
ºñµ M  2-ñ¹ ûÕ³ÏÇÝ  VM = 2  l P2M ,
»ñµ M  4-ñ¹ ûÕ³ÏÇÝ  VM = 4  l P4M ,

4  l P M = 2  l P M 
4 2
8.18 í-1:

гٳӳÛÝ VM í»ÏïáñÇ áñáßíáõÙ ¿ 4 -Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ (M Ï»ïÇ

åïáõÛïÁ P4-Ç ßáõñçÁ ϳï³ñíáõÙ ¿ 4 -Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ), ÇëÏ Áëï 4 -Ç
×ßïíáõÙ ¿ VN -Ç áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ:
MN ß³ñųèÇÝ å³ïϳÝáÕ N Ï»ïÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ
ÏáñáßíÇ Ñ»ï¨Û³É µ³Ý³Ó¨áíª
VN = 4 l P4N = 4  (P4N)  l = 8.18 50  0.001 = 0.41 Ù/í:
ºÃ» áõÕճѳ۳óÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ïáõÙáí áñáßíáÕ P2 ϳ٠P4 Ï»ï»ñÁ
·Í³·ñÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ã»Ý ëï³óíáõÙ, ³å³ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ û·ïí»É
ëÇÝáõëÝ»ñÇ Ã»áñ»ÙÇó, ϳ½Ùí³Í ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ P2EQ ¨
P4MN »é³ÝÏÛáõÝÇÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ (ï»ë ûñÇÝ³Ï 1-Á):

²ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áñáßáõÙÁ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ

QEM ß³ñųèÁ ϳï³ñáõÙ ¿ ѳñà ߳ñÅáõÙ: àñå»ë åïáõÛïÇ
µ¨»é ÁÝïñ»Éáí E Ï»ïÁ, Q Ï»ïÇ VQ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ϳ½Ù»Ýù
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï³åÝ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáÕ í»Ïïáñ³Ï³Ý ѳí³ë³ñáõÙÁ`
VQ = VE + VQ E ,
áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ - ⊥TQ ⊥CE ⊥QE
Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ - - + -
Ðաí³ë³ñáõÙÁ ÉáõÍ»Ýù ·ñ³ýÇÏáñ»Ýª ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ
û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ: ܳ˳å»ë ÁÝïñ»Éáí ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ
Ù³ëßï³µÁ`
V 0.14 Ù  í −1
V = E = = 0.01 ,
pe 14 ÙÙ
Áñï»Õ pe ѳïí³ÍÁ ÁÝïñíáõÙ ¿ Ï³Ù³Û³Ï³Ý (E Ï»ïÇ ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý
·ñ³ýÇÏ³Ï³Ý ã³÷Ý ¿): Î³Ù³Û³Ï³Ý ÁÝïñí³Í p µ¨»éÇó (ÝÏ.2.6)

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ï³Ý»Ýù pe ⊥ CE-ÇÝ í»ÏïáñÁ (å³Ûٳݳíáñí³Í 1 ¬áí): äɳÝÇ e
Ï»ïÇó ï³Ý»Ýù áõÕճѳ۳ó EQ-ÇÝ (ѳٳӳÛÝ VQ E ⊥ QE å³ÛÙ³ÝÇ),
áñÁ ѳï»Ýù p µ¨»éÇó TQ-ÇÝ ï³ñí³Í áõÕճѳ۳óÇ Ñ»ï ( VQ ⊥ TQ):

ÜÏ.2.6
²Û¹ áõÕճѳ۳óÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ïÙ³Ý q Ï»ïÁ ÙdzÝß³Ý³Ï ÏáñáßÇ VQ E ¨ VQ
í»ÏïáñÝ»ñÇ qe ¨ pq ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷»ñÁ, áñáÝó áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ
áñáßíáõÙ »Ý Áëï í»Ïïáñ³Ï³Ý ѳí³ë³ñÙ³Ý, ÇëÏ Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁª
VQE = eq  V = 25  0.01 = 0.25 Ù/í,
VQ = pq  V = 18  0.01 = 0.18 Ù/í:
ø³ÝÇ áñ M Ï»ïÁ å³ïϳÝáõÙ ¿ QEM ß³ñųèÇÝ, áõëïÇ Ýñ³ VM
³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý í»ÏïáñÁ åɳÝÇ íñ³ áñáß»Éáõ ѳٳñ ( pm ) û·ïí»Ýù
ûÕ³ÏÇ ¨ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý å³ïÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ
ÝÙ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÇó£ ²ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ eq ѳïí³ÍÇ íñ³ ϳéáõó»Ýù
EQM-ÇÝ ÝÙ³Ý eqmª å³Ñå³Ý»Éáí ·³·³ÃÝ»ñÇ ÝáõÛݳÝáõÝ ï³é»ñÇ
ÁÝûñóÙ³Ý Ñ³çáñ¹³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: öáËáõÕճѳ۳ó ÏáÕÙ»ñáí
»é³ÝÏÛ³Ý Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ q Ï»ïÇó ï³Ý»Ýù QM¬ÇÝ áõÕճѳ۳ó
áõÕÇÕ, áñÁ ѳï»Ýù e Ï»ïÇó ME-ÇÝ ï³ñí³Í áõÕճѳ۳óÇ Ñ»ï:
¸ñ³Ýó ѳïÙ³Ý m Ï»ïÁ ÙdzóÝ»Éáí p µ¨»éÇݪ Ïëï³Ý³Ýù VM
³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý í»ÏïáñÇ pm ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷Á, áñï»ÕÇó`
VM = pm  V = 27  0.01 = 0.27 Ù/í:
гñà ߳ñÅáõ٠ϳï³ñáÕ MN ß³ñÅ³Ã¨Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ áñå»ë åïáõÛïÇ
µ¨»é ÁÝïñ»Éáí M Ï»ïÁ, Ýñ³ N Ï»ïÇ VN ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý áñáßÙ³Ý
ѳٳñ ϳ½Ù»Ýù Ñ»ï¨Û³É ѳí³ë³ñáõÙÁ`

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 VN = VM + VN M
áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ - x−x + ⊥ NM
Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ - - + -
²ÝѳÛï ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ·Í³·ñ³Ï³Ý ã³÷»ñÇ áñáßÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇ m Ï»ïÇó ï³Ý»Ýù áõÕճѳ۳ó MN-ÇÝ, ÇëÏ p
µ¨»éÇó` ½áõ·³Ñ»é X−X ÑáñǽáݳϳÝÇÝ: ¸ñ³Ýó ѳïÙ³Ý Ï»ïÁ
ÏѳݹÇë³Ý³ n-Á ¨ ÏáõݻݳÝù`
VN = pn  V = 62  0.01 = 0.62 Ù/í,
VNM = mn  V = 52  0.01 = 0.52 Ù/í:
úÕ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏÛáõݳÛÇÝ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ïáñáßí»Ý Ñ»ï¨Û³É
µ³Ý³Ó¨»ñÇó`
2 = VQE / lEQ = 0.25 / 0.06 = 4.16 í-1,
3 = VQ / lTQ = 0.18 / 0.03 = 6 í-1,
4 = VNM / lMN = 0.52 / 0.065 = 8 í-1,
ÇëÏ áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ áñáßíáõÙ »Ý ѳٳå³ï³ë˳ݳµ³ñ VQ E , VQ ¨
VN M ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í»ÏïáñÝ»ñÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ£ ¸Çóáõù, 4 ¬Ç
áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáß»Éáõ ѳٳñ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ VN M ³ñ³·áõÃÛ³Ý m n
í»ÏïáñÁ ³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ åɳÝÇó ÙïáíÇ ï»Õ³÷áË»É Ù»Ë³ÝǽÙÇ N
Ï»ïª Ïï»ëÝ»Ýù, áñ MN ûÕ³ÏÇ åïáõÛïÁ M Ï»ïÇ ßáõñçÁ ï»ÕÇ ¿
áõÝ»Ýáõ٠ųÙëɳùÇ åïïÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ѳϳé³Ï£
ÊݹñÇ ÉáõÍÙ³Ý í»ñÁ µ»ñí³Í »ñÏáõ »Õ³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáí áñáÝ»ÉÇ
³ñ³·áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù»ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½»ï»Õí³Í »Ý ëïáñ¨ µ»ñí³Í
³ÕÛáõë³ÏáõÙ:
VQ VM VN VE 2 3 4
-1 -1
Ù.í í
³.³.Ï. 0.18 0.26 0.62 0.16 4 6 7.87
åÉ³Ý 0.18 0.27 0.62 0.16 4.16 6 8

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