Groups Project

Harshit

November 2022
 Groups

Defn :LetA ̸= ϕ and * be an operation on it .

We say that < A, ∗ > is a group iff < A, ∗ > satisfies the following
1. Closure ie. a, b ∈ A → a ∗ b → A.
2. Assosiative Law ie. (a ∗ b) ∗ c = a ∗ (b ∗ c)∀a, b, c ∈ A.
3. Existence of Identity ie. ∃e ∈ A such that
a ∗ e = e ∗ a = a∀a ∈ A.
4. Existence of inverse ie. < A, ∗ > has an identity e and
∀a ∈ A, ∃a−1 ∈ A such that
a ∗ a−1 = a−1 ∗ a = e.
 SubGroups

Defn : Let < A, ∗ > be a group.

Let B ⊂ A.
We say that B is a subgroup of A written as B ≤ A iff < B, ∗ > is
a group.
ie.
1. a, b ∈ B =⇒ a ∗ b ∈ B.
2. The identity e of < A, ∗ > lies in B. ie e ∈ B.
3. For each a ∈ B, theinversea−1 of a in < A, ∗ > lies in B.
ie. a∈ B =⇒ a−1 ∈ B.
 DihedralGroups

Example : Consider the case of an equilateral triangle , the group

of symmetries of an equilateral triangle under the operation-
function composition forms a group . It’s a dihedral group of
order3.