SSRN Id4354568

AIRLINE TICKET ONLINE RESERVATION
SYSTEM
BY:
Ubaid Ur Rehman
Rahim Ullah
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE WARI (DIR UPPER), KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA
PAKISTAN
2022
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4354568

AIRLINE TICKET ONLINE RESERVATION
SYSTEM
Submitted by:
Ubaid Ur Rehman
Rahim Ullah
Supervised by:
Dr. Saeed Ullah Jan

Asstt Prof of Computer Science
Govt Degree College Wari (Dir Upper)
A thesis submitted to the department of Computer Science Govt Degree College

Wari Dir Upper as a partial fulfillment of the Shaheed Benazir Bhutto
University, Sheringal Dir Upper, for the award of Degree of BS (4-Year)
Computer Science.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE WARI (DIR UPPER), KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA
PAKISTAN
Session 2018-22
ii

Certificate of Approval
This is to certify that the project presented in this thesis/report, entitled "Airline
Ticket Online Reservation System," was conducted by Ubaid Ur Rehman and Rahim
Ullah under the supervision of Dr. Saeed Ullah Jan; no part of it has been submitted
anywhere else for any other degree. This work is submitted to the Government Degree
College Wari (Dir Upper), affiliated with Shaheed BB University Sheringal Dir Upper, which
is a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BS (4-year) Computer Science.
Name1: Ubaid Ur Rehman Signature: ______________

Roll No. 7220
Name2: Rahim Ullah Signature: ______________

Roll No. 8829
a) External Examiner 1: ______________________ Signature: ______________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
b) Internal Examiner: _________________________ Signature: ______________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
QEC Focal Person Signature: _______________

Govt Degree College Wari (Dir Upper)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
iii

Dedication
We dedicate this entire work to our most beloved
Parents and Teachers whose prayers and support
enabled us to complete our BS degree with the
successful completion of this project.
All our success today is due to them.
iv

Acknowledgments
First and foremost, we must thank ALLAH, The Most Beneficent and The
Most Merciful, for giving me the ability, strength, and determination to do BS (4-
Year) Computer Science at this prestigious institution.
After that, we would like to thank our supervisor Dr. Saeed Ullah Jan, for
his help and guidance throughout this project. And also, we would like to thank our
beloved parents and family who have pushed us forward, given us mental and
academic support, and, most importantly, helped us reach our goal.
Ubaid Ur Rehman
Rahim Ullah

Table of Contents
Certificate of Approval .......................................................................................................................... iii
Dedication .............................................................................................................................................. iv
Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................... v
Project in Brief ....................................................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 11
1.2 Problem statement ................................................................................................................. 12
1.3 Existing system ..................................................................................................................... 12
1.4 Proposed system.................................................................................................................... 12
1.5 Aims of project ..................................................................................................................... 13
1.6 Objectives of project ............................................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER – 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 15
2.1 Review ........................................................................................................................................ 15
2.2 Internet resources ........................................................................................................................ 16
2.3 Internet search engine ................................................................................................................. 17
2.4 Travel agencies ........................................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER – 3 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 20
3.2 Population ................................................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Physical data collection............................................................................................................... 21
3.4 Software used in project.............................................................................................................. 21
3.4.1 HTML .................................................................................................................................. 22
3.4.2 CSS with Bootstrap .............................................................................................................. 22
3.4.3 JavaScript ............................................................................................................................. 23
3.4.4 Python with Django ............................................................................................................. 23
3.5 Tools for development ................................................................................................................ 23
3.5.1 Visual Studio Code ....................................................................................................... 24
3.5.2 PyCharm ....................................................................................................................... 24
3.5.3 Window power shell ..................................................................................................... 24
3.5.4 Google chrome .............................................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER – 4 DESIGNING................................................................................................................ 26
4.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 26
4.2 Home Page .................................................................................................................................. 26
4.3 Book Ticket Page ........................................................................................................................ 29
4.4 My Ticket Page ........................................................................................................................... 29
4.5 Login Page .................................................................................................................................. 30
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CHAPTER – 5 IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................................. 31
5.1 Project folder opening ................................................................................................................. 31
5.2 Open project ................................................................................................................................ 31
5.3 Run project .................................................................................................................................. 32
5.4 Database ...................................................................................................................................... 33
5.5 Some basic Database terminologies ............................................................................................ 33
5.6 Physical database design ............................................................................................................. 33
5.7 physical database design ............................................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER – 6 TESTING ..................................................................................................................... 35
6.1 Testing......................................................................................................................................... 35
6.1.1 White Box Testing ............................................................................................................... 35
6.1.2 Black Box Testing................................................................................................................ 35
6.1.3 Gray Box Testing ................................................................................................................. 35
6.2 Testing levels .............................................................................................................................. 36
6.2.1 Unit Testing ......................................................................................................................... 36
6.2.2 Integration Testing ............................................................................................................... 36
6.2.3 System Testing ..................................................................................................................... 36
6.2.4 Acceptance Testing .............................................................................................................. 37
6.3 System Testing and Component Testing .................................................................................... 37
6.3.1 User validation ..................................................................................................................... 37
6.3.2 Booking verification .......................................................................................................... 38
6.3.3 Radio button testing ............................................................................................................. 39
Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 40
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 41
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 4.2.1 HOME PAGE ………………………………………………………….…. 27
FIGURE 4.2.2 HOME PAGE ……………………………………………………….……. 28
FIGURE 4.2.3 HOME PAGE …………………………………….………………………. 29
FIGURE 4.2.4 HOME PAGE ………………………………………….…………………. 30
FIGURE 4.3 BOOKING PAGE ……………………………………………………………. 31
FIGURE 4.4 MY TICKET PAGE ……………………………………………………….…. 32
FIGURE 4.5 LOGIN PAGE ………………………………………….…………………… 33
FIGURE 5.1 OPEN FOLDER ………………………………………….…………………... 34
FIGURE 5.2 PROJECT OPEN …………………………………….….….…………….…. 35
FIGURE 5.3 PROJECT RUNNING……………………………….………………………... 36
FIGURE 6.1 USER VALIDATION ………………………………………………………... 42
FIGURE 6.2 BOOKING VERIFICATION ………………………………………………... 43
FIGURE 6.3 RADIO BUTTON …………………………….……………………………... 44
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PROJECT IN BRIEF
This project (Airline Ticket Online Reservation System) encourages the reservation of
online air tickets for an ordinary passenger intending to travel on airways as it holds flight
plans, passage levies, traveler reservations, cargo reservations, and ticket records. It saves
time and is consequently generated by the server. Admin is the main authority who can do an
expansion, cancellation, and change of flights if required.
The primary motivation behind this Airline Reservation software is to lessen the
manual mistake associated with the airline reservation process and make it convenient for the
client to use for various purposes, for example, seeing different flights available with varying
timings for a specific date and booking a ticket, change or drop a particular reservation and
can also make cargo reservation. It guarantees the opportunity for users, where clients in their
system can log on to this site after giving us some details on the registration form and can do
the previously mentioned tasks. In this system only, enrolled users can do the above errands.
In this system, the whole work is done online, and a printed ticket archive is likewise given to
the traveler after reservation. Admin regularly manages and regularly updates the system with
the latest information about flights and seat availability and timings.
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ABSTRACT
The airline ticket booking system we are proposing provides total freedom for
passengers, where the passenger can use his personal computer to log on to the website and
book his ticket. The airline ticket booking system allows only registered users or passengers
to reserve flight tickets, view flight timings and cancel their flight tickets.
The airline ticket booking system will work online, and tickets with some transaction
id are also generated for passengers as a print document. After that, passengers can contact
their queries and suggestions through a feedback form.

CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The world has seen the greatest technology boom in the last fifty years, with
innovations in every field made possible today to make human life easier and more
comfortable. The airline industry has become one of the most sophisticated and fascinating
industries today. The airline industry has made the dream of flying humans a reality in less
than a century. Today, millions of people pass every day. This has strengthened the
economies of places and the people and cultures connected. The advancement in technology
has led to tremendous advances in the airline ticket reservation system over the years. Online
ticket booking is one of the many features of e-commerce. More people are flying than ever,
and the easy online ticket-purchasing system is one of the significant contributors to the
increase in the number of passengers using air travel. Today, to book a plane ticket anywhere
in the world, all one has to do is log on to the airline's web address (sometimes other websites
that search for the best flights for the customer), search, and buy. Check-in can also be done
online at many major airlines, and the boarding pass can be printed directly before going to
the airport. The air ticket booking system we offer guarantees complete freedom to the
passenger, where the passenger can use his personal computer to log into the website and
book his ticket. The air ticket booking system only allows registered users or passengers to
book air tickets, view flight schedules and cancel their air tickets. The air ticket booking
system will work online, and a key with a transaction ID is also generated for passengers as a
printed document. After that, passengers can contact their questions and suggestions through
a feedback form.
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1.2 Problem statement
Many travel agencies and airlines launched their travel services on the Web today. They
told the press that they provide online services that allow people to check airline availability
and flight schedules and make reservations and purchases of airline tickets themselves. The
service on the Web was based on the concept that clients could be their travel agents. Many
airlines judged their web pages successful based on the number of contacts or "hits" they
received. Our project sought to take his concept further in evaluating the Web page.
1.3 Existing system
Traditionally, people buy an airline ticket through a travel agent or airline company, most
using a phone or a personal visit. There are some limitations in the existing system, which are
the following:
 Time-consuming.
 Manual work (manually going to the airport and booking the ticket)
 Downloading the key in the documented form to fill in the requirements and then
submitting it to the airport
 Possibility of losing data
 Lack of security
 Difficulties in maintaining records
 Although there were online approaches, they were not wholly online and user
friendly (passengers may not have enough freedom, Like, cannot get the latest updates
about flights or at the end of the online process)
1.4 Proposed system
The proposed system allows an airline ticket to be reserved and purchased over the
Internet. That meant that wherever you could access the Internet, you could get travel
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services that you used to get only from a travel agent or airline salesperson. In our system,
you will have the option to check the availability of airlines, and flight schedules, book and
buy plane tickets and make a decision based on the information presented on the computer
screen.
1.5 Aims of the project
The project aims to design and implement software that helps the Airline System
employees issue reservation tickets for various Air flights, maintain multiple passengers'
records, and provide quick services to the passengers.
The aims include:
 To maintain consistency among different access modes, e.g., by phone, WebWeb, at
the information desk, and other physical locations.
 To minimize repetitive work done by the system administrator and reservation clerks.
 To maintain customer information in case of emergency.
 To Increase awareness among frequent travelers about various special offers and
discounts.
 To minimize the number of vacant seats on a flight and maximize flight capacity
utilization.
 To maintain the capability to adopt a flexible pricing policy.
1.6 Objectives of the project
The objective of the Airline Reservation System is to make online the Reservation
and Ticketing System processes that will solve the issues in the existing system.
Some primary objectives of the project are as follows:
 To save time and accuracy in work.
 To make a system simple and easy to manage
 To do complex functions automatically
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 To make the system speedier, adaptable, flexible, and more accurate than the current
system
 To provide many ticket reservations and cancellation services in a short time.
 To lessen the chances of error.
 To guarantee that ticket reservation is simple, easy, and user-friendly use for clients.
 To keep the information from unauthorized use.
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CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Topics reviewed included: Internet and travel resources, Internet search engines,
Internet and security issues, travel agencies and the Internet, and the convenience dimension
of using the Internet browser. Sources included industry periodicals, newspapers, online
documents, and those related to computing and new technologies. Textbook reviews
included authors Bob E. Hayes, James A. Fitzsimmons, David W. Howell, John Dupuy,
Warren Ernst, Gerald K. Capwell, Barry P. Resnick, and others.
2.1 Review
The history of airline reservation systems began in the late 1950s when American
Airlines required a plan that would allow real-time access to flight details in all its offices and
the Integration and automation of its booking and ticketing processes. As a result, Saber
(Semi-Automated Business Research Environment) was developed and released in 1964 (C.
Winston, 1995). Saber's breakthrough was its ability to maintain the correct inventory in real-
time, accessible to agents. Worldwide. Before this, manual systems required centralized
reservation centers, groups of people in a room with physical cards representing inventory, in
this case, seats on airplanes.
In the Airline Deregulation Act, the deregulation of the airline industry meant that
airlines, which had previously operated under government-set tariffs that ensured airlines at
least broke even, now needed to improve efficiencies to compete in a free market [1]. The
ARS and its descendants became vital to the travel industry in this deregulated environment.
In the early days of American commercial aviation, passengers were relatively few, and the
Civil Aeronautics Board strictly regulated the routes and fares of each airline. These were
15

published in a volume entitled The Official Airline Guide, from which travel agents or
consumers could build an itinerary, then call or telex airline staff, who would mark the
reservation on a card and file it. As the demand for air travel increased and schedules became
more complex, this process became impractical. This system was used in the hospitality
industry.
In 1946, American Airlines installed the first automated reservation system, the
experimental electromechanical booking. A newer temporary storage machine based on a
magnetic drum soon followed, the Magnetron Reservoir [2]. This system proved successful
and was quickly used by several airlines and Sheraton hotels, and Good year for inventory
control. It was severely hampered by the need for local human operators to do the actual
searches; ticketing agents would have to call a booking office, whose operators would lead a
small team that would operate the Booker and then read the results over the phone. There was
no way for agents to query the system directly.
The Airline Reservation System (Arsanjani) was one of the first changes to improve
efficiency. ARS eventually became the Computer Reservation System (CRS). A computer
reservation system is used for reservations for a particular airline and interfaces with a global
distribution system (GDS) that helps travel agencies and other distribution channels make
reservations for most major airlines in a single system.
2.2 Internet resources
Today there are many travel sites on the Internet. Traditional Mass Markets, the press,
radio, and television were defined and limited by time and space constraints and sometimes
by editors and programmers suggested by Mr. Jeff Arcel of Applied Information Services,
Co. on the 26th Travel and Tourism Administration (TRA) annual conference in Mexico. On
the other hand, the Internet is interactive, not limited by time or space, and is defined by the
user. All users need is a modem and a PC or Macintosh. Given these advantages, people in
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the travel industry are increasingly putting their resources on the Internet. Possible positive
impacts of the WebWeb on the travel industry shortly, revealed by Mr. Arcel, are a
decentralized distribution platform, low barriers to entry, and ease of use and development.
Other impacts include the ability to present information on demand and possible Integration
with various computer applications employed by travel providers. The last impact that Mr.
Arcel addressed was the ability to reach a mass market of consumers and businesses with
desirable demographics.
Internet travel information comes in many forms, such as discussion groups,
newsgroups, the Web, and Gopher. In addition, they are offered on many other servers such
as The World Wide Web, America Online, CompuServe, and prodigy.
The Internet World Wide Web has more travel information than all significant online
services combined. This is because any person, be it a tourism agency or a travel agency, can
launch their home pages on the Internet whenever they want. Although the users need to be
connected to an online service to access the Internet, the rate is cheaper than subscription fees
for primary online business services. America Online offers the most detailed and critical
travel information among the top three online services.
2.3 Internet search engine
The Internet is growing at such a rapid rate that it is impossible to find something
specific. Important sites and resources are published weekly on the Web, daily, or even
hourly. Internet browsing tools such as Netscape and Mosaic also bring many new users to
the Internet every day. Nevertheless, back about two years ago, there still needed to be an
efficient method to index all the Websites. This caused the browser to get lost once they
accessed the network quickly. Although some netizens could reach the correct website, they
found it challenging to find a particular item.
17

There are two types of Internet browsing: browsing and research. The first is more
accessible than the second. Surfing points to something from a broader perspective. The
surfers play around with the Net for a while, and in the end, they may find something
interesting. Research, however, is more like mining. Although it requires considerable effort
on the user's part, the result can be of great value if he uses a suitable tool to investigate.
There are two basic strategies in the world of search engines. First, there are extensive
Web documents databases such as Alta Vista and WebCrawler. Second, there are topically
organized sites like Yahoo. There is no fixed rule as to which type is better. It's it all depends
on the users. If they know exactly what they want to find but need to know where it is, they
must use a large database search engine. However, topic-oriented search engines would be
better if you only have one rough idea of a topic.
2.4 Travel agencies
Currently, travel agencies publish their web pages on the Internet, which allows
people to check the availability of airlines and book and buy airline tickets. Although these
sites provide a service similar to live travel agents, they still need to replace them due to some
limitations, such as financial issues. However, if all problem areas are eliminated, Internet
services will increasingly compete with travel agency services. Most airline landing pages are
linked to SABER or Apollo reservation computer systems. They are the two largest networks
on earth as well as in cyberspace. Some airlines also try to offer this type of service on the
Internet to circumvent travel agent papers. However, most airline pages have a similar
limitation. They allow users to book and purchase airline tickets on their private airlines.
Therefore, travel agency home pages still have advantages over Airline landing pages.
Travelers can view flight options by the hour, price, airline, on-time, and the fewest
connections; select a business, economy, or first-class seat; specify an aisle or window seat.
The opportunity to choose meals on board is also available, enter frequent flyer numbers to
18

ensure they earn mileage awards, and enter other requests or special needs. The Internet
Travel Network and the Go-Explore home page are two good examples of travel agency
home pages. Both provide free airline information for travelers on the Internet World Wide
Web.
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CHAPTER – 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overview
This study was carried out from the present perspective. It used descriptive research to
reveal the similarities and differences in convenience between selected travel sites that travel
agencies and airlines offer on the Internet. Data was collected through firsthand experience
and observation. The collected data will be presented in a table specially developed for this
survey and then converted into graphs. Finally, they were correlated through the analysis
process. The methodology presented in this chapter consisted of population and sample
identification, instrumentation, construction of convenience criteria, data collection period,
and method of analysis.
3.2 Population
The population for this study consisted of all the home pages of travel agencies and
airlines on the Internet. However, only those who met the pre-established minimum service
requirements were included in the study. These requirements were:
a.) A particular homepage had to provide real-time airline flight schedules and availability
and booking and purchasing airline tickets from more than one airline online.
b.) A particular home page had to be searchable through the Internet's significant and popular
search engines. (Based on the literature review, three search engines were widely accepted as
the top three search tools available today. They were Infoseek, Lycos, and Yahoo.)
c.) A particular home page had to provide the specified service for free.
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These criteria were used because this study targeted the convenience of booking and
purchasing an airline ticket with online travel agents. Suppose customers needed help to
receive such essential services as checking flight times and availability interactively from a
particular online travel agency. In that case, that agency must include the top convenience
factor in this survey. Furthermore, if customers could not use the major and popular search
engines to locate a particular travel agency website, a transaction or even a contact would not
occur. Finally, travel agencies typically did not charge customers fees for their service; they
accused the airlines. Therefore, websites of travel agencies and airlines that do not meet any
of these requirements would be discarded
3.3 Physical data collection
The systematic process of gathering observations and information for the proposed
system is known as data collection. For our system, we collected data about different tourist
spots and residential places. This data is about the location and weather of the tourist spots,
hotels near to spot, costs of hotels, and all other relative information.
3.4 Software used in
the project
We use the following computer programming languages for system development in
this project.
1. HTML
2. CSS with Bootstrap
3. JavaScript
4. Python (Django)
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3.4.1 HTML
Hypertext Markup Language is what HTML stands for. It's a well-liked markup
language for building websites. It allows the creation and structuring of sections, paragraphs,
and links by utilizing HTML components such as tags and attributes.
• The preferred markup language for building Web pages is HTML.
• HTML explains how a Web page is put together.
• numerous parts make up HTML.
• HTML elements tell browsers how to display content.
There are numerous uses for HTML, including:
• Making a website. Developers use HTML code to regulate how web browsers display
elements like text, hyperlinks, and buttons.[6]
3.4.2 CSS with Bootstrap
Cascading Style Sheets is what they're called. To specify how an HTML or XML
document is presented (including XML dialects like SVG, MathML, or XHTML), Cascading
Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language. CSS specifies how items should be displayed in
different media, such as speech, paper, screens, and other media.
According to W3C recommendations, CSS is one of the core languages of the open WebWeb
and is supported by all major web browsers. The most current proposals could be versioned
because the CSS specification was previously produced synchronously.CSS1, CSS2.1, and
CSS3 may be familiar to you. CSS4 was never formally adopted, however.
CSS saves a lot of labor by describing how HTML elements should be rendered on screens,
paper, or other media. Multiple web page layouts can be managed simultaneously by it.
External stylesheets are kept in CSS files.
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A suite of free and open-source tools called Bootstrap is used to build responsive websites
and online apps. The framework is the most popular combination of JavaScript, HTML, and
CSS for making responsive, mobile-first websites.[5]
3.4.3 JavaScript
The programming language known as JavaScript, or JS, is one of the building blocks
of the Web, along with HTML and CSS. Programmers worldwide use JavaScript to make
dynamic and interactive internet applications and browsers. JavaScript is the world's most
widely used programming language, accounting for 97.0% of all websites that use it as a
client-side programming language.[8]
3.4.4 Python with Django
Python is an open-source (free) programming language for numerous scientific
applications, including web development, data research, and artificial intelligence.[9]
Python web framework with advanced features Rapid development and clean, practical
design are encouraged by Django. It was developed by seasoned programmers and takes care
of a lot of the hassle involved with web development, allowing you to concentrate on creating
your app rather than creating something from scratch. It is open source, and free Django is
used for logic construction and back-end development.[9]
3.5 Tools for development
We use the following tools in the development process.
3.5.1 Visual Studio Code
3.5.2 PyCharm
3.5.3 Window power shell
3.5.4 Google chrome
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3.5.1 Visual Studio Code
Microsoft created Visual Studio Code, generally known as VS Code, a source-code
editor for Windows, Linux, and macOS. Debugging support, syntax highlighting, intelligent
code completion, samples, source code, and embedded Git are a few of the features. On Pc,
mac, and Unix, Visual Studio Code is a quick and efficient source code editor. A robust
ecosystem of extensions for additional languages and runtimes (such as C++, C#, Java,
Python, PHP, Go, and . NET) is available in addition to built-in support for JavaScript,
TypeScript, and Node.js.[1]
3.5.2 PyCharm
A Python-specific Development Environment (IDE) called PyCharm offers many
crucial tools for Python programmers. These programmers provide a valuable environment
for Python, WebWeb, and data science development.[3]
3.5.3 Window power shell
Active Directory and Exchange are just two of the many processes in the Windows
ecosystem that may be automated with the help of Windows PowerShell, a potent tool for
simplifying configuration and automating tasks. It should come as no surprise that sysadmins
and knowledgeable Windows users find it to be a helpful tool. The capable Windows
PowerShell program for task automation and configuration simplification can automate
practically any Windows ecosystem process, including active directory and exchange. It
should come as no surprise that sysadmins and knowledgeable Windows users find it to be a
helpful tool.[4]
3.5.4 Google chrome
The open-source Google Chrome browser is used to browse the Internet and run web-
based applications. The open-source Chromium project is the foundation for the Google
Chrome web browser. The 2008 edition of Google Chrome features regular updates.[3]
24

25

CHAPTER – 4
DESIGNING
4.1 Overview
An initial focus should be put on how the website will look and function for users
before developing the website structure. Designing a user interface is one of the development
process's most creative and challenging aspects. Users will see the user interface as it appears
on the computer screen.
In interface design, by employing a set of design principles, we can create a way to
develop a means by which a person can effectively communicate with a computer.
Identifying a user, task, and environmental requirements is the first step in designing the user
interface. User interfaces for websites should be prepared to make them easy to use, easy to
understand, and friendly to the user. Users and the system should be able to interact with our
site via a top-quality interface. We aim to produce consistent results on our website.
As the user interface was designed, we considered that a non-technical person would
operate the system with little to no technical expertise. Due to this, the user interface has been
designed to make it as easy and fast as possible to input data.
4.2 Home Page
This is the website's main page; from this page, we can access every page by clicking
the button at the top. There are many of contents on this page including information about us,
the best places, the best airlines and the footer part shown in the following figures.
26

Figure 4.2.1 Home Page
27

28

4.3 Book Ticket Page
On this page, a passenger can book their airline ticket by filling out and submitting the
form, as shown in the figure.
Figure 4.3 Booking Page

4.4 My Ticket Page
On this page, passengers can view and check their tickets, which they booked from
the book ticket page.
Figure 4.4 My Ticket Page
29

4.5 Login Page
The website admin can enter the dashboard by entering a username and password.
Figure 4.5 Login Page-
30

CHAPTER – 5
IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Project folder opening
To run this project, we 1st open the project folder in Microsoft Visual Studio, as
shown in the figure.
Figure 5.1 Open Folder
5.2 Open the project
To open the project, we use the command cd, write the project name, and then press
the enter button to enter the project folder as shown in the figure.
31

Figure 5.2 Project open
5.3 Run the project
We use the command python manage.py to run the project, run the server, and press
enter. After pressing the enter button, a URL is generated; we copy this URL and paste it into
any browser, e.g., Chrome or Firefox.
Figure 5.3 Project running.
32

5.4 Database
A database is a well-organized collection of information that is accessible and
preserved electronically. Large databases are kept on computer clusters or in the cloud,
whereas small databases can be kept on a file system. Any data can be stored, maintained,
and accessed using databases. They gather data on individuals, locations, or objects. It is
collected in one place where it is visible and can be looked at. One way to think of databases
is as an orderly collection of data.
5.5 Some basic Database terminologies
Query
 A command that gets information from the server is a query.
 Table (relation, file, class)
 It is a set of connected data divided into rows and columns.
 Article (field, attribute)
The smallest unit of storage in a relational database is a column. A column represents
one piece of data about an object. There is a name as well as a data type for every column.
Grouping columns create rows and tables into rows.
 Row (record, tuple)
 A row is a collection of values from a single column. The rows of a table all have the
same shape (in other words, every row is composed of the same set of columns).
5.6 Physical database design
For our website's database, we used the SQLite3 system. In the C programming
language, SQLite is a database engine. It is a library that software designers incorporate into
their apps rather than a stand-alone application. As a result, it is a member of the embedded
databases family.
33

5.7 physical database design
Details about your data include all the crucial fields and characteristics of the
information you're saving. Each model typically corresponds to a single database table.
Once the models are defined, we must inform Django that we intend to use them. You can do
this by updating the settings file and adding the name of the module containing your
models.py to the INSTALLED APPS parameter. The set of database fields a model describes
is the most crucial and the sole element that must be present. Class characteristics specify the
fields. Tables are used for models in the Django framework.
34

CHAPTER – 6
TESTING
6.1 Testing
Software testing is a process for assessing a software product's compliance with
requirements and accuracy. It involves manually or dynamically running application
components to determine one or more exciting attributes. The goal of software testing is to
identify flaws, gaps, or unfulfilled needs compared to written requirements. We put our
program through its paces. The three types of testing that we provide are listed below.
6.1.1 White Box Testing
The software's interior structure, design, coding, and inner workings are examined
through the software evaluation technique known as "white box testing." Developers use this
testing technique to validate the program's inputs and outputs, improving usability and design
while increasing security. This test was used to evaluate our application.
6.1.2 Black Box Testing
Black box testing is a method for implementing a prototype application's functioning
without having access to its internal workings, implementation details, or underlying
organization. Black Box Testing focuses on the input and output of software programs
entirely dependent on the software's requirements and specifications. Also known as
behavioral testing.
6.1.3 Gray Box Testing
The term "grey box testing" refers to a method of software testing that only partially
understands the internal mechanism of an application or software product being tested. Grey
35

box testing seeks for and identifies faults brought on by improper software usage or code
composition.
o White Box testing uses a known internal structure (code).
o Internal structure (code) is unknown in Black Box testing
o Internal system (code) is only partially known in Grey Box Testing.
6.2 Testing levels
Tests are categorized together based on their stage in the SDLC or even the level of
information they include. Unit testing, Integration and system testing, system testing, and
acceptance testing are the primary testing levels. Software testing is organized using testing
levels, making it simple to locate all prospective test cases at every level.
6.2.1 Unit Testing
The smallest part of a system or program that can be tested, loaded, compiled, and
executed is known as a unit. This kind of testing enables the testing of each module. The goal
of dividing the software is to test each component independently. It establishes if a team is
working correctly or not. Programmers are those who perform this type of testing.
6.2.2 Integration Testing
To integrate means to combine. Several software modules are joined and tested as a
group during this testing step to ensure that the integrated system is ready for system testing.
Integrating testing investigates how data moves between components. Testers carry out this
type of testing. All of our software's modules and data flows have been tested.
6.2.3 System Testing
For system testing, a fully integrated system is used. It allows for the verification that
the system meets the requirements. It assesses how the components interact as a whole. Load,
performance, dependability, and security testing are required. System testing is frequently the
36

final test to ensure that the system meets the requirements. It evaluates the functional and
non-functional requirements of the testing. Our software has been thoroughly tested, and its
practical and non-functional components are flawless.
6.2.4 Acceptance Testing
Acceptance testing assesses whether a contract's requirements or terms have been
fulfilled before the product's delivery. Users or customers carry out acceptance testing. This
procedure, however, may entail additional stockholders. Our program has been tested, and no
problems have been discovered.
6.3 System Testing and Component Testing
System testing entails executing an integrated test on the complete system while
integrating two or more system components about the system's functionality. Internet
Explorer 8, Google Chrome version 47.6, and Opera 35.0 were used to test the software. The
software was also tested on WAMP server version 2.5, Windows OS, Mac OS, and both.
Component testing, commonly referred to as module testing, examines the functionality of a
system's constituent parts. Finding flaws in a system's modules or components helps ensure
that all deficiencies in the individual pieces are identified and can be fixed. Component
testing is crucial since it aids in the discovery of bugs.
6.3.1 User validation
The user validation page is displayed in Figure 6.1. When a user attempts to log in to
the system but enters the erroneous username or password, the system warns them with the
message "Invalid Username or Password" and provides them another chance to enter the
correct information before returning them to the system's dashboard.
37

Figure 6.1 User Validation
6.3.2 Booking verification
Figure 6.2 depicts the booking verification following a user's successful completion of
the required information entry in the boxes. If all fields are correctly filled in, the system
books the ticket for the passenger and redirects to my ticket page.
Figure 6.2 Booking verification
38

6.3.3 Radio button testing
Figure 6.3 shows that if the one-way radio button is checked, the returning date field
is hidden. It means that when a passenger needs to book a one-way ticket, there is no need for
a return date.
Figure 6.3 Radio button
39

CONCLUSIONS
The world has moved into the age of Internet technology. Even mundane tasks like
paying bills, shopping, and booking vacations are becoming more often done online. The
airline industry took advantage of the rise of the Internet to development of the airline
reservation system (ARS), which has now become a Computer Reservation System (CRS).
Using CRS technology nowadays, booking flights online through the company's or third
parties' websites is easily possible. It is expected that the CRS, with functionalities such as
online booking and check-in, will be used by the vast majority of the world's airlines in the
following years. Competition between airlines, lower rates over the years, and the availability
and accessibility of flight deals have increased the number of people flying. Today, airline
websites provide all kinds of facilities, such as tour packages, accommodation services,
airport transfer, car rental, and 3D illustrations through websites and images of destinations.
These features and the convenience of booking from home make online flight booking very
attractive to customers.
Undoubtedly, the online flight booking system is here to stay. Though only areas of
the world with high-speed connection and internet accessibility are the largest customers of
this system today, the reach of the Internet in the world is growing fast. It can be expected not
only from the airline industries but also from other travel and tourism industries to add even
more features and strengthen the online reservation system and other services. Internet
security and limited customers from only the developed side of the world are currently the
most significant overall challenges. But since various research and results show that the
airline business has boomed after the introduction of the online flight reservation system, it is
almost sure that there will be further development and improvement on the already easy-to-
use online system of most airlines today with the rapid growth of technology.
40

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] S. U. Jan, I. A. Abbasi, F. Algarni and A. S. Khan, "A Verifiably Secure ECC Based
Authentication Scheme for Securing IoD Using FANET," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 95321-
95343, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3204271.
[2] S. U. Jan, I. A. Abbasi and M. A. Alqarni, "LMAS-SHS: A Lightweight Mutual Authentication
Scheme for Smart Home Surveillance," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 52791-52803, 2022, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3174558.
[3] S. U. Jan, I. A. Abbasi and F. Algarni, "A Key Agreement Scheme for IoD Deployment Civilian
Drone," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 149311-149321, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3124510.
[4] S. U. Jan and H. U. Khan, "Identity and Aggregate Signature-Based Authentication Protocol for
IoD Deployment Military Drone," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 130247-130263, 2021, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3110804.
[5] S. U. Jan, F. Qayum and H. U. Khan, "Design and Analysis of Lightweight Authentication
Protocol for Securing IoD," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 69287-69306, 2021, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3076692.
[6] Jan, S.U., Ali, S., Abbasi, I.A., Mosleh, M.A., Alsanad, A. and Khattak, H., 2021. Secure patient
authentication framework in the healthcare system using wireless medical sensor networks. Journal
of Healthcare Engineering, 2021.
[7] Jan, S.U. and Qayum, F., 2020. Mitigating the desynchronisation attack in a multiserver
environment. IET Communications, 14(13), pp.2210-2221.
[8] Jan, S.U., Abbasi, I.A. and Algarni, F., 2022. A mutual authentication and cross verification
protocol for securing Internet-of-Drones (IoD). Computers, Materials & Continua, 72(3), pp.5845-
5869.
[9] Jan, D. and Ullah, S., 2020. SIP Issues and Challenges–A Scalable Three Factor Authentication
Scheme. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 39(2), pp.287-309.
[10] Jan, S.U. and Qayum, F., 2020. An authentication scheme for distributed computing
environment. International Journal of Information and Computer Security, 13(2), pp.227-248.
[11] Khan, N., Zhang, J. and Jan, S.U., 2022. A robust and privacy-preserving anonymous user
authentication scheme for public cloud server. Security and Communication Networks, 2022.
[12] S. U. Jan, and F. Qayum, “A Robust Authentication Scheme for Client-Server Architecture with
Provable Security Analysis,” NCT, vol. 3(1), pp. 06-26, 2018. DOI: 10.5539/nct.v3n1p6.
[13] S. U. Jan, “An Improved Forest Fire Alerting System using Wireless Sensor Network,” Advances
in Networks, vol. 6(1), pp. 21-39, 2018.
[14] S. U. Jan, and F. Qayum, et al., “An Improved Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Authentication
Scheme for SIP-Based-VoIP Using Smart Card,” JSEIS, vol. 2(3), pp. 264-279, 2017.
[15] S. U. Jan, “Education in the Age of Technology: Contrasting Fortunes”, Science Journal of
Education, vol. 6(2), pp. 55-70, 2018. DOI: 10.11648/j.sjedu.20180602.13.
[16] M. Alam, Saeed Ullah Jan, and A. Zeb “Gender Wise Distribution of Income Using L-
Moments Method,” Journal of Communication, Society and Media, vol. 2(1), 2019.
DOI: 10.22158/csm.v2n1p29.
[17] M. Salim, and Saeed Ullah Jan, "British Interest in the Subcontinent and the Immediate Transfer of
Power", Athens Journal of History, vol. 5(1), pp. 53-66, 2019.
[18] A. Ghani, A. Badshah, and Saeed Ullah Jan et al., “Issues and challenges in cloud storage
architecture: a survey,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.06809, 2020.
[19] R. Afzaal, K. Adnan, S. U. Jan and A. B. A. Ali, "Implementation of Smart Card for Promoting
Higher Education in the Developing World," 2022 2nd International Conference on Computing
and Information Technology (ICCIT), 2022, pp. 254-259. DOI:
10.1109/ICCIT52419.2022.9711547.
[20] S. U. Jan, “An Improved Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for SIP-Based-
VoIP Using Smart Card,” Anchor Academic Publishing, Germany, MPhil Thesis, University of
Malakand, Pakistan, 128 Pages, 2017, ISBN: 3960671288, 9783960671282.
[21] S. U. Jan, “An Introduction to Computing (For All BS Degree Programs Students and Beginners in
All Fields),” Lulu Publishing Inch. USA, 195 Pages, eBook, 2018, ISBN:978138755078.
41

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AIRLINE TICKET ONLINE RESERVATION

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4354568

Dr. Saeed Ullah Jan

A thesis submitted to the department of Computer Science Govt Degree College

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4354568

Name1: Ubaid Ur Rehman Signature: ______________

Name2: Rahim Ullah Signature: ______________

a) External Examiner 1: ______________________ Signature: ______________

b) Internal Examiner: _________________________ Signature: ______________

QEC Focal Person Signature: _______________

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4354568

We dedicate this entire work to our most beloved

Parents and Teachers whose prayers and support

enabled us to complete our BS degree with the

successful completion of this project.

All our success today is due to them.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4354568

Year) Computer Science at this prestigious institution.

academic support, and, most importantly, helped us reach our goal.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4354568

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4354568

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FIGURE 4.2.2 HOME PAGE ……………………………………………………….……. 28

FIGURE 4.2.3 HOME PAGE …………………………………….………………………. 29

FIGURE 4.2.4 HOME PAGE ………………………………………….…………………. 30

FIGURE 4.3 BOOKING PAGE ……………………………………………………………. 31

FIGURE 4.4 MY TICKET PAGE ……………………………………………………….…. 32

FIGURE 4.5 LOGIN PAGE ………………………………………….…………………… 33

FIGURE 5.1 OPEN FOLDER ………………………………………….…………………... 34

FIGURE 5.2 PROJECT OPEN …………………………………….….….…………….…. 35

FIGURE 5.3 PROJECT RUNNING……………………………….………………………... 36

FIGURE 6.1 USER VALIDATION ………………………………………………………... 42

FIGURE 6.2 BOOKING VERIFICATION ………………………………………………... 43

FIGURE 6.3 RADIO BUTTON …………………………….……………………………... 44

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expansion, cancellation, and change of flights if required.

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their queries and suggestions through a feedback form.

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1.3 Existing system

submitting it to the airport

 Possibility of losing data

 Difficulties in maintaining records

about flights or at the end of the online process)

1.4 Proposed system

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1.5 Aims of the project

records, and provide quick services to the passengers.

The aims include:

 To maintain consistency among different access modes, e.g., by phone, WebWeb, at

the information desk, and other physical locations.

 To maintain customer information in case of emergency.

 To maintain the capability to adopt a flexible pricing policy.

1.6 Objectives of the project

Some primary objectives of the project are as follows:

 To save time and accuracy in work.

 To make a system simple and easy to manage

 To do complex functions automatically

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a) External Examiner 1: ________ Signature:

b) Internal Examiner: ___________ Signature: