Use of Organometallic compounds in homogenous catalysis

Name:Marem Rana
Roll Number:205-PHD-2021
Topic:Use of Organometallic compounds in homogenous catalysis
Submitted to:Dr.Muhammad Altaf
Subject:Organometallic Transition Metallic Chemistry
Department:Chemistry
Use of Organometallic compounds in homogenous catalysis
Introduction
Organometallic compounds are defined as the compounds having carbon to metal
single sigma bond which is partially polarized as the word organometallic is the
combination of organic chemistry backbone which is carbon with the metallic part. In
this combination as metal is electropositive in nature got partial positive charge and
due to pulling of metal electron toward itself carbon got partial negative charge. So
organometallic chemistry is the branch of chemistry which include the study of
organometallic compounds which are the chemical compounds having at least one
chemical bond between carbon atom from an organic compound and metal including
alkaline ,Alkali,transition or sometime metalloids in it.
Organometallic compounds with some inorganic fragments
Organometallic compounds usually having some organic fragments many time they
may include Bond bonds with inorganic carbon like compounds for example carbon
monoxide in the form of metal carbonyls, cyanides in the form of metal cyanide,
carbides in the form of metal carbides are also included in organometallic chemistry.
Oregano metallic chemistry is the the marvelous combination of of traditional
inorganic and organic chemistry.
Organic metallic compounds are utilised in both industrial as well as chemical
research reactions and their role is is widely accepted as a catalyst to increase the rate
of reactions so due to their catalytic properties they are widely used in homogeneous
catalysis where the target molecule might be some pharmaceutical compounds or
biological molecules or polymers as well.
Homogenous catalysis
Catalyst catalyzed reactions in which reactants and products catalyst all are present in
same phase is known as homogeneous catalysis. It can be referred to a catalyzes in a
solution where it it utilizes a soluble catalyst as well. Homogeneous catalysis is a
technology with the help of which production of of many important chemical such as
acetic acid,water gas and carbenes become possible on ndustrial scale with low cost.
Catalysers play a major role in the development of of modern era environment
friendly chemicals on synthetic scale. Success of of organic metallic chemistry is
hidden in the utilisation of transition metals in complexes by using them new
alternative derivatives which are cheap and less toxic could be manufactured.
Manganese Based Organometalic Compounds
This is a very important transition metal in this regard as it is having low safety
concern and due to its natural abundance as the third most transition metal in Earth
crust after iron and titanium and it is having great biocompatibility which enhance it
utilization in pharmaceutical industry due to all these factors manganese along with
copper are widely used in Europian and American medicine agency.Manganese
based organic metallic compounds are widely used in homogeneous catalysis due to
its vast scope in Mn intermediate bearing carbon manganese Mn-C and manganese
hydrogen Mn-H bond breakage and which may include Mn mediated oxidative
radical reactions or alkene telomerization or polymerization processes in which
several type of manganese catalysed reactions are utilised. This can be also used in
some namely manganese catalysed reactions like cross-coupling process or carbon
hydrogen bond activation or electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction etc.
Advantages and disadvantages
Some important advantages and disadvantages of using homogeneous catalysis are
given below.
Advantages
1.Homogeneous catalysis add more selective than heterogeneous catalyst reactions.
2. For the exothermic reactions in which heat is given out of the system the
homogeneous catalysis dump heat in the solvent which increase the productive output.
3. Homogeneous catalysis reactions are easy to characterize.
4. As organic compounds are volatile so they can be easily separated from catalyst.
5. Binding sites of homogeneous catalyst are easily accessible
6.Homogeneous catalyzes reactions mechanism are more understandable to rational
manipulation.
7.Advantages of homogeneous catalysis may also include the tuning of catalyst for
chemoselectivity, regioselectivity and invention selectivity.
Disadvantages
1. Separation of homogeneous catalyst is very difficult from product s.
2. Due to high activity the catalyst is not removed from the products.
3. Homogeneous catalyst have limited thermal stability as compared to heterogeneous
catalyst.
4. Homogeneous catalyst degrade on temperature less than 100°C on the other hand
some acid based catalyst can be operated above 200°C.
Experimental work
Hydroformylation of 1-octene
This method include hydroformylation which is the incorporation of hydrogen and
carbon monoxide of long chain alkanes specifically in this method we used one
octane in the presence of of rhodium phosphine catalyst which yield Aldehydes both
in linear and branched form Which readily utilised for the sensors of soap detergents
and many plasticizers as well.

Rhodium based organometallic catalyst

Rhodium based catalyst are usually very effective under mild conditions of about
100°C temperature and 25 bar pressure. It give us a good activity and selectivity about
80 to 90% to desired linear product on the other hand similar productivity would be
achieved on industrial scale by using similar cobalt catalyst with some hard conditions
about 200°C and hundred bar pressure which give poor selectivity of linear product.
Super critical fluid-ionic liquid biphasic system
This method is an alternative way to extract our desired product from ionic liquids
with some type of organic solvent to combine with ionic liquids with those of
supercritical fluid full stops supercritical carbon dioxide has been used with some
miscible ionic liquids and this mixture is easily used for the the extraction of many
organic compounds. The ionic catalyst dissolve in ionic liquid stirred in reactor for
stop the substrate which is our long chain alkene for the hydroformylation and carbon
monoxide and hydrogen with supercritical carbon dioxide are passed into a reactor
separately and then mixed this reactor utilising the mixing of of reactants and flow of
products which are dissolve in supercritical carbon dioxide which is further
compressed to release products and excess carbon monoxide and hydrogen which is
no more incorporated in long-chain alkene is trapped in supercritical carbon dioxide.
This method requires no separation of product from solvent.

Manganese catalysed cross coupling process

Application of manganese based complexes in cross coupling was the success of
organometallic chemistry in which coupling of alkene I lithium reagent on the spot
generated by using alkenyl iodide and butyl lithium to give respected conjugated
dienes with high yield and marvellous selectivity. This reaction was simply utilising
MnCl2 or MnBr2 but for the convenience fee utilisation of manganate complex
MnCl2.2LICl was preferred which was readily soluble in in organic solvent.
Mechanism of this reaction
This include the formation of tri manganate(ll)anoin with -1 charge which further
react with alkyl iodide which is generated solution to form Mn(lV) for intermediate
which undergo homolytic cleavage of Mn-R bond to form by nuclear Mn(lll) speci
which further break by and turned into bimetallic reductive elimination leading
formation of targeted diene.

Application
Applications of organometallic compounds in homogeneous catalysis.
Homogeneous catalysis is the success story of organometallic chemistry it is very
important research area in catalysis group this catalysis group lead by professor Tilset
which mainly focus on the characterization, synthesis and testing of metal complexes
(organometallic compounds). Their main focus was on developing and understanding
new reaction mechanism catalytic as well as non stoichiometric.
Focus of organometallic and catalysis group
The main focus of organometallic and homogeneouscatalysis group is on two problem
which are overlapping side by side:
1. Processes of Catalysis of industrial level.
C-H activation of hydrocarbons in feedstock of petroleum and natural gas is the main
process of catalysis on industrial large scale.
2. Catalysis of small scale processes
which may include the the fine chemical and advanced organic compound synthesis.
Which include a vast range of latest methodologies which are used in research like
organic synthesis,metal complexes synthesis,XRD, computational studies and much
more.
C-H activation with Platinum
Platinum is a noble and expensive metal very famous in ornaments. Platinum
complexes are very stable at room temperature readily react with strong carbon
hydrogen bond in hydrocarbons under mild condition result in the activation of C-H
Bond in hydrocarbons.

Rhodium catalysis
Rhodium is also a rare and expensive metal values in automotive engines it is a very
efficient kind of catalyst used on industrial scale catalytic processes such as
production of acetic acid from ethanol, hydroformylation of olefins etc below given
rhodium catalyst is very efficient and selective for the synthesis of three membered
ring cyclopropane. Such rings are important structures substructures in many natural
products, pharmaceutical reagents perfumes and many more. For the the successful
development of rhodium catalyst and come with complete characterization include
many more methodologies from organic and organometallic synthesis which includes
spectroscopic structure determination spectroscopic mechanic stick studies catalytic
test reactions,XRD,single crystal x-ray crystallography structure determination and
many more.
Gold chemistry and catalysis
Gold is one of the precious and noble metal which is chemically unreactive. However
II gold is found in many forms like salt nanoparticle or complexes which give us a
wide range of efficient catalyst. Carbon hydrogen bond activation is achieved by
using gold catalyst.

Conclusion
References