LA3NET Workshop ILT Aachen 2013 LoosenOptics Design1

LA3Net Workshop, ILT 2013
TW2: Laser technology and optics design
General optics design

V:\A991\2004\VORTRAG\VORLESUNG_TOS_I\03_Strahlenoptik\Strahlenoptik.ppt
Peter Loosen
• Survey
• paraxial optics
• Seidel aberrations
• diffraction
• combination of diffraction and aberration theory
Seite 1
TOS 1 – 0 (Einführung)
Optics and optical systems with lasers
fibre and
laser-
fibre
medium
coupling
V:\A991\2004\VORTRAG\VORLESUNG_TOS_I\00_Einfuehrung\Introduction.ppt
resonator- beam shaping

mirrors
optical elements in lasers

• laser medium, pump optics beam
• resonator optics, beam shaping and focussing
correction optics and shaping
• optical elements for frequency conversion
optical elements for laser applications
• fiber coupling optics, beam propagation optics
• focusing optics, beam shaping systems
Seite 2
Survey, Topics
Lower limit of beam

diameter due to
diffraction at aberrations, diffraction
lens aperture
fundamentals of
ray
imaging lens(systems): Tracing
ideal/
paraxial ray
aberated
propagation
Seite 3
Wave optics, ray optics and combinations
Wave-optics wave equation Beam optics
paraxial theory NF >> 1

Integral solution: differential solution:

Fresnel-Huygens wave equation SVE-
Integral aproximation
ray optics
diffraction at an Gauß-Mode and Ray-

aperture higer order modes Tracing
Seidel
aberration-
theory
homogeneous beam: Gauß-Mode with

Airy-disc Airy-rings
Gauß-Beam, Airy-Disc with

lens aberrations
Seite 4
Optical path length Lopt
B B
Lopt  c0   dt   n x, y ds
A A
B
c0
n( x, y )  Index of refraction
A v ( x, y )
y
n(x,y)
x
L
n=1.5 Lopt   n  ds  n  L
" " " " "
0
A B geometrical distance: 50mm
" " " "
" " " optical distance (@ n=1,5): 75mm
" "
" " (pass-through time is 50% longer)
50
Seite 5
Fermat´s Principle
B An optical ray between two point A

L opt   n  ds and B always follwos a path, along
A which the optical path Lopt (resp. the
travel time T) takes an minimum

 Min (compared to closely paths nearby)
B
1
T 
c0 A
n  ds
 Min
Seite 6
Refractive surface für ideal imaging
Fermat: all optical paths

y
from 0  0‘ are equal:
n  l1  n'l1'  n  l 2  n'l 2 P(y, z)
 const . I1 I1‘
n  y ²  z²  n' y ²  (l2  l2 'z )² I2 S I2‘ O‘

O z
 const.
n n‘
Equation of a cartesian
rotation-oval
Seite 7
„Real“ imaging systems

„Disadvatages “ of • aberration-free imaging only for a
ideal cartesian single point, with extended surfaces
surfaces strong aberrations
(Hyberboloide, …)
• surfaces are hard to manufacture
• precision requirements are high
Systems in practical use • spherical surfaces:

• manufacturing is simple and precise
• But no aberrations-free imaging, even
not for single points
• aberration compensation by
combination of surfaces and lens
materials
Seite 8
Refraction at a spherically curved surface

One single
spherically curved 
surface between ´
media with n and n‘,
h r
Small angle 
 ´
approximation O´
O S Q
s s´
n´
n
n 1 n  1
Relation between s and s`:  
s' s r
Seite 9
Paraxial equation for the thin lens

1 1 1 1 nL " n=1
  (nL  1)   " "
s' s  r1 r2  r1
z
"
z‘
"
s " r2 "
s‘
1 1 1 "
 (nL  1)   "
f  r1 r2 
"
dünne Linse: d  0
„Lens maker formula“ d
"
" "
alternative formulation with r1
curvature K of phase fronts : "
"
1 1 " r2 "
K= K'= "
f´
s s'
1 "nL "
K - K'=
f d
Seite 10
Extension of paraxial optics

• paraxial optics („first
order optics,“, „Gaußian
optics“) describes the
imaging by optical
elements with ideal
imaging properties
• all beams from every sin()   Paraxial optics
object point are striking
3 3. order optics
exactly in the related  (Seidel optics)
image points 3!
5  7 numerical ray-
• extension to Seidel    ...
aberration optics and to 5! 7! tracing („all terms
ray-tracing of the Taylor
expansion“ )
Seite 11
Aberrations of non-paraxial optics

Paraxial optics:
• all object beams are concentrated per
definition in perfect image points
• For lenses with shperical surfaces only

valid for paraxial beams (sin  )
Real (non-paraxial) optics:

• beam direction has to be calculated at
every surface with either the exact or a
more accurate refractive law (ray-tracing,
Spherical surfaces: Seidel-theory)
K=0, C=1/R • this procedure gives the aberrations of the
optical system
Seite 12
Optical path difference (OPD)

• an ideal paraxial system
creates a perfect spherical OPD
wave front at the exit, which
reale
Wellenfront
perfectly converges into a ideale sphärische
point Wellenfront
• a real optical system creates a

distorted wave front with
deviations from the iodeal OPD/  PVMax (OPD)
spherical reference wave
(OPD, wave front aberrations) x, y
Rayleigh-criterion: a system is ray-optically perfect,

if PVMax (OPD) ≤ /4 (only limited by diffraction)
Seite 13
Seidel aberrations: coordinate system

y
• Expression of the OPD x
(or “q”) in the
coordinates for a
rotational symmetric 
optical system with  y´
spherical surfaces Image
optical plane
• power series expansion y system
of the OPD Entrance
• use of the Seidel Object- pupil
approximations plane
y 
y´
Seite 14
Seidel aberration terms

q(y´,,) = C020 · 2 defokussing
+ C111 · y´ ·  · cos  tilt
+ C040 · 4 spherical aberration

+ C131 · y´ · 3 · cos  coma
+ C222 · y´ ² · 2 · cos²  astigmatism
+ C220 · y´ ² · 2 image field curvature
+ C311 · y´ ³ ·  · cos  distortion
+ … (higher terms)
• all expansion terms are depending from object size and aperture
radius with different powers
• Reduction of aberrations at small object sizes and small apertures
Seite 15
Example of an OPD
• non-optimized single
lens
• entrance: oblique
parallel ray bunch
(30°)
• OPD behind the last
refracting surface
• PV = 388 Waves
Seite 16
Examples of pure Seidel-terms (1/2)

C040 · 4
spherical
aberration)
y    sin C131 · y´ · 3 · cos

2  x2  y2 coma)
q(y´,,) =
C040 · 4 sph. Aberration
+ C131 · y´ · 3 · cos  Koma
C222 · y´² · 2 · cos²
+ C222 · y´ ² · 2 · cos²  Astigmatismus
(astigmatism)
+ C220 · y´ ² · 2 Bildfeldwölbung
Seite 17
+ C311 · y´ ³ ·  · cos  Verzeichnung

Examples of pure Seidel-terms (2/2)

C220 · y´² · 2
(image field curvature)
q(y´,,) =
C040 · 4 sph. Aberration
+ C131 · y´ · 3 · cos  Koma
C311 · y´3 ·  · cos
+ C222 · y´ ² · 2 · cos²  Astigmatismus
(distortion)
+ C220 · y´ ² · 2 Bildfeldwölbung
+ C311 · y´ ³ ·  · cos  Verzeichnung Seite 18
Examples of Seidel expansion coefficients

Singlet with 30° field angle OPD@Sf3
Sf2
Sf1
Sf3
Listing of Aberration Coefficient Data

Seidel Aberration Coefficients:
Surf SPHA C040 COMA C131 ASTI C222 FCUR C220 DIST C311
STO 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
2 0.028782 0.088388 0.271442 0.282752 1.701932
3 0.952040 -0.008754 0.184380 0.471253 -0.004334
Seite 19
Further discussion of Seidel theory
… and aberration coefficients

and methods to compensate aberrations within the Seidel theory

and ray-tracing calculations
are discussed in the next presentation, given by Martin Traub
In the following we will discuss diffraction and the physical

interpretation of the Rayleigh-criterion, which defines the limit for ray-
optical optimizations
Seite 20
Diffraction: slit and circular aperture
• plane Wave illuminates the
screen from the left side
V:\A991\2004\VORTRAG\VORLESUNG_TOS_I\07_Beugung_GaussStrahl\BeugungGaussStrahl.ppt
• screen openings: slit with

width D or circular
aperture with diameter D 2i
• pictures below show the
intensity distribution at large
distances L (NF<<1) L
circular slit aperture

aperture
Seite 21
Diffraction at slit and circular aperture: far-field I(x,y)
Ji – Bessel-function far-field intensity distribution:
order i
 2 J   
2
circle ( diameter D) :  S    0   1 
  
2
 sin  
slit (width D) : K    0   
  
1
   k  D  sin
2 J1  2

first null of S (circular aperture) at:

sin   
1
 k  D  sin  3,83 k  2 /  
 2

sin 1.Min  1.Min  1,22 
D
Seite 22
Far-field at the focus of a lens
• for the description of diffraction processes at optical systems it is
necessary to discuss, which diffraction pattern (near-field, far-field) is

generated by optical systems
• a convergent lens
transforms the far-field
diffraction pattern into  "
" f
the focal plane of the ""
lens: " "
"
• far-field (L, NF  0): " "
phase differences for "
"" x
elementary waves from " "
boundary and center goes ""
"
to zero, that is according "
" x
to Fermat´s principle given "
" sin   
in the focal plane of a lens " f
Seite 23
Minimum focal radius
aperture aberration-free
• focusing of a plane lens
wave with a "

paraxial
X1,Min
"
""
circular symmetric " "
"
focus
ideal paraxial lens D " "
"
""
" "
""
• superposition of "
"
"
"
focusing and "
" f
diffraction at lens
aperture
• due to diffraction the plane wave is not
focused to a point, but to a diffraction
pattern (Airy-disc)
x1.Min 
1.Min   1,22 
f D

x1.Min  1,22   f    f /#
D
Seite 24
Transition to beams with Gaußian intensity profiles
• in classical optics an homogenously filled aperture is a usefull
approximation to many practical setups

• in theses cases the discussed minimum focal radius is a valid
approximation
• when using laser beams however, it is more appropriate to calculate
the achievable focal radius on the basis of the laser modes, which are
typically used
• for the simplest case, a fundamental Gaussian beam is discussed in the
following
Seite 25
Gaussian beam
E r , z,t  w 0   r 2 
 exp      expi  t  T  L  beam radius:
E0 w  w  
 
phase- w  w 0  1  (z / zR )2
amplitude-
factor factor transvers. phase term:
r T = kr² / 2R
R(z) longitudinal phase term:

r f
L = kz – arctg (z/zR)
w0 radius of curvature of the
phase fronts:
z=0

R (z )  z  1  zR z 
2

zR Rayleigh-length:
waist
zR   w 02 
Seite 26
Transformation of a Gaussian beam with a paraxial lens
Brennweite f
1 1
K K' 
R zL   
R ' zL' zR "
""
" zR'
1 " "
K - K'  "
" "
"
f ""
paraxial lens equation " "
"
"" w´0
w0 "
"
"
R " R'
"
zL z´L
a Gaussion beam (w0, zR, R) is transformed with a paraxial lens into an

other Gaussion beam (w0', zR', R'):
… by transformation of the phase-front curvature K according to the
paraxial lens fromula
Seite 27
Focussing of a Gaussian beam
2wL
zR
2w0 2w0' = 2wf

f
z z'
w 02
wL  w 0 1  z zR  zR  z  f
2

2 f
w f ,Gauss   wMin 
 2w L f
w f ,Gauss  0,64    f 2w L w f ,Airy  1,22    f D

Seite 28
Focussing of a Gaussain beam
2wL 2wf
small beam diameter at lens
large focal length

 large focal radius
small focal length
 small focal radius
large beam diameter at lens due

to large object distance
large beam diameter at lens due
to lens system
2 f
wf   wL beam radius at focal lens
 2wL wf focal radius
Seite 29
Combination of beam- and diffraction optics
Mathematical complexity is increased from 1. – 4.
1. pure ray-optical description of the optical system and optimization

according to the Rayleigh-criterion:
PV(OPD) < /4
2. separate ray-optical calculation of the spherical aberration y and
diffractive optical calculation of the radius of the Gaussian beam w0;
„total beam“ diameter: R = y + w0
3. ray-optical calculation of the OPD of the optical system,
transformation into the exit pupil; diffraction of this amplitued and
phase distribution at the exit pupil, calculation of the focal spot
4. calculation of the full passage of the beam through the optical
system by means of the diffraction integral: diffraction between two
diffracting/reflecting surfaces, phase-front transformation at the
surfaces
Seite 30
Method #2: Gaussian beam with spherical aberration
500
2wL CO2-laser, =10,6 m
2wf f = 130 mm
"
""
" 400 KL = 0,25 ( ZnSe)
focus radius wf (m)

" "
" ""
"
""
" "
"
" "
"
300
"
"
" diffractiom-limited
"
Gaussian beam
200
spherical
aberration
 f
w f  100
approximation
wL
w L3
 KL  2
f 5 10 15 20
beam radius at lens wL (mm)
Seite 31
Method #3: diffraction with ray-optical OPD
• ray-optical calculation of
OPD lens system
the OPD of the full optical
system at the exit (red)
• transformation into the
exit pupil
• diffraction of the
intensity-/phase-
distribution at the exit
pupil
exit pupil
• calculation of the
intensity-/phase-
distribution in the focal
plane diffraction pattern
with aberrations
Seite 32
Airy-disk with aberrations
• lens with aberrations causes perfect
enlargement of the airy-disc paraxial
lens
• below PVOPD < /4 (Rayleigh-criterion)
the airy-disc is nearly unchanged:
„aberration-free imaging”
+ spherical aberration + coma + astigmatism
PVOPD ≈ 
Seite 33

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LA3Net Workshop, ILT 2013

TW2: Laser technology and optics design

General optics design

resonator- beam shaping

optical elements in lasers

Lower limit of beam

paraxial theory NF >> 1

Integral solution: differential solution:

diffraction at an Gauß-Mode and Ray-

homogeneous beam: Gauß-Mode with

Gauß-Beam, Airy-Disc with

B An optical ray between two point A

travel time T) takes an minimum

Refractive surface für ideal imaging

Fermat: all optical paths

n  l1  n'l1'  n  l 2  n'l 2 P(y, z)

n  y ²  z²  n' y ²  (l2  l2 'z )² I2 S I2‘ O‘

„Real“ imaging systems

Systems in practical use • spherical surfaces:

Refraction at a spherically curved surface

Paraxial equation for the thin lens

Extension of paraxial optics

Aberrations of non-paraxial optics

• For lenses with shperical surfaces only

Real (non-paraxial) optics:

Optical path difference (OPD)

• a real optical system creates a

Rayleigh-criterion: a system is ray-optically perfect,

Seidel aberrations: coordinate system

Seidel aberration terms

+ C040 · 4 spherical aberration

Examples of pure Seidel-terms (1/2)

y    sin C131 · y´ · 3 · cos

+ C311 · y´ ³ ·  · cos  Verzeichnung

Examples of pure Seidel-terms (2/2)

Examples of Seidel expansion coefficients

Listing of Aberration Coefficient Data

Further discussion of Seidel theory

… and aberration coefficients

and methods to compensate aberrations within the Seidel theory

In the following we will discuss diffraction and the physical

• screen openings: slit with

circular slit aperture

necessary to discuss, which diffraction pattern (near-field, far-field) is

wave with a "

approximation to many practical setups

R(z) longitudinal phase term:

a Gaussion beam (w0, zR, R) is transformed with a paraxial lens into an

2w0 2w0' = 2wf

w f ,Gauss  0,64    f 2w L w f ,Airy  1,22    f D

large focal length

large beam diameter at lens due

1. pure ray-optical description of the optical system and optimization

focus radius wf (m)

+ spherical aberration + coma + astigmatism

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