● Information giving — offering facts, providing
April 4 (Tuesday) information, stating opinions, and giving suggestion
NSTP 2
Group Dynamics the influence of personality, power, and
behavior on the group’s processes.
Formal groups — usually created to address persisting and
long-term objectives in the group environment. Informal
groups — emerge naturally in response to organizational or
member interests.
Advantages and disadvantages:
Group size: small groups may be overwhelmed by the
workload while, large groups are prone to conflict
Group skills and performance — groups must be created with
considerations to time, resources, and relations to other
groups.
Group diversity — groups must be balanced according to
tasks or objectives.
Stages of group development:
1. Forming occurs right after member assignment in a
group, members are preoccupied with familiarizing
themselves with the task and to other members of the
group.
2. Storming (counter-dependent stage) the most critical
stage in group development, as is this the so-called
“make-or-break” phase that determines whether the
group will be effective or not.
3. Norming the members start to resolve issues creating
conflict and begin to develop social agreements and
compromises.
4. Performing demonstrates that the group has sorted
out its social structure and understands its goals and
individual roles to be able to move forward in its
task/s.
5. Adjourning continued success in fulfilling its task/s,
the group will resort to some form of event that
includes rites and rituals.
Group functions
Task functions embody the primary reason as to why the
group is formed.
● Initiating — proposing of tasks/goals, and
suggestion of procedures that lead to a solution.
● Information seeking — requesting of facts, seek
relevant information, and asking for suggestions and
ideas.
and ideas.
● Clarification — interpretation of input, an indication
of possible alternatives to any issues, and giving
examples.
● Closure — summarization and conclusions.
● Consensus testing — checking for agreements and
trials to determine the group’s inclinations to specific
topics or problems.
Maintenance behavior addresses the need of the group for
social and emotional support to be consistently effective.
● Encouraging — showing regard for other members
and providing a positive response to their
contributions.
● Consensus creation — expressing group feelings,
sensing moods and relationships, and sharing
feelings.
● Harmonizing — reconciling differences and reducing
group tension.
● Compromising — reaching agreements to de-escalate
conflict via devised alternatives.
● Gatekeeping — attempts to keep communications
flowing, facilitating the participation of others, and
suggesting procedures for sharing discussion.
● Standard setting — reminding the group of norms,
rules, and roles.
Self-interest behavior is a negative function displayed by
individuals in the group that may undermine the group’s
success.
● Domination – disrespect for others, such as cutting
members off, not listening to their opinions, or
restating their information in a different meaning or
context.
● Blocking – act of stifling a line of thought and
steering a topic away from the intended point of view
or back to his/her interest.
● Manipulation — act of providing self-serving
information designed to achieve a decision consistent
to their station.
● Belittling — disregard of value for other members of
the group, usually through put-downs, sneering or
making jokes at the other members’ expense.
● Splitting hairs — nitpicking or searching of
incriminating but insignificant details that delay a
solution, undermine a fellow member’s statement or
compromise the group’s integrity by degrading a
member via any of the other self-interest behaviors
stated above.
 April 3 (Monday)
Micro Perspective of Tourism
and Hospitality
M.I.C.E AND TRAVEL TRADE SECTORS
Four (4) Pillars of MICE
Meetings are single-day events held in hotel conference rooms
or at convention centers.
● Clinic – a workshop where attendees learn by doing.
It involves small groups who interact with each other
individually.
● Forum – an assembly to discuss a group’s common
concerns, featuring a panel of experts who tell
opposite sides of an issue.
● Seminar – gathering of professionals who work
together under the guidance of a discussion leader.
● Symposium – a meeting where experts discuss a
subject, and a consensus of the group is gathered.
● Workshop – a small group led by a trainer
concentrating on skill enhancement.
● Conference – formal meeting of professionals
assembled for a common purpose.
● Colloquium – an informal discussion on
group-selected topics.
● Panel – consists of two (2) or more speakers stating
their viewpoints.
● Lecture – meeting in which an expert speaker
addresses an audience.
Three types of meeting setup such as;
1. Theater Style – intended for a large audience that
does not need many notes or documents.
2. Classroom Setup – used when participants need to
take notes or refer to documents.
3. Boardroom Setup – intended for a small number of
people.
Incentives are the most fun part of the MICE segment. They
include all types of travel rewards a company offers to
individual staff, teams, or partners.
Some factors that a company considers in planning incentives:
● Setting specific goals
● Measuring performance
● Communicating standards to participants
● Choosing rewards appropriate to participants
● Celebrating achievement.
Conventions are larger meetings that include some form of
exposition or trade shows.
A typical convention has the following format:
1. Welcome Registration
2. Introduction of the president of the association
3. President’s welcome speech
4. First keynote address by a speaker
5. Exposition booths open
6. Several workshops or presentations on specific topics
7. Luncheon
8. More workshops and presentations
9. Demonstrations of special topics
10. Vendor’s private receptions
11. Dinner
12. Convention center closes
Exhibitions also referred to as trade shows, exhibitions are
usually massive events that draw thousands of visitors and
exhibitors worldwide. They can last anywhere from several
days to a week.
● Networking events — a great place to meet potential
partners, discuss collaborations, and exchange
thoughts on current trends. 
● Awards —part of many exhibitions and honors
industry leaders for their achievements. It also gives
winners quite a public relations and marketing push.
● New business pitches — since trade shows want to
promote growth and innovation in their industry,
there is often a dedicated event for new business
pitches.
Key Players in the MICE Industry
Meeting Planners — makes hotel and meeting bookings and
ensures that the services contracted have been delivered.
Activities of the meeting planner:
1. Pre-meeting Activities – planning the meeting
agenda, establishing meeting objectives, predicting
attendance, setting the meeting budget, selecting the
meeting site, selecting meeting facility and hotels, etc.
2. On-site Activities – conducting pre-event briefings,
preparing executive plans, moving people in or out,
troubleshooting, and approving invoices.
3. Post-meeting Activities – debriefing, evaluating,
providing recognition and appreciation, and planning
for the next year of operations.
Convention and Visitors Bureau (CVB) is a major player in ● Tour Guides and Couriers – they travel with tourists
the MICE market. It is a non-profit organization that represents and work to ensure travelers’ needs are met and that
an urban area that tries to solicit business from their visit runs smoothly.
pleasure-seeking visitors. ● Short Break Operators – they offer accommodation
packages, usually between one (1) and four (4) nights.
Special Events Market ● Group Travel Organizers (GTOs) – they often work
voluntarily, organizing travel on behalf of
Special Events Market is very important to the attendees of
organizations such as the Women’s Institute.
meetings, conventions, and incentive programs.
● Hotel Booking Agencies – they specialize in
Types of events: procuring accommodation facilities and services for
their clients. They range from large organizations run
● Corporate Events – incentive programs, product by global hotel brands to independent properties.
introductions, building openings, recognition events, ● Conference and Incentive Organizers – they manage
anniversaries, retirement, groundbreaking, and all aspects of the conference organization on behalf of
ribbon cuttings. their clients.
● Meetings, Conventions, and Expositions – opening
ceremonies, gala dinners, dances, opening receptions,
award ceremonies, theme events, trade shows, and
expositions.
● Public Events – parades, firework displays, festival
fairs, inaugurations or swearing-in ceremonies,
holiday observances, military ceremonies, and
sporting events.
● Retail Events – grand openings, promotions,
celebrity appearances, and seasonal promotions.
● Social or Private Events – weddings, anniversaries,
graduations, reunions, funerals, memorials, births,
Christening, charity balls, runs, and auctions.

Why is MICE Tourism Important?

● It facilitates access to new technology.

● It attracts high-spending visitors.
● It provides a high yield and returns per capita.
● It enhances international economic contact.
● It creates a more economic multiplier effect and
competitiveness.
● It can enhance off-peak tourism.

The Travel Trade Sector

Travel trade means many things to many people in the

tourism industry. It is defined as “people and companies that
resell travel products they have bought and/or reserved from
other parties.”

● Travel Agents – they organize personal travel and

accommodation for travelers.
● Tour Operators – they build a package for the
elements that make up a holiday or a tour, and
booking activities at the destination.
● Wholesalers – they develop and market inclusive
tours through travel agencies.