Operational Amplifiers

Intro.:
Sources of Signal Interference in biomedical systems
Any measurement includes “ signal + noise “
Signal sources: ECG. EEG, blood pressure, temperature…
Noise sources
External:
50 Hz,
radio frequency (RF),
magnetic…

Internal:
muscle noise,
motion artifact,
eye blink artifact…
Operational Amplifiers Intro.:
The Operational amplifier
• = op amp
• multiterminal device.
• consists of large
numbers of transistors,
resistors, and
capacitors.
Operational Amplifiers Intro.:
operation amplifier is an
amplifier “gain” + operational “ integrates, differentiates,
sums, Subtracts, … “

Conventional operational
amplifiers appeared as an
eight-lead dual-in-line
package (DIP)
Operational Amplifiers Intro.:
Single-Ended Input
+
V o • + terminal : Source
~ Vi • – terminal : Ground
 • 0o phase change

+
V
o • + terminal : Ground
• – terminal : Source
 • 180o phase change
~
V i
Operational Amplifiers Intro.:
Double-Ended Input
• Differential input
+
V d V • Vd  V  V
o
~
 • 0o phase shift change
between Vo and Vd

+
V o
Qu: What Vo should be if,

~ V1 V 2

~
V 2
V1

Ans: (A or B) ?
(A) (B)
Operational Amplifiers Intro.:
v1 and v2 are the two input terminals, vo is the output
terminal
Gain (A) “amplification” can be expressed using the
relationship:

equivalent circuit
Operational Amplifiers Intro.:
Distortion

+V =+5V cc

+5V
+
V
o
V d 0

5V

V =5V cc

The output voltage never excess the DC voltage

supply of the Op-Amp
Operational Amplifiers Intro.:
Ideal op amp
For an ideal op amp, we make the following assumptions:
1. A = ∞ (gain, or amplification of the input, is infinity)
2. vo = 0 when v1 = v2 (no offset voltage)
3. Rd = ∞ (differential input impedance is infinity)
4. Rs = 0 (output impedance is zero) Rout
Vo' +

∞.


5. Bandwidth =
Rload

Two basic rules: Vload  Vo

Rload
Rload  Rout
Rule 1: The two input terminals are at the same voltage.
Rule 2: No current flows into either of the two input
terminals.
Inverting amplifier:

Notes:
What is minimum gain?
How to get +ve gain??
Noninverting amplifier:
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+ yields,
V  Vi
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V yields,
V   0 Vo  V 

Ra Rf
(3) Setting V+ = V– yields

Vi Vo  Vi Rf Vo  Vi Vo Rf
     1
Ra Rf Ra Vi Vi Ra

Notes:
What is minimum gain?
When we use voltage follower?
Noninverting amplifier:
v+ v+
v i + vi +
v R1 v-
vo
v-

o
R2 

R a R f Ra Rf

Noninverting amplifier Noninverting input with voltage divider

Rf Rf R2
vo  (1  )vi vo  (1  )( )vi
Ra Ra R1  R2

v+ v+
vi + vi +
vo R1 v-
vo
v- R2 


Rf Rf
Less than unity gain
Voltage follower
vo  vi vo 
R2
vi
R1  R2
Differential amplifier:
Final Slide:

Thanks for listening…

Any questions
??!!