Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures: A Practical Approach IBRAHIM ARMAN

Example 1: Two-way solid slab with beams

Figure 8.24: Plan for example 1

Given:

- Concrete, f’c= 24MPa

- Steel, fy= 420MPa
- Superimposed dead load, WSD= 4kN/m2
- Live load, WL= 5kN/m2
- Perimeter wall weight, WWALL= 21kN/m
- All columns are 0.50m x 0.50m
- Column height, h= 3.50m
- All beams are 400mm width and 600mm thickness

Determine slab thickness and design frame (strip) 2.

Solution:

Slab thickness:

Assume that 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ≥ 2, so:

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 420
𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 �0.8 + 1400� 7.1 �0.8 + �
ℎ= = 1400 = 0.165𝑚𝑚 ≥ 0.09𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
36 + 9𝛽𝛽 36 + 9(1.273)

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where: Ln= 7.50-0.40=7.10m

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 7.5 − 0.4

𝛽𝛽 = = = 1.27
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 6 − 0.4

Try slab thickness, h= 200mm

Figure 8.25: Exterior and interior beams in the slab

The moments of inertias are calculated for the two sections, they are:

Edge (Exterior) beam: I= 9.867x10-3m4

Interior beam: I= 11.573x10-3m4

The distribution of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 is shown in Figure 8.26.

Figure 8.26: Distribution of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 for the beams

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𝐼𝐼 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 9.867𝑥𝑥10−3

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓1 = = = 4.93
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 3𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ 1
𝑥𝑥3𝑥𝑥0.23
12

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 11.573𝑥𝑥10−3

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓2 = = = 2.89
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 6𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 1 3
𝑥𝑥6𝑥𝑥0.2
12

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 9.867𝑥𝑥10−3

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓3 = = = 3.95
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 3.75𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 1
𝑥𝑥3.75𝑥𝑥0.23
12

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 11.573𝑥𝑥10−3

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓4 = = = 2.31
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 7.5𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 1 3
𝑥𝑥7.5𝑥𝑥0.2
12

Since all values of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 are greater than 2.0, the average of any four values shall be not less
than 2.0. So, 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 for each panel is greater than 2.0.

Slab self-weight, 𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷 = 0.2(25)=5kN/m2

Slab ultimate load, 𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢 = 1.2(5+4)+1.6(5)= 18.8kN/m2

Check wide beam shear (one-way shear): for stiff beams, the shear can be calculated
considering the short direction of the largest panel. Here, the short span, L= 6.0m.

Shear can be calculated at distance d from face of beam, so:

𝐿𝐿 𝑏𝑏1 6 0.4
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 � − − 𝑑𝑑� = 18.8 � − − 0.16� = 49.6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 2 2 2

The shear strength capacity of the slab is given by:

1
1 0.75 � � (1)√24(1000)(160)
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏: ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = ∅ 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = 6 = 98𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
6 1000
> 49.6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏:

ℎ 200
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 = 0.0018 � � = 0.0018 � � = 0.00225 𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 = 1.0
𝑑𝑑 160

1 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢
∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = ∅ �0.66𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆(𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 )3 �𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 + � 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑
6𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 𝑤𝑤
1
0.75 �0.66(1)(1)(0.00225)3 √24 + 0.0� (1000)(160)
= = 50.85𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1000
> 49.6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂

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Analysis and design of frame 2:

1. Compute the total statical moment, Mo for each span. Here the three spans are equal.

𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 2 18.8(6)(7)2 0.4(0.4)(25)(1.2)(7)2

𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 = = + = 720.3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
8 8 8

2. Compute positive and negative moments in the span:

Figure 8.27: Frame bending moment diagram- kN.m

3. Compute the moments in the column strip (slab + beam)

Frame width= 6.0m

Column strip width= 3.0m

Middle strip width= 3.0m

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿2 2.89(6)

= = 2.3 > 1
𝐿𝐿1 7.5

𝐿𝐿2 6
= = 0.8
𝐿𝐿1 7.5

From ACI 318-14 Table 8.10.5.5, for positive moment, the ratio = 81%

From ACI 318-14 Table 8.10.5.1, for interior negative moment, the ratio = 81%

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Calculations for 𝜷𝜷𝒕𝒕 :

Figure 8.28: Edge beam parts for 𝛽𝛽𝑡𝑡 computations

x x3y 0.4 0.43 (0.6) 0.2 0.23 (0.4)

C = � �1 − 0.63 � = �1 − 0.63 � + �1 − 0.63 �
y 3 0.6 3 0.4 3
= 8.155𝑥𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑚4

Ecb C 𝐶𝐶 8.155(10)−3
βt = = = = 1.02
2Ecs Is 2𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 2( 1 )(6)(0.2)3
12

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿2 2.89(6)

= = 2.3 > 1
𝐿𝐿1 7.5

𝐿𝐿2 6
= = 0.8
𝐿𝐿1 7.5

From ACI 318-14 Table 8.10.5.2, for exterior negative moment, the ratio = 92%

Figure 8.29: Column strip bending moment diagram- kN.m

4. Compute moments in beam:

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿2
Since > 1.0, 0.85 of column strip moments are transferred to the beams.
𝐿𝐿1

Figure 8.30 below shows the bending moment diagram of the beam in frame 2.

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Figure 8.30: Beam bending moment diagram- kN.m

The beam section is shown above, so the steel area can be computed.

Beam section effective depth, d= 600-60=540mm

5. Compute moments in slab column strip:

The slab column strip moment = the column strip moment – the beam moment

Figure 8.31 shows the moments in the slab column strip.

Figure 8.31: Slab column strip bending moment diagram- kN.m

Slab column strip width = 3000mm – 400mm = 2600mm

Effective depth, d= 160mm

Then the steel area can be computed.

6. Compute moments in slab middle strip:

The slab middle strip moment = the frame moment – the column strip moment.

Figure 8.32 shows the moments in the slab middle strip.

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Figure 8.32: Slab middle strip bending moment diagram- kN.m

Slab middle strip width = 3000mm

Effective depth, d= 160mm

Then the steel area can be computed.

7. Compute ultimate shear in the beam:

Beam weight = 0.4(0.4)(25)(1.2)= 4.8kN/m

Exterior span end moments: ML= 90.1kN.m and MR= 347kN.m

Load on the beam from slab = 6m x 18.8 = 112.8kN/m

Figure 8.33: Free body diagram for the exterior span in beam in frame 2

The shear values at left and right ends of span are computed as follows:

1.5 7 (347.1 − 90.1)

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 112.8(2.75)(0.50) + � � 112.8 + � � (4.8) − = 220𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 2 7

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1.5 7 (347.1 − 90.1)

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 112.8(2.75)(0.50) + � � 112.8 + � � (4.8) + = 293.2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 2 7

For the interior span, the end moments are equal, so they can be cancelled, then:

1.5 7
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 112.8(2.75)(0.50) + � � 112.8 + � � (4.8) = 256.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 2

So, the shear reinforcement can be computed.

Example 2: Flat plate

Figure 8.34: Slab layout for Example 2

Given:

- Slab system: flat plate- no beams

- Concrete, f’c= 28MPa
- Steel, fy= 420MPa
- Superimposed dead load, WSD= 3.5kN/m2
- Live load, WL= 3kN/m2
- Perimeter wall weight, WWALL= 5kN/m
- Interior columns are 0.60m x 0.60m
- Corner columns are 0.50m x 0.50m

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- Edge columns are 0.50m x 0.60m

- Column height, h= 3.00m
- Slab thickness, h= 230mm, d=180mm

Check shear-moment transfer at column A-3.

Solution:

Slab loads:

Slab self-weight, WD= 0.23(25)=5.75kN/m2

Slab ultimate load, Wu= 1.2(5.75+3.5)+1.6(3)= 15.9kN/m2

Load on column, Vu= 15.9[(1.15x5.5/2 + 5.5/2)(6/2 + 0.25) – 0.59 x 0.78] + 1.2(5)(1.15x5.5/2

+ 5.5/2 -0.78)= 329kN

Critical section properties- Frame 3- Direction 1:

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 𝐿𝐿2 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛 2 15.9(5.5)(5.45)2

𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 = = = 325𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚
8 8

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢1 = 0.3𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 = 0.3(325) = 97.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑑
𝑏𝑏1 = 𝑐𝑐1 + = 0.59𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏2 = 𝑐𝑐2 + 𝑑𝑑 = 0.78𝑚𝑚
2

𝑏𝑏 0.59
2𝑏𝑏1 � 1 � 2(0.59)( )
′
𝑥𝑥 = 2 = 2 = 0.178𝑚𝑚
2𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑏2 2(0.59) + (0.78)

𝑏𝑏1 3 𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏1 𝑑𝑑3 𝑏𝑏1 2 2

𝐽𝐽𝑐𝑐1 = 2� + + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑑𝑑 �𝑥𝑥 − � � + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 ′ = 14.091𝑥𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑚4
′
12 12 2

1
𝛾𝛾𝑓𝑓1 = = 0.633
2 𝑏𝑏
1+ � 1
3 𝑏𝑏2

𝛾𝛾𝑣𝑣1 = 1 − 𝛾𝛾𝑓𝑓1 = 1 − 0.633 = 0.367

𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 = 2𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑏2 = 2(0.59) + 0.78 = 1.96𝑚𝑚 (1960𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

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Figure 8.35: Critical section for the column

Critical section properties- Frame A- Direction 2:

𝑏𝑏1 = 𝑐𝑐2 + 𝑑𝑑 = 0.78𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏2 = 𝑐𝑐1 + 𝑑𝑑/2 = 0.59𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑏1 3 𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏1 𝑑𝑑 3 𝑏𝑏1 2

𝐽𝐽𝑐𝑐2 = � + � + 2𝑏𝑏2 𝑑𝑑 � � = 39.8𝑥𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑚4
12 12 2

1
𝛾𝛾𝑓𝑓2 = = 0.566
2 𝑏𝑏
1+ � 1
3 𝑏𝑏2

𝛾𝛾𝑣𝑣2 = 1 − 𝛾𝛾𝑓𝑓2 = 1 − 0.566 = 0.434

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢2 = 0.07 �(𝑞𝑞𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + 0.5𝑞𝑞𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 )𝐿𝐿2 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛 2 − 𝑞𝑞𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ′ 𝐿𝐿2 ′ 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛′ 2 � = 14.6𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚

Where:

11.1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑞𝑞𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝑞𝑞𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ′ = 1.2(5.75 + 3.5) =
𝑚𝑚2

4.8𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑞𝑞𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 1.6(3) =
𝑚𝑚2

𝐿𝐿2 = 3.25𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛 = 4.95𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿2 ′ = 3.25𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛′ = 4.90𝑚𝑚

Check stress:

𝑐𝑐1 ′ = 0.178𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐2 ′ = 0.39𝑚𝑚

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𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝛾𝛾𝑣𝑣1 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢1 𝑐𝑐1 ′ 𝛾𝛾𝑣𝑣2 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢2 𝑐𝑐2 ′

𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 = + + = 1.447𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑 𝐽𝐽𝑐𝑐1 𝐽𝐽𝑐𝑐2

𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 1.447
= = 1.93𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
∅ 0.75

𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 ≤ 0.33𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 = 1.75𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

2
𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 ≤ 0.17𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆 �1 + � �𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 = 2.4𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝛽𝛽

𝛼𝛼𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 ≤ 0.083𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆 �2 + � �𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 = 2.1𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜

1.75MPa < 1.93MPa so, shear reinforcement is required.

𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅0.50�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐: 1.447𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≤ (0.75)(0.5)√28 = 1.984𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜.

𝑑𝑑 = 180𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 150𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑 > 16𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 = 16(10) = 160𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 = 0.17𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 = 0.88𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = − 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 = 1.93 − 0.88 = 1.05𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
∅

1.05(1960)(180)
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑 = = 370.44𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1000
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 370440
= = = 4.9𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 420(180)

6(78.5)
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝑠𝑠 = = 96𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
4.9

𝑑𝑑 180
= = 90𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 < 96𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3𝜙𝜙10/90𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 2

Flexural stresses:

Direction 1:

γ𝑓𝑓1 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢1 = 0.633(97.5) = 61.7𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚

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In X-direction, the moment shall be resisted by a cross section of thickness, h= 230mm with
d= 180mm and a width equals to column width plus 1.5h from each side, so, width of section
is given by:

b= 600 + 2(1.5 x 230) = 1300mm

This moment requires:

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟, 𝜌𝜌 = 0.00401, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0.00401(1300)(180) = 938𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

This area of steel should be available in 1.30m width at column centerline.

Check:

5𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 > ∅ 0.17 𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 , 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝜙𝜙𝛼𝛼𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

1.447𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 > (0.75)(0.17)(1)(1)√28 = 0.675𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

5𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 5(1.447)(1300)(1960)

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = = 1951𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 > 938𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 .
𝜙𝜙𝛼𝛼𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0.75)(30)(420)

𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1951𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

This reinforcement shall be checked if it is provided in a width of 1.30m in the column strip.
If not, additional steel shall be provided.

Direction 2:

The moment can be neglected because it is very small and the minimum steel shall be used.

γ𝑓𝑓2 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢2 = 0.566(14.6) = 8.3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚

Width of strip, bslab= 500+1.5(230)=845mm.

5𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜 5(1.447)(845)(1960)

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = = 1268𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝜙𝜙𝛼𝛼𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0.75)(30)(420)
This reinforcement shall be checked if it is provided in a width of 0.845m in the column strip.
If not, additional steel shall be provided.

Notes:

• Based on ACI 318-19, the shear stress can be calculated for each direction alone. In
direction 1, Vu and Mu1 are used and in direction 2, Vu and Mu2 are used.
• If Vu, Mu1 and Mu2 are used in shear stress calculations, the punching shear capacity,
vc can be increased by a ratio like 20%.

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Example 3: U- Boot voided slab:

Figure 8.36: Slab layout for Example 3

Given:

- Slab system: voided- U Boot

- Concrete, f’c= 32MPa
- Steel, fy= 420MPa
- Superimposed dead load, WSD= 4kN/m2
- Live load, WL= 2.5kN/m2
- Perimeter wall weight, WWALL= 15kN/m
- All columns are 0.60m x 0.60m
- Column height, h= 3.80m
- Design frame (strip) 2.

Solution:

Dimensions of beams:

Width, b= L/20 = 9/20= 0.45m Try, b= 0.40m

Thickness, h= L/18.5=9/18.5= 0.49m Try, h= 0.70m

Slab thickness:

Assume that 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ≥ 2, so:

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𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 420
𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 �0.8 +
1400� 8.6 �0.8 + 1400�
ℎ= = = 0.2𝑚𝑚 ≥ 0.09𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑘
36 + 9𝛽𝛽 36 + 9(1.21)

Where: Ln= 9.0-0.40=8.40m

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 9 − 0.4

𝛽𝛽 = = = 1.21
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 7.5 − 0.4

Try voided slab thickness, h= 320mm:

Check 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 :

The distribution of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 is shown in Figure 8.37 below.

Figure 8.37: Distribution of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 for the beams

The moment of inertia of the beam, Ib is given by:

(0.4)(0.7)3
𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = = 0.011433𝑚𝑚4
12

The flange width of a voided slab unit ( I- section), bf= 520mm + 150mm = 670mm

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Figure 8.38: Cross section in slab

The moment of inertia of one unit of width 670mm is given by:

0.67(0.32)3 0.52(0.2)3
𝐼𝐼 = − = 1.4828𝑥𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.011433

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓1 = = = 1.38
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 3.75𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 3.75 𝑥𝑥1.4828𝑥𝑥10−3
0.67

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.011433

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓2 = = = 0.69
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 7.5𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 7.5 −3
𝑥𝑥1.4828𝑥𝑥10
0.67

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.011433

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓3 = = = 1.15
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 4.5𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 4.5
𝑥𝑥1.4828𝑥𝑥10−3
0.67

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.011433

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓4 = = = 0.57
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 9𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 9.0
𝑥𝑥1.4828𝑥𝑥10−3
0.67

Value of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 for interior panel is given by:

2𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓2 + 2𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓4
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = = 0.63 < 2
4

So, slab thickness is given by:

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 420
𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 �0.8 + 1400� 8.4 �0.8 +
�
ℎ= = 1400 = 0.24𝑚𝑚
36 + 5𝛽𝛽(𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 0.2) 36 + 5(1.22)(0.63 − 0.2)

the moment of inertia of the solid slab of 0.24m thickness and 0.67m width is given by:

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0.67(0.24)3
𝐼𝐼 = = 0.77𝑥𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑚4 < 1.4828𝑥𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑚4 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
12

Slab self-weight, WD= [0.67x0.67x0.32-0.52x0.52x0.2]x25 / (0.67x0.67)=5kN/m2

Slab ultimate load, Wu= 1.2(5+4)+1.6(2.5)= 14.8kN/m2

Check wide beam shear (one-way shear):

Here, the short span, L= 7.50m

Load on one unit of slab= 14.8(0.67)=9.92kN/m

Shear can be calculated at distance d from face of beam, so:

𝐿𝐿 𝑏𝑏1 7.6 0.4

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 � − − 𝑑𝑑� = 9.92 � − − 0.28� = 32.9𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 2 2 2

The shear strength capacity of the slab is given by:

1
1 0.75 � � (1)√32(150)(280)(1.1)
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 318 − 14: ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = ∅ 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = 6 = 32.7𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
6 1000
≈ 32.9𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

2 2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 = � ≤ 1.0 → 𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 = � = 0.97
1 + 0.004 𝑑𝑑 1 + 0.004 (280)
ℎ 320
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 = 0.0018 � � = 0.0018 � � = 0.002
𝑑𝑑 280

So,
1 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 318 − 19: ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = ∅ �0.66𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆(𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 )3 �𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 + � 𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑
6𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 𝑤𝑤
1
(1.1)(0.75) �0.66(0.97)(1)(0.002)3 √32 + 0.0� (150)(280)
=
1000
= 15.8𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 32.9𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑁𝑁. 𝐺𝐺.

So, use minimum shear reinforcement in the ribs at least for ¼ the clear span at each end.

𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 1∅8/140𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 /𝑠𝑠 = (2(50))/140 = 0.71𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

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𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 0.062�𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 0.35𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤

� � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � , � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚[0.13,0.125] = 0.13𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
< 0.71𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ok.

Analysis and design of frame 2:

1. Compute the total statical moment, Mo for the span. Here the three spans are equal.

𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 2 14.8(7.5)(8.4)2 0.4(0.7)(25)(1.2)(8.4)2

𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 = = + = 1053.108𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚
8 8 8

2. Compute positive and negative moments in the span:

Figure 8.39: Frame bending moment diagram- kN.m

3. Compute the moments in the column strip (slab + beam)

Frame width= 7.5m

Column strip width= 3.75m

Middle strip width= 3.75m

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿2 0.69(7.5)

= = 0.575 < 1
𝐿𝐿1 9

𝐿𝐿2 7.5
= = 0.83
𝐿𝐿1 9

From ACI 318-14 Table 8.10.5.5, for positive moment, the ratio = 71.6%

From ACI 318-14 Table 8.10.5.1, for interior negative moment, the ratio = 77.9%

Calculations for 𝜷𝜷𝒕𝒕 :

Rectangular section: b= 0.4m h=0.7m

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x x3y 0.4 0.43 (0.7)

C = � �1 − 0.63 � = �1 − 0.63 � = 0.00955733𝑚𝑚4
y 3 0.7 3

Ecb C 𝐶𝐶 0.00955733
βt = = = = 0.29
2Ecs Is 2𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 2 7.5 (1.4828𝑥𝑥10−3 )
0.67
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿2
= 0.575
𝐿𝐿1

𝐿𝐿2
= 0.83
𝐿𝐿1

From ACI 318-14 Table 8.10.5.2, for exterior negative moment, the ratio = 97.4%

Figure 8.40: Column strip bending moment diagram- kN.m

4. Compute moments in beam:

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿2
Since = 0.575, the ratio of moments that are transferred to beams is:
𝐿𝐿1

0.575 (0.85)=0.49

Figure 8.41 shows the bending moment diagram of the beam in frame 2.

Figure 8.41: Beam bending moment diagram- kN.m

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5. Compute moments in slab column strip:

The slab column strip moment = the column strip moment – the beam moment

Figure 8.42 shows the moments in the slab column strip.

Figure 8.42: Slab- column strip bending moment diagram- kN.m

Slab column strip width = 3750mm

Effective depth, d= 280mm

Then the steel area can be computed.

6. Compute moments in slab middle strip:

The slab middle strip moment = the frame moment – the column strip moment

Figure 8.43 shows the moments in the slab column strip.

Figure 8.43: Slab middle strip bending moment diagram- kN.m

Slab middle strip width = 3750mm

Effective depth, d= 280mm

Then the steel area can be computed.

The flexural steel can be determined assuming a solid slab.

For example: the maximum bending moment in the column strip, Mu= 292.89kN.m

Section width, b= 3750mm

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Section thickness, h= 320mm

Section effective depth, d= 280mm

Then,

0.85𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 2.61𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 0.85(32) 2.61(292.89𝑥𝑥106

𝜌𝜌 = �1 − �1 − � = �1 − � 1 − � = 0.00269
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 420 3750(280)2 (32)

2825 753𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 0.00269(3750)(280) = 2825𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = =
3.75 𝑚𝑚

Minimum area of steel is given by:

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.0018(1000)(320) = 576𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 < 753𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Use 1∅14/200𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Example 4: Waffle slab:

Figure 8.44: Slab layout for Example 4

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Given:

- Slab system: Waffle

- Concrete, f’c= 32MPa
- Steel, fy= 420MPa
- Superimposed dead load, WSD= 4kN/m2
- Live load, WL= 2.5kN/m2
- Perimeter wall weight, WWALL= 15kN/m
- All columns are 0.60m x 0.60m
- Column height, h= 3.80m
- Determine Mo for spans in frame (strip) 2.

Solution:

Dimensions of beams:

Width, b= L/20 = 9/20= 0.45m Try, b= 0.40m

Thickness, h= L/18.5=9/18.5= 0.49m Try, h= 0.70m

Slab thickness:

Assume that 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ≥ 2, so:

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 420
𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 �0.8 + 1400� 8.6 �0.8 + �
ℎ= = 1400 = 0.2𝑚𝑚 ≥ 0.09𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
36 + 9𝛽𝛽 36 + 9(1.21)
where: Ln= 9.0-0.60=8.40m

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 9 − 0.4

𝛽𝛽 = = = 1.21
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 7.5 − 0.4

Try waffle slab thickness, h= (4/3)(0.20)= 0.27m:

Check 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 :

The distribution of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 is shown in the Figure 8.45 below.

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Figure 8.45: Distribution of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓 for the beams

The moment of inertia of the beam is given by:

(0.4)(0.7)3
𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = = 0.011433𝑚𝑚4
12

The flange width of the waffle slab unit ( T- section), bf= 600mm + 150mm = 750mm

Figure 8.46: Cross section in slab

The moment of inertia of one unit of width 750mm is equal to 4.935x10-4 mm4.

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.011433

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓1 = = = 4.6
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 3.75𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 3.75 𝑥𝑥4.935𝑥𝑥10−4
0.75

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𝐼𝐼 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.011433

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓2 = = = 2.3
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 7.5𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 7.5 −4
𝑥𝑥4.935𝑥𝑥10
0.75

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.011433

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓3 = = = 3.8
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 4.5𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 4.5
𝑥𝑥4.935𝑥𝑥10−4
0.75

𝐼𝐼 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.011433

𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓4 = = = 1.93
𝐼𝐼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 9𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 9.0
𝑥𝑥4.935𝑥𝑥10−4
0.75

Minimum value of 𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 for interior panel is given by:

2𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓2 + 2𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓4
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = = 2.1 > 2 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
4

Slab self-weight, 𝑤𝑤𝐷𝐷 = {[0.75x0.75x0.27-0.575x0.575x0.2]x25}/(0.75x0.75)= 3.8kN/m2

Slab ultimate load, 𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢 = 1.2(3.8+4)+1.6(2.5)= 13.4kN/m2

Check wide beam shear (one-way shear):

Here, the short span, L= 7.50m

Load on one unit of slab= 13.4(0.75)=10.05kN/m

Shear can be calculated at distance d from face of beam, so:

𝐿𝐿 𝑏𝑏1 7.6 0.4

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 � − − 𝑑𝑑� = 10.05 � − − 0.22� = 34.0𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 2 2 2

The shear strength capacity of the slab is given by:

1
1 0.75 � � (1)√32(150)(220)(1.1)
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 318 − 14: ∅𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = ∅ 𝜆𝜆�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 = 6 = 23.3𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
6 1000
< 33.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠.

𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 31.1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚

34.0
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = � � − 31.1 = 14.2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚
0.75

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Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures: A Practical Approach IBRAHIM ARMAN

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 14.2𝑥𝑥1000
= = 0.154𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 420𝑥𝑥220

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 0.062�𝑓𝑓′𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 0.35𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 0.13𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

� � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � , �= < 0.154𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 0.154𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠

For ∅8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 stirrups:

100 𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠 = = 667𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 100𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0.15 2

So, use closed stirrups at ends of ribs for one quarter the clear span (The accurate distance
can be specified).

This shear design is applicable for ACI 318-19.

Analysis of frame 2:

Compute the total statical moment, Mo for the span. Here the three spans are equal.

𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 2 13.4(7.5)(8.4)2 0.4(0.7)(25)(1.2)(8.4)2

𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 = = + = 960.5𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚
8 8 8

Note:

The moments in the frame, beam, slab column strip and slab middle strip can be found
using the same procedure in the previous examples.

The moment in the rib is given by:

𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ; 0.75𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ; 0.75𝑚𝑚
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

And the cross section is T for the rib.

201