 PARAGRAPH 1

Main idea : 1. The Definition of PRRI and Permesta.

Supporting idea : 1. Definition of PRRI.

2. Definition of Permesta.

 PARAGRAPH 2

Main idea : 1. The Background of PRRI and Permesta.

Supporting idea : 1. Disappointment with Soekarno's government.

2. Ignorance from the central government to cities outside Java.

 PARAGRAPH 3

Main idea : 1. People who joined in the PRRI and Permesta rebellions. .

Supporting idea : 1. Figure from North Sulawesi.

2. Figure from West Java.

3. Figure from Maluku.

4. Figure from North Sumatera.

5. Figure from West Sumatera.

 PARAGRAPH 4

Main Idea : 1. Time of the PRRI and Permesta rebellions.

Supporting Idea : 1. When did the PRRI and Permesta rebellions start.

2. When did the PRRI and Permesta rebellions end.

  PARAGRAPH 5

Main idea : 1. The reasons for the PRRI and Permesta rebellions.

Supporting idea : 1. Political Competition.

2. Economic dissatisfaction felt in some parts of Indonesia.

3. Security issues.

4. Presence of foreign influence in Indonesian politics.

 PARAGRAPH 6

Main idea : 1. The place where the PRRI and Permesta rebellions happened.

Supporting idea : 1. On the island of Sumatera.

2. On the island of Sulawesi.

3. On the island of Kalimantan.

 PARAGRAPH 7

Main idea : 1. The process of the PRRI and Permesta rebellions.

Supporting idea : 1. The PRRI rebellion began in 1957 in North Sumatra and meant
for greater regional autonomy.

2. Both rebellions complicated military and civilian members

including local political and economic figures.

3. The rebel groups in both rebellions attacked government forces

and fought in several parts of Indonesia.

 PARAGRAPH 8

Conclusion
 PRRI or Permesta are acronyms for two different rebel groups who were involved in an
armed struggle in Indonesia in the period from the late 1950s to the early 1960s. PRRI is short
for "Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia". It was an alternative government founded
by rebel groups in some areas affected by the rebellion. This alternative government aimed to
fight the central government of Indonesia and replace it with an alternative government that
was more in line with their wishes. This alternative government was led by a number of
military and civilian figures who were unsatisfied with the Indonesian central government at
the time. Meanwhile, Permesta is short for "Perjuangan Semesta”. This was the name of a
rebel group in North Sulawesi. This rebel group consisted of a number of military and civilian
figures who were dissatisfied with the Indonesian central government at the time. While
Permesta rebellion expanded to other parts of Indonesia, other rebel groups joined the
movement and formed an alternative government called PRRI. The PRRI and Permesta were
two rebel groups involved in armed rebellion in Indonesia during the late 1950s to early
1960s. Although they shared the same goal of fighting the central government of Indonesia at
the time, they were different groups and had different histories.

The background of the Permesta and PRRI was the dissatisfaction of a number of military
and civilian leaders with government policies that were unfair and harmful to certain regions
in Indonesia at that time. The Permesta happened in North Sulawesi, which at that time felt
ignored by the central government in development and financial allocation. The Permesta
leaders were also dissatisfied with government policies related to the use of natural resources
in the area, especially the oil palm estate and mining industries. In addition, some Permesta
leaders were also dissatisfied with government political policies that were considered
authoritarian and undemocratic. Meanwhile, PRRI occurred in West Sumatra, which at that
time was considered a less developed region and felt that it did not receive attention from the
central government in their construction. Some Generals and political figures who led the
PRRI began were also dissatisfied with the government's policies related to power
management and power sharing among national leaders at the time.
 The PRRI or Permesta rebellion involved many people from many backgrounds,
including military and civilian figures. Some of the figures who took part in the rebellion
include:

 Lieutenant Colonel Ventje Sumual, He was one of the main figures of the Permesta
rebellion in North Sulawesi and later became the leader of PRRI there. He also led the
rebel group's largest military operation in the area
 Colonel Alexander Evert Kawilarang, He was the ex-Chief of the Military Regional
Command III/Siliwangi and was the main figure of PRRI in West Java. He is also
known as one of the originating of the rebellion plan.
 Colonel Ventje Nuku, He was a Former TNI commander in Maluku and became one
of the main figures of PRRI in the Maluku region.
 Abdullah Harahap, He is the former Vice Governor of North Sumatra and one of the
main PRRI figures in North Sumatra.
 Djohan Sjahroezah, He was one of the important figures of PRRI in West Sumatra
and founded an alternative government in the area.

apart from these figures, there were also many other civilians and military personnel bound in
the PRRI or Permesta rebellion, either as members of the rebel groups or as supporters of the
rebellion.

The Permesta and PRRI rebellions happened in Indonesia during the late 1950s to
early 1960s. The rebellion started in March 1957 in North Sulawesi and ended in 1961 after
the government successfully handled the rebellion. It took a few years and caused many
fatalities as well as damage to infrastructure and the economy in the impacted cities

The factors that caused this rebellion are many and here we will explain each one in
detail. The first is political competition. At the time, Indonesia was having high political
tensions, especially between President Soekarno and Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo.
These two figures had different views on the political and economic direction that Indonesia
should take. This political rivalry had an impact on local government in several parts of
Indonesia, including North Sulawesi, North Sumatra, West Sumatra and West Java, where
some local officials and the military were dissatisfied with central government policies and
wanted to get greater autonomy. The second was the economic dissatisfaction felt in some
parts of Indonesia, especially in North Sulawesi and North Sumatra, where local leaders felt
that their regions were not getting their fair share of national economic development. They
felt that the central government's economic policies focused on supporting Java, while other
regions were ignored. The third was security issues. In some parts of Indonesia, especially in
North Sulawesi and Maluku, there were serious inter-ethnic and religious conflicts. The
central government was slow in dealing with these conflicts, wich made the disappointment
among local leaders. The fourth or last was the presence of foreign impact in Indonesian
politics, especially from the United States and the Netherlands. Some military and civilian
leaders in Indonesia felt that the central government was too needy on foreign support and
did not have independent wisdom.

Many areas were the center of the Permesta and PRRI rebellions, namely North
Sulawesi in March 1957. In this area, the rebel group managed to take control of several
important cities, including Manado. West Sumatra, especially in the city of Padang, the rebel
group in this area was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ventje Sumual. In May 1958, the
Permesta rebel group in West Kalimantan made an attack on Pontianak. They managed to
take control of some areas in this region. In June 1958, Permesta rebels in Central Sulawesi
attacked the city of Palu. They managed to hold the city for few months before being
defeated by government forces. In addition to these areas, Permesta rebellions also happened
in other parts of Indonesia, including Central Java, West Java, and North Sumatra.

The process of these two rebellions were also different, because basically they were
different groups. The PRRI rebellion began on February 15, 1957 in North Sumatra, which at
the time was led by Colonel Ahmad Husein. Husein and several other military figures
declared themselves as the government of North Sumatra. They ask for a larger autonomy
for their region and rejected central government policies that they saw as a bad decision to the
region. Basically, the rebellion included only a few military groups in North Sumatra, but
later it spread to several regions in Indonesia, including West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi,
Bengkulu, and North Sulawesi. The rebel groups consist of military and civilian members,
including local political and economic figures. Meanwhile, the Permesta rebellion began in
early 1958 in North Sulawesi, led by Colonel Ventje Sumual and Alexander Evert
Kawilarang. This rebel group also ask for greater autonomy for their region and rejected
central government policies that they saw as a bad decision to North Sulawesi. The Permesta
rebel group late to several regions in Indonesia, including Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi,
Maluku and West Papua. Like PRRI, this rebel group consisted of military and civilian
members, including local political and economic figures.
 The PRRI and Permesta rebellions were two important events in Indonesian history in
the 1950s and early 1960s. Both rebellions were triggered by dissatisfaction with the
Soekarno government, which was seen as authoritarian and centralist. The PRRI rebellion
took place in West Sumatra and Riau, while the Permesta rebellion took place in Sulawesi
and Maluku. The impact of both rebellions was huge, including economic losses,
infrastructure damage, and loss of life and human rights. However, after peace talks between
the Indonesian government and the rebels, both rebellions ended in forgiveness and they were
brought back under the control of the Indonesian government. These two rebellions give
important lessons for Indonesia, especially on the importance of political stability and human
rights in building a democratic and an equitable country.