NUMBER 1

All the students in a certain high school were surveyed, then classified according to gender
and whether they had either of their ears pierced

PIERCE NOT PIERCE TOTAL

MALE 36 144 180
FEMALE 288 32 320
TOTAL 324 176 500

1. What is the probability that has one or both ears, given that the student that was
chosen is male?
2. What is the probability that the student is male, given that he has one or both ears
pierced?
3. Are the events P and M independent? Justify your answer.

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NUMBER 2
 On the “Information for the Patient” label of a certain antidepressant, it is claimed
that based on some clinical trials,

 there is a 14% chance of experiencing sleeping problems known as insomnia

(denote this event by I),
 there is a 26% chance of experiencing headache (denote this event by H),
 and there is a 5% chance of experiencing both side effects (I and H).
1. Suppose the patient experiences insomnia; what is the probability that the patient
will also experience headache?
2. Suppose the drug induces headache in a patient; what is the probability that it also
induces insomnia?
3. Are the events I and H independent? Justify your answer.

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NUMBER 3
A group of 100 college students were surveyed about their gender and whether they had
decided on a major

DECIDED UNDECIDED TOTAL

FEMALE 27 33 60
MALE 18 22 40
45 55 100

a. What is the probability of being decided, given that the student is a female?
b. What is the probability that the student is a female, given that she is decided?
c. Are the 2 events such as being a female and being decided independent events?
Justify your answer.

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NUMBER 4
In a sample of 902 individuals under 40 who were or had previously been married, each
person was classified according to gender and age at first marriage. The results are
summarized in the following two-way classification table, where the meaning of the labels
is:

 M: male  W: in one’s twenties when first

 F: female married
 E: a teenager when first married  H: in one’s thirties when first
married

E W H TOTAL
MALE 43 293 114 450
FEMALE 82 299 71 452
125 592 185 902
a. Find the probability that the individual selected was a teenager at first marriage,
given that the person is male.
b. What is the probability that the person is a male, given that he was a teenager at
first marriage?
c. Are the events E and M independent? Justify your answer.

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