CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter present is to provide historical context for the current state of disaster,
with an emphasis on references to more recent journal articles, historical literature. Science
involves the systemic combination of what we know from observation and what we understand
from analyses of these observations. We use understand about the past and the present as a basis
for what we expect in the future.

RELATED LITERATURE

Most of the respondents did not know how to minimize climate change. The authors concluded that in

Maharashtra still there is need to make people literate about climate change and its effects on human

Health (Kulkarni et al., 2016).

Climate change is an environmental, social, and economic challenge on a global scale

(Mendelsohn and Williams, 2006). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 2014) stated that

Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In

other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other

effects, that occur over several decades or longer.

Knutson (2011) referred to climate change research as a big endeavor because of its involvement with the entire

planet and everything that affects their survival. The challenges posed by climate change crises constitute major

threat to sustainable development. The concern of sustainable development relates to the need to face and save the

future in order to keep and safeguard the interests of coming generations.

Aliyu (2009) was of the opinion that climate change would constrain the ability of developing countries to attain
their poverty reduction and sustainable development objectives under the United Nations Millennium Development
Goals. There is a dual relationship between sustainable development and climate change. Climate change influences
key natural and human living conditions and thereby also the basis for social and economic development while on
the other hand society’s priorities on sustainable development influence both the greenhouse gases (GHG)
emissions that are causing climate change and vulnerability. The four most important greenhouse gases are carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. Human activities are responsible for almost all of the
increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last one hundred and fifty (150) years (IPCC, 2007). The
largest source of gas emission is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation (USEPA, 2016).

As climate changes, everything changes from the natural habitat of wildlife to the culture and sustainable of a
region. Some of the effects of climate change are sea level rise, changes in rainfall patterns, water scarcity and
adverse health effects from warmer temperature (Marty and Yokochi, 2006).

In the State, evidence of climate change includes delayed onset date of rains, increase in number of dry days during
the raining season, decrease in annual rainfall and increase in maximum temperature (Adebayo, 2010; 2011).

In similar research in Adawawa State, Nigeria, aimed at examining the general level of awareness of climate change
impacts and adaptations, the results showed that there is a high level of awareness of climate change among the
citizens of the state (Adebayo et al., 2013).

Related Studies
In the study Agboola (2016) entitled “Awareness of Climate Change and Sustainable Development among
Undergraduates from two Selected Universities in Oyo State, Nigeria” The study concluded that climate change
education should be structured and embedded in the curricula of schools at all levels and that training, re-training,
empowerment, or enlightenment of the public and stakeholders in climate change should be carried out without
bias, discrimination or marginalization of any form.
Education on climate change is quite important to understand in order to increase everyone's awareness.
 Likewise, this study Rich Seymour (2008) entitled “Understanding the Global Warming Discussion: Climate
Change as a Context for Developing Standards-Based Research Skills in Secondary School Students” focused on
teaching students about two important topics; climate, which is a necessary area of science for young people to be
familiar with, and research skills, which are abilities that are relevant to many areas of students’ lives. In order to
ensure that students have a thorough understanding of the content discussed herein, I have developed a unit which
is partly project-based in nature.

The goal is to create curriculum that makes climate change a central focus. setting for instructing secondary school
pupils in standards-based research techniques.

In the study WHITMARSH (2005) entitled “A STUDY OF PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF AND RESPONSE TO CLIMATE
CHANGE IN THE SOUTH OF ENGLAND” This study uses a mixed-methodology approach to explore a variety of
potentially salient influences on perceptions of and behavioral responses to climate change. One factor given
particular attention is experience and understanding of flooding.

The reality of climate change is becoming more widely accepted, but political There is divergent opinion on how, or
even whether, it should be addressed.

Jacobson (2017) study entitled” Transforming air travel behavior in the face of climate change Incentives and
barriers in a Swedish setting” The study shows a lack of incentives from societal levels, pointing to the need for
political action aiming to create economic incentives and more attractive alternatives to air travel, as well as
deepened climate knowledge and change of social norms. The findings are valuable for policy makers who want to
contribute to a transformation towards a more sustainable travel system.
concentrate on air travel, a carbon-intensive activity that relies significantly on fossil fuels, and causing climate
change in the process.
Synthesis

Given the scale of climate change, and the fact that it will affect many areas of life, adaptation also needs
to take place on a greater scale. Our economies and societies as a whole need to become more resilient to
climate impacts. This will require large-scale efforts, many of which will be orchestrated by governments.
Roads and bridges may need to be built or adapted to withstand higher temperatures and more powerful
storms. Some cities on coastlines may have to establish systems to prevent flooding in streets and
underground transport. Mountainous regions may have to find ways to limit landslides and overflow from
melting glaciers.
Some communities may even need to move to new locations because it will be too difficult to adapt. This is
already happening in some island countries facing rising seas. Climate change refers to long-term shifts
in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but since the 1800s, human
activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels
(like coal, oil, and gas) increasing heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activity act like a blanket wrapped around the
earth, trapping the sun’s heat, and raising temperatures. Examples of greenhouse gas emissions
that are causing climate change include carbon dioxide and methane.