PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

ENZYMES
I ESSAY QUESTIONS: (10M)

1. Classify enzymes with suitable examples

(or)
What are enzymes? Describe their classification and nomenclature.
2. Write an account of various factors affecting the enzyme activity with diagrams and in
detail about the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme.
3. Describe the mechanism of enzyme action and catalysis
4. What are the different types of enzyme inhibition? Describe them with suitable examples.
5. What are coenzymes? Name the coenzyme derived from B-complex vitamins. Describe
their biochemical role.
6. Discuss the different mechanism in regulating enzyme activity.
7. What are isoenzymes? Discuss the clinical significance of different isoenzyme variants of
CK, LDH, ALP.
8. Write an account of the important of serum enzyme in the diagnosis of diseases.

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (5M)

1. Competitive inhibition with examples.

2. Isoenzymes with examples
3. Mechanism of enzyme action
4. Enzyme specificity
5. Allosteric enzyme
6. Role of metals in enzyme action
7. Covalent modulation
8. Diagnostic markers of myocardial infarction
9. Therapeutic uses of enzymes
10. Allosteric regulation

III. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (2M)

1. Active site
2. Serum enzymes in myocardial infarction.
3. Coenzymes
4. Km value
5. Michaelis menten equation
6. Feedback inhibition
7. LDH
8. Give two examples of plasma non-specific enzymes.
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
I ESSAY QUESTIONS: (10M)

1. Define biological oxidation. Mention the components and organization of election

transport chain. Describe in detail the mechanism of ATP synthesis. Add a note on
uncouplers.
2. Describe in detail the components and reactions of election transport chain. Add a
note on its inhibitors.
3. Describe in detail chemiosmotic theory. Add a note on uncouplers.

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (5M)

1. Schematically represent election transport chain. Indicate the sites of ATP generation
and inhibitors at these sites.
2. Components of electron transport chain
3. Name the proto-lipid complexes of respiratory chain, with their components.
4. Chemiosmotic theory
5. Oxidative phosphorylation. Uncouplers and their importance.
6. Role of cytochromes in election transport chain.
7. Inhibitors and uncouplers of ETC

III. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (2M)

1. Substrate level phosphorylation

2. P:O ratio
3. ‘Q’ cycle
4. Ubiquinone
5. Cytochromes
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
DETOXIFICATION
1. Metabolic role of glucuronic acid
2. Various detoxification mechanism
3. Detoxification by conjugation, by oxidation, by hydrolysis
4. Role of glutathione in detoxification
5. What are xenobiotics
6. Hippuric acid
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
FREE RADICALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS
1. Free radical scavenger mechanism
2. Reactive oxygen species
3. Antioxidants
4. Superoxide dismutase
5. Cytochrome P 450
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATE
I ESSAY QUESTIONS: (10M)

1. Classification of carbohydrates with suitable examples

2. Biologically important disaccharides
3. Muco-poly saccharides
4. Polysaccharides

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (5M)

1. Muta rotation
2. Epimers
3. Enediols
4. Inversion of sucrose
5. Optical isomers
6. Anomers
7. Lactose and sucrose
8. Starch and glycogen
9. Glycoconjugate
10. Muco-poly saccharides

III. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (2M)

1. Amino sugars
2. Glycosides
3. Glycoproteins
4. Heparin
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
I ESSAY QUESTIONS: (10M)

9. Which are the various oxidative pathways of Glucose?

10. Explain glycolysis aerobic and anaerobic (EMP pathway) in detail. Also mention
energetic and regulations involved in it.
11. Explain TCA (Krebs cycle) in detail. Also mention energetic and regulations involved in
it.
12. Explain gluconeogenesis in detail. Also mention energetic and regulation involved in it.
13. Explain HMP shunt (pentose phosphate) pathway in detail. Mention the tissues were this
pathway is active and the significance of the pathway.
14. Explain gluconeogenesis in detail. Also mention regulation involved in it.
15. Describe how glucose is metabolized to pyruvate in the body. Discuss the fate of pyruvate
in erythrocytes.
16. Define Gluconeogenesis. Discuss the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
and add a note on its regulation.
17. Write in detail about glycogen metabolism and give an account of its regulation.
18. Justify that citric acid cycle in the final common oxidative pathway for the oxidation of
food stuffs.
19. Discuss the dynamics of blood glucose homeostasis. What is the role of hormones in
regulating blood glucose.

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (5M)

11. Importance of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate regulation of glycolysis

12. Explain the Rapaport-Leubering cycle and significance of 2,3 BPG
(or)
Explain the supplementary cycle in glycolysis which takes place in erythrocytes.
13. Importance of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme and which are the cofactors required
by it.
14. Metabolic fate of pyruvate
15. Metabolic fate of acetyl CoA
16. Metabolic fate of OAA (oxaloacetate)
17. What are the different precursors of gluconeogenesis?
18. Importance of uronic acid pathway
19. Diagrammatic representation of Cori’s cycle and mention its importance.
20. Key enzymes of glycolysis
21. Substrate level phosphorylation
22. Drug induced hemolytic anemia
23. Lactose intolerance
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
24. Metabolic fate of G-6-phosphate
25. Role of cyclic AMP in glycogen metabolism
26. Glycogen storage disorders
(or)
Mention any three glycogen storage disorders and its biochemical defect.
27. Essential pentosuria
28. Why is TCA called as amphibolic pathway
29. Digestion of carbohydrates.
30. Significance of HMP shunt pathway
31. TCA cycle / ‘Krebs cycle’
32. Coris cycle
33. Role/effect of hormones on blood glucose regulation
34. Mucopolysaccharidoses
35. Metabolism of fructose

III. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (2M)

9. Essential pentosuria
10. Galactosemia / Mention the enzyme defect in Galactosemia.
11. Metabolism of alcohol
12. What are anaplerotic reactions?
13. Lactose intolerance
14. Von-Gierke’s disease
15. Aldolase B
16. Polyol pathway
17. PDH complex
18. PFK
19. Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs)
20. Essential fructosuria
21. TPP in carbohydrate metabolism
22. Lactic acidosis
23. Glycogenin
24. Amino sugars
25. Oral GTT / GTT
26. Glycosuria / Renal Glycosuria / Alimentary glycosuria
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
I ESSAY QUESTIONS: (10M)

1. What are antioxidant vitamins? Write an essay on sources, biochemical functions,

RDA and deficiency manifestations of any one of them.
2. Write a detailed essay on absorption, transport, biochemical role and deficiency
manifestations of Vitamin B12. Add a note on metabolic link between B12 and folic
acid.
3. Name sulphur containing vitamins. Describe the sources, biochemical functions RDA
and deficiency manifestations of any one of them.
4. Describe in detail sources, RDA, biochemical functions of pyridoxal phosphate. Add a
note on deficiency of vitamin B6.
5. Describe in detail sources biochemical functions, RDA and deficiency manifestation
of Riboflavin.
6. Discuss in detail biochemical functions, dietary sources and deficiency manifestations
of Vitamin C
7. How are NAD+ and NADP+ synthesized from niacin. Write a detailed essay on
metabolic role of Niacin coenzymes. Add a note on pellagra

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (5M)

1. Scurvy
2. Biochemical role of TPP
3. Beri beri
4. Antioxidant role of vitamins
5. Role of PLP in amino acid metabolism
6. Biochemical role of FMN and FAD
7. Folate antagonists
8. Folate trap
9. Role of THF in one carbon metabolism
10. Biochemical role of coenzyme A
11. Role of intrinsic factor in absorption of vitamin B12
12. Role of biotin in carbondioxide fixation reactions
13. Pernicious anemia in B12 deficiency
14. Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
15. Biochemical functions of ascorbic acid
16. Pantothenic acid
17. Biotin
18. Structure of Vitamin B12
19. Biochemical functions of Vitamin B6
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
20. Neurological manifestations of Vitamin B6
21. Niotinamide coenzymes
22. What is the difference between NADH and NADPH

III. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (2M)

1. Why coenzyme A is considered the molecule of metabolic integration

2. Cause of neurological signs in Vitamin B12 deficiency
3. Liver is a rich source of folate but is not advised pregnancy. Why?
4. What is citrivorim factor?
5. Deficiency manifestations of folic acid
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
I ESSAY QUESTIONS: (10M)

1. Describe sources, biochemical functions, and requirement and deficiency

manifestations of vitamin A.
2. Describe the sources, biochemical functions, and normal requirement and deficiency
manifestations of Vitamin D.

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (5M)

3. Sources and daily requirement of Vitamin A.

4. Functions of vitamin A.
5. Visual cycle
6. Hypervitaminosis A.
7. Pro-vitamins.
8. Anti-vitamins.
9. Functions of vitamin D.
10. Activation of vitamin D.
11. Vitamin D deficiency.
12. Renal rickets.
13. Alpha Tocopherol.
14. Biological role of vitamin K
15. Anti-coagulants.
16. Gamma carboxylation reaction.
17. What is the normal daily requirement of
(a) Vitamin A
(b) Vitamin D
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
NUTRITION
1. Basal metabolic rate
2. Specific dynamic action
3. Biological value of protein
4. Protein efficiency ratio
5. Nitrogen balance
6. Dietary fiber
7. Protein energy malnutrition – different types
8. Kwashiorkor
9. BMI and classification
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

CHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS
I ESSAY QUESTIONS: (10M)

1. Classify phospholipids, explain in detail with examples, functions of phospholipids

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (5M)

1. Essential fatty acids

2. Functions of phospholipids
3. Clinical importance of PUFA

III. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (2M)

1. Transfatty acids
2. Rancidity of fat
3. Liposomes
4. Surfactant
5. Respiratory distress syndrome
6. Lecithin
7. Sphingomyelin
8. Saponification number
9. Triacyl glycerol
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

LIPID METABOLISM
I ESSAY QUESTIONS: (10M)

1. Explain in detail about β oxidation of fatty acids. Add a note on energetic and
regulation.
2. What is FAS (fatty acid synthase) complex? Explain Denovo synthesis of fatty
acids in detail. Write a note on its regulation
3. What are ketone bodies? Give examples. Give an account of Metabolism of
ketone bodies (synthesis & degradation). What is ketosis – causes and salient
features.
4. Write in detail about the synthesis of cholesterol. What are the important
products formed from cholesterol?
5. What are lipoproteins? Write a detailed essay on how lipids are transported in
the body? Discuss about clinical importance of LDL and HDL.

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (5M)

1. Fatty liver and lipotropic factors

2. Hyperlipoproteinemias
3. What are Eicosanoids? Write about synthesis and clinical importance.
4. Classification of lipoproteins and write about electrophoretic separation
pattern.

III. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (2M)

1. Lecithin
2. Respiratory distress syndrome
3. Cardiolipin
4. FAS complex
5. α oxidation
6. Refsum’s disease
7. Carnitine
8. Normal levels of blood cholesterol triglycerides, LDL, HDL
9. Reverse cholesterol transport
10. Lipid profile components
11. Bile salts and its functions.
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

HEMOGLOBIN CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM

I ESSAY QUESTIONS: (10M)

1. Heme synthesis and its regulation with a note on porphyrias

2. Heme catabolism and note on types of jaundice

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (5M)

1. Structure of heme
2. Oxygen dissociation curve
3. Sickle cell anemia
4. Hemoglobinopathies
5. Thalassemia
6. Porphyrias
7. Jaundice and its types

III. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: (2M)

1. Vandenbergh reaction
2. Bohr effect
3. Chloride shift
4. Abnormal hemoglobins
5. Criggler Najjar syndrome
6. HbS/HbF
 PAPER 1 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

CELL AND ECM

1. Endoplasmic reticulum
2. Lysosomes
3. Mitochondria
4. Marker enzymes for sub cellular organelle
5. Peroxisomes
6. Collagen – structure and disorders associated
7. Prions
8. Composition of ECM
9. Diseases resulting from abnormal connective tissue proteins
10. Marfan syndrome
11. Zellweger syndrome