Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.

P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

Data Definition Commands, Data Manipulation Commands for inserting,

deleting, updating and retrieving Tables

Aim:
To create database and perform DML queries to retrieve information from the
database.
Different types of commands in SQL:
• DDL commands: - To create a database object.
• DML commands: - To manipulate data of a database objects.
Data Definition Language (DDL):
To specify the database schema.
DDL Commands:
• Create
• Alter
• Rename
• Drop
Creation of Table:
Creates a table with specified attributes and its data type along with
constraints.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME(A1 D1, A2 D2, . . . AN DN)
Here Ai is the attribute of the table,
Di is the data type of the attribute
View the table structure:
Syntax:
desc r;
Code:

CREATE TABLE student (s_id int,s_name varchar(30),s_dept varchar(40),s_street varchar(20),s_city

varchar(30),primary key(s_id));
Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

Desc student;

Retrieval of Information by Select Command:

Syntax-

(i)Select A1,A2.. ,An from r1

(ii) Select * from r1;

(iii) Select A1,A2.. ,An from r1,r2,..,rn;

(iv) Select A1,A2.. ,An from r1,r2,..,rn where condition;

Code:

SELECT * FROM student;

SELECT s_id,s_name from student where s_name=’sahana’;

Altering the Table Schema:

Add or delete or change the attribute and data type.It also can add or drop

the integrity constraints.

Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

Syntax:

1. Alter table r add (Ai Di);

2. Alter table r drop(Ai);

3. Alter table r modify(Ai Di);

4. Alter table r add primary key(Ai);

5. Alter table r enable primary key;

6. Alter table r disable primary key;

Code:

Alter table student modify (s_name varchar2(40));

ALTER TABLE student DROP(s_city);

Rename:

Change the table name

Syntax:

Rename <tablename> to <newtablename>;

Code:

RENAME student to learner;

Dropping the Table:

Deletes all information and structure about that table(relation)

Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

Syntax:

Drop table r;

Code:

Drop table learner;

Data Manipulation Language (DML):

To express database queries and updates.

List of DML Commands:

1. Insertion of information

2. Retrieval of information

3. Deleting information

4. Modifying information

Two types of DML:

1. Procedural DMLs – requires a user to specify what data are needed and how

to get

those data.

2. Declarative DMLs ( nonprocedural language) - requires a user to specify

what data are

needed without specifying how to get those data.

DML Component of SQL language is nonprocedural language.

Query is a statement requesting the retrieval of information.

Insertion of information can be done in two ways -

Syntax-

Insert into r values(V1, V2,...,Vn); // where Vi – Attribute Values

r - relation name (Table name)

Insert into r values(‘&A1’,’&A2’,....,’&An’); // where Ai – Attribute

Example :

SQL> insert into student values(1,'sanjana','IT','singanallur','cbe');

Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

1 row created.

SQL> insert into student values(2,'punitha','IT','kalapatti','cbe');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into student values(3,'sahana','IT','ukkadam','cbe');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into student values(4,'varshini','BME','kovilpalayam','cbe');

1 row created.

SELECT * from learner;

UPDATE:

The UPDATE command updates some or all data values in a database. It can

update one or more records in a table. The UPDATE command specifies the

rows to be changed using the WHERE clause and the new data using the SET

keyword.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name SET column-name = value, column-name = value,...WHERE condition;

Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

Example:

UPDATE learner SET S_dept='CSE' where Sname='punitha';

DELETE:

The DELETE command permanently removes one or more records from the

table. It removes the entire row, not individual fields of the row, so no field

argument is needed.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table-name WHERE condition;

Example:

DELETE FROM learner WHERE s_id=3;

RESULT:

Thus the DDL, DML queries are executed successfully and the output is

verified
Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

CONSTRAINTS – PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK, DEFAULT and NOT NULL

AIM:

To perform certain constraints(PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE KEY,

CHECK, DEFAULT and NOT NULL) to the table.

PRIMARY KEY:

The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database

table. Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only one

primary key.

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE table name

(ATTRIBUTE d_type PRIMARY KEY);

To add a PRIMARY KEY constraint, use the following SYNTAX:

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (ATTRIBUTE);

To drop a PRIMARY KEY constraint, use the following SYNTAX:

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP PRIMARY KEY

UNIQUE:

The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table. The

UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a guarantee for

uniqueness for a column or set of columns.

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE table_name(

ATTRINUTE d_type UNIQUE);

To create a UNIQUE constraint when the table is already created, use the

following Syntax:

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME ADD UNIQUE (ATTRUBITE);

CONSTRAINTS – PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK, DEFAULT and NOT NULL

NOT NULL:

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values.

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value. The

following SQL query column to not accept NULL values:

CREATE TABLE table_name(ATTRIBUTE d_type NOT NULL);

Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

DEFAULT:

The DEFAULT constraint is used to insert a default value into a column. The

following SQL creates a DEFAULT constraint on the table is created:

CREATE TABLE Persons(ATTRIBUTE d_type DEFAULT value);

To create a DEFAULT constraint on the column when the table is already

created use the following SQL Query:

ALTER TABLE table_name add (ATTRIBUTE d_type DEFAULT value);

To drop a DEFAULT constraint, use the following SQL:

ALTER TABLE table-name ALTER ATTRIBUTE DROP DEFAULT;

CHECK:

The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed in a

column. If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it allows only

certain values for this column. The following SQL creates a CHECK constraint

on the table is created.

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME(ATTRIBUTE d_type CHECK condition);

To add a CHECK constraint, use the following SQL:

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CHECK (condition);

Example:

CREATE TABLE emp (id int,name varchar(50),dob varchar(50),phno int);

desc emp;

Now, let’s add on the table we created previously.

SQL> ALTER TABLE emp ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

Table altered.

SQL> ALTER TABLE emp ADD UNIQUE (phno);

Table altered.

SQL> ALTER TABLE emp add (regno varchar(1000) DEFAULT 101);

Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

Table altered.

SQL> ALTER TABLE emp ADD CHECK (id>0);

Table altered.

The values that are updated ealier.

UNIQUE:

insert into emp values (4,'arun','20-1-2003',8934710834,710721205021);

PRIMARY KEY/NOT NULL:

INSERT into emp values (6,'tarun','17-10-2003',9934568834,710721205022);

CHECK:

INSERT into

Since the default value is 100 the price is automatically added

UPDATE emp SET id = 5 where name='arun';

DELETE:

DELETE FROM emp WHERE id=5;

RESULT:

Thus, the constraints(PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE KEY, CHECK, DEFAULT and NOT NULL) are add to the
table successfully and checked.
Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINTS

AIM:

To create a set of tables, add foreign keys and incorporate referential

integrity.

FOREIGN KEY:

The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that would destroy

link between tables. The FOREIGN KEY constraint also prevents that invalid

data is inserted into the foreign key column, because it has to be one of the

values contained in the table it points to A FOREIGN KEY in one table points

to a PRIMARY KEY in another table.

SYNTAX:

CREATE TABLE (TABLENAME)( COLUMNNAME DATATYPE, PRIMARY KEY (COLUMNNAME), FOREIGN

KEY (COLUMNNAME) REFERENCES (1ST TABLENAME) (COLUMNNAME));

EXAMPLE:

CREATE:

SQL> create table dept (d_no int primary key,d_name varchar(15),course_code int,course_title
varchar(15));

SQL> create table student1(id int,name varchar(15),d_id int,cgpa int,Foreign key(id) References
Dept(d_no));
Ex no: Date: / / Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Reg no:710721205043

INSERT:

Parent key Error:

SQL> insert into dept values(12,'CSE','34','chemistry');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into dept values(13,'IT','35','dpco');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into dept values(14,'BME','36','OS');

1 row created.

ALTER:

SQL> ALTER TABLE student1 modify(name varchar(25));

Table altered.

RESULT:

Thus the table is created, foreign key constraint and incorporate referential integrityqueries are
added and checked.