FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment BASIC HYDROLOGY

Course/ Subject
Code BFC 21201
Section 2

Experiment Date 9 JUNE 2022

Group Name 3

1. TUAN MUHAMMAD FIKRI HAZIQ BIN TUAN

Group Members AZMAN (DF200063)

2. MUHAMMAD IKMAL EIZZAT BIN MOKHTARUDDIN

(DF200091)

3. MUHAMMAD AIDIL BIN ISMAIL (DF200051)

4. ALIF IZZUDIN BIN AMIR (DF200030)

5. AMIRA NADIA BINTI RIZAL (DF200055)

Lecturer / Instructor/
Tutor Name DR SITI HIDAYAH BINTI ABU TALIB

Submission Date 9/6/2022

CLO 1: Report/ Presentation 35%

Marks CLO 2: Equipment Handling 7.5%

CLO 3: Team work/ Interview 7.5%

Received Stamp TOTAL

Examiner Comments
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIROMENT

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BFC 21201

Experiment Title BASIC HYDROLOGY

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

`“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

TUAN MUHAMMAD FIKRI HAZIQ BIN

NAME :……
TUAN…AZ…
MA…
N…………………

MATRIC NO :…
DF… …
20006…
3 …………………….
9 JUNE 2022
DATE :…
…………………..………….

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

MUHAMMAD IKMAL EIZZAT BIN

NAME :……
MOKH…
TA…
RU…
DD…IN ……………….

MATRIC NO :…
DF… …
20009…
1 …………………….
9 JUNE 2022
DATE :…
…………………..………….

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :…
MU…
HA…
MM…
AD…
AI…
DIL… …IS…
BIN …
MAIL ……

MATRIC NO :…
DF… …
20005…
1 …………………….
9 JUNE 2022
DATE :…
…………………………..….

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :…
ALI… …
F IZZU… …B…
DIN ……
IN AMIR …………

MATRIC NO :…
DF… …
20003…
0 …………………….
9 JUNE 2022
DATE :…
…………………………..…..

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

CLUSTER OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that this report is my own work and that I have correctly
acknowledged the work of others (if any).”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME :…
AM…
IRA…
NA…
DI…
A B… …
INTI R…
IZA…
L ………

MATRIC NO :…
DF… …
20005…
5 …………………….
9 JUNE 2022
DATE :…
…………………………..…..

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

OPEN ENDED LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

LABORATORY
(BFC 21201)

Prepared by:
CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
 Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Laboratory: Hydraulics Laboratory Section : 2
Group Members:
Subject Code: BFC 21201
1. TUAN MUHAMMAD FIKRI HAZIQ BIN TUAN
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Experiment Title : AZMAN

Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein 2. MUHAMMAD IKMAL EIZZAT BIN

MOKHTARUDDIN
Onn Malaysia
3. MUHAMMAD AIDIL BIN ISMAIL
4. ALIF IZZUDIN BIN AMIR
5. AMIRA NADIA BINTI RIZAL

Criteria 1 2 3 4 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Purpose is identified
Purpose is not identified Purpose is somewhat vague
Aim / Purpose Relevant variables are Purpose is identified Purpose is clearly identified 0.3
Relevant variables are not Relevant variables are not
described in somewhat unclear Relevant variables are described Relevant variables are described
described described
manner
All necessary lab materials
Materials There is not a list of the All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials included 0.3
Most lab materials included included but not listed in any
necessary lab materials particular order included and listed and listed in an organized manner
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedures are listed in clear
Each step is numbered and in a
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedure Procedures are listed but not in complete sentence 1.6
Procedures are not listed steps but not numbered and/or Each step is numbered and in a
clear steps Diagrams are included to describe the
in complete sentences complete sentence
set-up
Accurate representation of the data
Good representation of the data Accurate representation of the
using tables and/or graphs
using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs
Data Data lacks precision Graphs and tables are labeled and 1.8
Data is not represented or is not Less than 15% difference with Data is fairly precise
Greater than 20% difference titled
accurate accepted values Less than 10% difference with
with accepted values Data is precise with less than 5%
Precision is acceptable accepted values
difference with accepted values
Trends / patterns are not Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically
Trends / patterns are not
Analysis / analyzed analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
analyzed 1.8
Result Answers to questions are Questions are answered in Questions are answered in Questions are answered thoroughly
Questions are not answered
incomplete complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
Analysis is not relevant Analysis is inconsistent Analysis is general Analysis is thoughtful Analysis is insightful
Accurate statement of the
Accurate statement of the results of
results of the lab indicates
lab indicates whether results support
Discussion No discussion was included or A statement of the results is A statement of the results of the whether results support the 1.2
hypothesis
shows little effort and reflection incomplete with little reflection lab indicates whether results hypothesis
Possible sources of error and what
on the lab on the lab support the hypothesis Possible sources of error
was learned from the lab discussed
identified
NAME OF LECTURER : SIGNATURE : DATE TOTAL SCORE :

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

 OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS. MATRIC NO. CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1. TUAN MUHAMMAD FIKRI HAZIQ BIN TUAN AZMAN DF200063 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT
2. MUHAMMAD AIDIL BIN ISMAIL DF200051 ENVIRONMENT
3. MUHAMMAD IKMAL EIZZAT BIN MOKHTARUDDIN DF200091

4. ALIF IZZUDIN BIN AMIR DF200030

5. AMIRA NADIA BINTI RIZAL DF200055 SECTION. 2

CLO 2 CLO 3
AVG.
Criteria 5= Very Good 2=Poor 1= Very Poor W AVG. Total W
Total

Student is prepared to Student is aware on the Student is aware on the

Practical Ability in Student is completely handle the equipment procedure but raise some procedure but raise many Student requires
Handling Equipment prepared to handle the effectively with / less questions and start questions and start guidance to conduct
CLO 2 equipment effectively requesting for assistance to requesting for assistance to laboratory
questions have been
raised operate the equipzrient operate the equipment

1. 0.3
2. 0.3
3. 0.3
4. 0.3
5. 0.3
Student can explain the
results of the experiment
in detail and the ways in Student can answer
Student can explain the results Student can answer
Interview / lab report which they relate to the questions about the
of the experiment in detail and some questions about
Student cannot
CLO 3 research focus. The experiment and begins to answer questions
the ways in which they relate the experiment
student can also evaluate make connections about the
to the research focus
the significance of the between the experiment experiment
experiment to the real and its applications
situation
1. 0.3
2. 0.3
3. 0.3
4. 0.3
5. 0.3
 1

Contents

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Aim of the Experiment.................................................................................................... 3

2.0 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Equipment........................................................................................................................ 4

2.2 Procedure ......................................................................................................................... 4

3.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS.......................................................................................... 6

3.1 Analysis for Case 1 .......................................................................................................... 8

3.1.2 Rainfall duration ........................................................................................................... 8

3.1.3 Peak Discharge .............................................................................................................. 8

3.1.4 Rainfall intensity ........................................................................................................... 8

3.1.5 Surface Runoff ................................................................................................................ 8

3.1.6 Storage Volume .............................................................................................................. 8

3.2 Analysis For Case 2 ....................................................................................................... 10

3.2.2 Rainfall duration ......................................................................................................... 10

3.2.3 Peak Discharge ............................................................................................................ 10

3.2.4 Rainfall intensity ......................................................................................................... 10

3.2.5 Surface Runoff .............................................................................................................. 10

 2

3.2.6 Storage Volume ............................................................................................................ 10

4.0 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 12

a) Rainfall intensity ........................................................................................................... 12

b) Rainfall duration ........................................................................................................... 12

c) Rainfall distribution ...................................................................................................... 12

d) Soil moisture .................................................................................................................. 13

5.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 13

Reference ..................................................................................................................................... 13
 3

1. Introduction

The hydrological cycle represents the continuous movement of water above, on, and beneath the
surface of the Earth. The cycle encompasses the transport of water by evapotranspiration, precipitation,
surface runoff, subsurface flow, and groundwater routes at all sizes, from the globe to the smallest stream
catchment. Water is evaporated from the land, seas, and vegetation to the atmosphere, where it is recycled
as rain or snow, using the radiant energy from the Sun. When moisture from the atmosphere descends to
the Earth's surface, it splits into several interconnecting channels.

Precipitation wets plants, enters surface water bodies immediately, or begins to permeate the earth
to replace soil moisture (excluding snow and hail). Excess water percolates to the saturation zone, or
groundwater, where it travels horizontally and downhill to groundwater discharge sites. Infiltration rates
differ based on land use, soil properties, and the length and intensity of the rainfall event. When rainfall
surpasses infiltration, overland flow occurs. Surface runoff and groundwater discharge lead to water
entering streams, which eventually flows to the sea and evaporates to complete the hydrological cycle.
Rainstorms generate runoff, which is reliant on the features of the rainfall event, such as intensity,
length, and dispersion, for its occurrence and amount. The rainfall-runoff mechanism is exceedingly
complicated, making accurate modelling challenging. Other key elements that impact runoff generation
include natural surface detention, soil infiltration characteristics, and the drainage pattern established by
natural flow routes. Soil types, vegetation cover, and terrain all have vital impacts. Because of their direct
relationship on water resources quantity, flood, streamflow, and dam and hydraulic structure design,
rainfall and runoff are particularly essential hydrologic components.

1.1 Aim of the Experiment

To identify the relationship between rainfall and runoff.
 4

2.0 Methodology

2.1 Equipment
1) Basic Hydrology Machine
2) Switch pump
3) Rain Gauge
4) Stopwatch

2.2 Procedure
1. Before start the experiment, make sure the slope adjusted to 0.
2. For case 1, the slope was adjusted to 0.
3. The length of sand slot was 1.8 metre and the water bubble was centred.

Figure 1 : 1.8m sand slot

4. The water level was made sure to be 0.

5. Switch pump was turn on.
6. Rain gauge’s reading was recorded based on the selected time interval using stopwatch.

Figure 2 : Recording the rain gauge

7. At the same time, the water level was recorded similar to selected time interval.
 5

Figure 3 : The reading of water level

8. The reading of water level was taken until it constant 3 times.

9. Turned off the switch pump and the drop of water level was recorded on selected time until the
value constant 3 times.
10. For case 2, the slope was adjusted accordingly and the step will be repeated starting from the first
step.

Figure 4 : Adjusting the slope

 6

3.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

TABLE 6.1: BASIC HYDROLOGICAL EXPERIMENT RESULT

Case 1 Case 2

Water level Discharge Discharge Rain Gauge Water level Discharge Discharge Rain Gauge
(mm) (liter/min) (m3/s) Reading (mm) (liter/min) (m3/s) Reading
(mm) (mm)
30 0 0 0 70208 0 0 0 70237
60 0 0 0 70211 4 4.32 0.000072 70241
90 3 2.16 0.000036 70214 9 6.48 0.000108 70246
120 5 2.70 0.000045 70217 19 10.26 0.000171 70250
150 14 6.05 0.000101 70219 28 12.10 0.000202 70254
180 30 10.80 0.000180 70222 34 12.24 0.000204 70259
210 35 10.80 0.000180 70226 35 10.80 0.000180 70264
240 58 15.66 0.000261 70229 36 9.72 0.000162 70267
270 58 13.92 0.000232 70233 36 8.64 0.000144 70272
300 58 12.53 0.000209 70237 36 7.78 0.000130 70276
330 30 5.90 0.000098 70237 29 5.69 0.000095 70278
360 25 4.50 0.000075 70237 25 4.50 0.000075 70278
390 24 4.00 0.000067 70237 23 3.82 0.000064 70278
420 23 3.55 0.000059 70237 23 3.55 0.000059 70278
450 22 3.17 0.000062 70237 20 2.88 0.000048 70278
480 21 2.84 0.000047 70237 20 2.70 0.000045 70278
510 20 2.54 0.000042 70237
540 20 2.40 0.000040 70237
570 20 2.27 0.000038 70237
 7

Data discharge (m3/s) and time (s).

Case 1 Case 2
Time (s) Discharge (m3/s) Time (s) Discharge (m3/s)
30 0 30 0
60 0 60 0.000072
90 0.000036 90 0.000108

120 0.000045 120 0.000171

150 0.000101 150 0.000202
180 0.000180 180 0.000204

210 0.000180 210 0.000180

240 0.000261 240 0.000162

270 0.000232 270 0.000144

300 0.000209 300 0.000130

330 0.000098 330 0.000095

360 0.000075 360 0.000075

390 0.000067 390 0.000064

420 0.000059 420 0.000059
450 0.000062 450 0.000048
480 0.000047 480 0.000045

510 0.000042

540 0.000040

570 0.000038
 8

3.1 Analysis for Case 1

Case 1
0.0003

0.00025

0.0002

0.00015
Discharge

0.0001

0.00005

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-0.00005
Time (s)

3.1.1 Time Concentration (Tc)

240 < Tc < 330

3.1.2 Rainfall duration

240 Seconds

3.1.3 Peak Discharge

At time = 240 the peak discharge is 0.000261 m3/s

3.1.4 Rainfall intensity

Rainfall intensity = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷/Rain Duration
Rainfall intensity = (70237)/240
= 292.65 mm/s

3.1.5 Surface Runoff

Surface Runoff = 0.001058 x 3600
= 3.809 m3

3.1.6 Storage Volume

Storage volume= 0.000714 x 3600
= 2.570 m3
 9

Case 1
Time (s) 3 3 3
Total flow, Q (m /s) Base Flow (m /s) Direct flow (m /s)
30 0 0 0
60 0 0 0
90 0.000036 0.000042 -0.000006
120 0.000045 0.000042 0.000003
150 0.000101 0.000042 0.000059
180 0.000180 0.000042 0.000138
210 0.000180 0.000042 0.000138
240 0.000261 0.000042 0.000219
270 0.000232 0.000042 0.000190
300 0.000209 0.000042 0.000167
330 0.000098 0.000042 0.000056
360 0.000075 0.000042 0.000033
390 0.000067 0.000042 0.000025
420 0.000059 0.000042 0.000017
450 0.000062 0.000042 0.000020
480 0.000047 0.000042 0.000005
510 0.000042 0.000042 0
540 0.000040 0.000042 -0.000002
570 0.000038 0.000042 -0.000004
Total 0.000714 0.001058
 10

3.2 Analysis For Case 2

Case 2
0.00025

0.0002

0.00015
Discharge

0.0001

0.00005

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (s)

3.2.1 Time Concentration (Tc)

240 < Tc < 330

3.2.2 Rainfall duration

180 Seconds

3.2.3 Peak Discharge

At time = 180 the peak discharge is 0.000180 m3/s

3.2.4 Rainfall intensity

Rainfall intensity = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷/Rain Duration
Rainfall intensity = (70278)/ 180
= 390.43 mm/s

3.2.5 Surface Runoff

Surface Runoff = 0.001039 x 3600
= 3.740 m3

3.2.6 Storage Volume

Storage volume= 0.00072 x 3600
= 2.592 m3
 11

Case 2
Time (s) 3 3 3
Total flow, Q (m /s) Base Flow (m /s) Direct flow (m /s)
30 0 0 0
60 0.000072 0.000048 0.000024
90 0.000108 0.000048 0.00006
120 0.000171 0.000048 0.000123
150 0.000202 0.000048 0.000154
180 0.000204 0.000048 0.000156
210 0.000180 0.000048 0.000132
240 0.000162 0.000048 0.000114
270 0.000144 0.000048 0.000096
300 0.000130 0.000048 0.000082
330 0.000095 0.000048 0.000047
360 0.000075 0.000048 0.000027
390 0.000064 0.000048 0.000016
420 0.000059 0.000048 0.000011
450 0.000048 0.000048 0
480 0.000045 0.000048 -0.000003
Total 0.00072 0.001039
 12

4.0 Discussion
This experiment shows that rainstorms and their incidence and amount are affected by
the features of the rainfall event, intensity, duration and dispersion. It may deduce from this
experiment that a few factors contribute to the runoff generation process. Humans are unable
to create an appropriate reading procedure. It was caused by the rain gauge's parallax mistake.
Adding more slope which happens in Case 2 situation will produce more runoff volume,
rainfall intensity along with storage volume even though having the same value of rainfall
duration. The infiltration capacity of a soil is determined by its porosity, which defines its water
storage capacity and influences the resistance of water to flow into a deeper layer. Higher
infiltration capacity is usually seen in porous sand. From that, it can be seen that the sand
utilised is absolutely functional and the rain gauge is moving. Finally, the water appears to be
seeping from someplace on the catchment area side. It may interfere with the rain gauge
reading. Some factors that affecting the runoff are:

a) Rainfall intensity

Rainfall intensity is an important component influencing runoff, and its magnitude has a direct
impact on the volume of runoff. When the intensity of the rain rises, so does the run off. Surface
and subsurface runoff rose significantly as rainfall intensity increased, although surface runoff
loss was significantly more than underground runoff loss. This variation in runoff loss might
be due to the fact that the kinetic energy of raindrops impacting the soil surface rises as rainfall
intensity increases.

b) Rainfall duration

It is significant because infiltration capacity decreases with increasing rainfall duration until it
becomes constant. Surface run-off increases as infiltration decreases. There may be no filtering
if the water table reaches the ground level.

c) Rainfall distribution

The run-off from a basin is heavily influenced by the distribution of rainfall. Rain may fall on
the entire basin or only a portion of it. Peak flows in tiny drainage basins are typically caused
by heavy rainfall falling over a short region. Peak flows in vast drainage basins, on the other
hand, are caused by storms of smaller strength but covering a larger region. The rainfall
distribution is commonly expressed by the distribution coefficient, which may be determined
 13

for a specific storm by dividing the maximum rainfall at the site by the mean rainfall over the
basin.

d) Soil moisture

The run off is also affected by the amount of soil moisture present at the time of the rainfall. If
there has been a lengthy period of dry weather, the soil is dry and may absorb enormous
volumes of water. Even heavy rain may fail to cause significant run off in such conditions.
Furthermore, if there is continual rain, the soil will be damp and infiltration will be minimal.
Even little showers might generate significant flooding under such settings.

5.0 Conclusion

As a conclusion of this experiment, we fully understand how to identify the relationship

between rainfall and runoff and its process. Besides that, we also can verify that when the
rainfall increases, the runoff will also increase until it reaches the time of maximum discharge.
Using the rain gauge, we can record the discharge and it's time for each catchment area. From
this experiment, we can apply this knowledge to design the dam or drain. The applications of
the basic hydrology system were very important to control the floods. Besides that, we can also
use this application to avoid the high cost for construction of the dam or drain. Then, we also
have determined all factors that affect runoff such as rainfall intensity, type of surfaces, rainfall
duration, and others.

Reference

1) Sharp, J. J., & Sawden, P. G. (2013). BASIC hydrology. Elsevier.

2) Heath, R. C. (1998). Basic ground-water hydrology (Vol. 2220). US Department of the Interior, US
Geological Survey.
 I~...__, 1 '1 o~l-- { ~
- ) )
TABLE 6.1: BASIC HYDROLOGICAL EXPERIMENT RESULT , , \.,· \I '.) fl~}' < .J
Case 1 Case 2
Time, Rain Gauge Water level Discharge Discharge Rain Gauge
Water level Discharge Discharge
t (mm) (liter/min) (m 3/s) Reading (mm) (liter/min) (m 3/s) Reading
Isl Imm \ l mml
n 0 '7c]-l. ~p
30 0 0 0 7 0 ,. 0.,- I D
60 0 0 0 10).J I 4 (\.,~ 2 o .ooo o'f-2 -;<:> 2./.J I
90 0 ·00003{, q 1, . 4 'S O · ooo 10 8 ~oi~ ~
1 '2 - lb >o ) //J
120 s 'l -".JO o. 0000 '+'S 7 /J J. / '3_ l'l 10 . 11, 0 , 0 Do \ ~ I ':o>'st,
150 14 (,.0$ 0, OL\) IO I ?o:.-rc;i '). /? j1 . I Q O• l) Of) :?0 2 ...,...:Ji'.:: u_
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