January 08, 2022

A lecture on:

Geometry
&
Trigonometry
Angelo D. Cloma
MENTOR
 GEOMETRY
a branch of Mathematics which deals
with points, lines, planes and solids.
It includes finding areas and volumes
of geometric figures
 The name geometry was derived from the Greek
words “geo” which means Earth and “metron” which
means measure. Originally, geometry was used to
measure the fields of ancient Egyptians. The yearly
floods of the Nile River wash away their land marks
and so they use geometry to determine the size of
their fields and put the proper land marks in place.
Euclid – Considered to be the Father of Geometry. He made
a compilation of Geometric of postulates and
theorems. The compilation consisted of 13 books entitled
“The Elements”. Euclid lived during the reign of Ptolemy.
According to a historian, Proclus, the King asked Euclid if
there were no easier way to learn Geometry than by
studying “The Elements”. Euclid’s reply was his famous line,
“There is no royal road to Geometry.”
Lesson 1: Language of Geometry

1. Point - must be imagined as having no dimension, no

width, no length, no thickness.
Examples: a) a corner of a sheet of paper
b) the tip of a well sharpened pencil
c) a dot on a piece of paper
d) the tip of a needle
 2. Line is straight, of infinite length, but has no width or
thickness.
Examples: a) the edge of a sheet of paper which extends
indefinitely in both directions
b) a very fine stretched string of infinite length
c) the intersection of 2 plane walls which extends
indefinitely
 3. Plane is a flat surface of infinite width or length but has
no thickness
Examples: a) the flat surface of a table which extends
indefinitely in all directions.
b) the wall of a room extending indefinitely…
c) the ceiling of this room extending indefinitely
 Assumptions in Geometry
Geometry is based on assumptions that we accept
without proof. These assumptions are divided into 2 sets
namely axioms and postulates .
1. Axioms are general assumptions that govern not only
geometry but also arithmetic, algebra, and other fields of
Mathematics. They are also called properties.

2. Postulates are assumptions used particularly in Geometry.

The 6 Axioms of Equality are:
A – 1 Reflexive Property of Equality : Any quantity is equal to itself.
Ex. A = A ; AB = AB ; 2x = 2x
A – 2 Symmetric Property of Equality. Equality is reversible.
Ex. If A = B, then, B = A.
A - 3 Transitive Property of Equality : Quantities equal to the same quantities are equal.
Ex. If A = B and B = C, then A = C.
A - 4 Substitution Property of Equality . If A = B, then B can be substituted for A and
vice-
versa in any equation.
A - 5 Addition Property of Equality : If equals are added to equals, the sum are equal.
If a = b , then a + c = b + c
If a = b , and c = d , then a + c = b + d
A - 6 Multiplication Property of Equality : If equals are multiplied by equals, the product
is equal.
If a = b , then ac = bc
 Lesson 2: Quadrilaterals
Definitions
Definition 1. A quadrilateral is a four-sided plane figure
bounded by line segments which
intersect at their endpoints. Various special quadrilaterals
are defined in various ways. The following are typical:
Definition 2. Trapezoid: A quadrilateral with one pair of
parallel sides.
Definition 3. Parallelogram: A quadrilateral with two pairs
of parallel sides.
Definition 4. Rhombus: A parallelogram with four equal
sides.
Lesson 3: The Metric System
Brief History of the Metric System
The Metric system is a group of units used to
make any kind of measurement such as length,
weight, temperature and time. No other system
ever used can equal the Metric System in
simplicity. All major countries of the world today
use the Metric System
 

To convert from a higher unit to a lower unit, multiply by 10n, where n is the
difference of the powers of 10 between the higher unit and the lower unit.
To convert from a lower unit to a higher unit, divide by 10n.
 Examples:
Convert the ff. from 1 unit to another
within the Metric System.
1. 25 hm = _____ dam

Since 1 hm = 102 m and 1 dam = 101

m, then your multiplier is 10^2-1 or
10. The solution is: 25 hm × 10 dam/
hm = 250 dam.

2. 3800 dm = _____ dam

Since we are converting from lower unit to a higher unit, we divide by 10n
3800 dm ÷ 101- (-1) = 3800 ÷ 102 dam = 38 dam
 Lesson 4: Polygons
Polygon: A polygon is a plane figure bounded by three or more line segments. These line
segments are called sides of the polygon. It is usually named according to the number of
its sides. A polygon of n sides is called an n-gon, where and n is finite. A polygon
whose sides are equal is called a regular n-gon.
Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon
Pentagon: A pentagon is a 5-sided polygon.
Hexagon: A hexagon is a 6-sided polygon
Heptagon: A heptagon is a 7-sided polygon
Octagon: An octagon is an 8-sided polygon
Nonagon: A nonagon is a 9-sided polygon.
Decagon: A decagon is a 10-sided polygon.
Altitude of a triangle: The altitude of a triangle is a segment that is
perpendicular from a vertex of the triangle to the line containing the
opposite side.
Center of a Regular Polygon: The center of the regular n-gon is the center of
the circle circumscribed about the n-gon.
Apothem: The apothem is the perpendicular distance from the center of a
regular polygon to any of its side.
Central angle of a regular n-gon: A central angle is an angle whose vertex is
the center of the circle or the polygon inscribed in it, and its sides, are two
consecutive radii.
Radius r of a Regular Polygon: The radius of an n-gon is a radius of the
circumscribed circle. It joins the center to a vertex of the polygon.
Tessellation is the art of fitting together geometric figures without leaving
any spaces.
 360
𝑟2 𝑥𝑛𝑥 sin( )
𝑛
Area =
2
360
72 𝑥4𝑥 sin( )
4
Area =
2
Area = 97 in^2
𝑟
 1
Area = 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2
1
Area = 𝑥 6.75 𝑥 6.5 𝑥 7
2
1
Area = 𝑥 6.75 𝑥 6.5 𝑥 7
2
Area = 153.56 yd^2
Lesson 5: Perimeters, Areas, and
Volumes of Geometric Figures
- The perimeter is the distance around a polygon. It is the sum of the lengths
of the sides of a figure.
- Circumference is the distance around a circle.
AREAS
Area – The area of a closed plane figure is the number of square units that
can be contained inside the figure.
Surface Area of Solids
Surface area - The sum of the areas of the outer surface of a solid. These
outer surfaces are called faces.
Volume of Solids
Volume – the amount of space occupied by a solid figure. The measure of
volume is expressed in cubic units.
Volumes and Prisms Sample Problems

V = Bh
= ½ (6)(4) x 9
= 12 x 9
= 108 cm^3
V = Bh
= ½ (7+15)(3) x 12
= 33 x 12
= 396 cm^3
V = Bh
= (2.5)(2.2) X 4.9
= 5.5 x 4.9
= 26.95 m^3
Find the volume of cylinder

V = Bh
= pi x r^2 x h
= pi(3.7)^2 (4.8)
=206.4 ft^3
V = Bh
= pi x r^2 x h
= pi (6)^2 x 12
=1357.2 m^3
Multiple Choice:
A rectangular lap pool
measures 80 feet long by 20
V = Bh
feet wide. If it needs to be = 20 (80) x 4
filled to 4 feet deep and each
cubic foot holds 7.5 gallons,
how many gallons will it take
= 6400
to fill the lap pool?
A. 4000
B. 6400
6400 x 7.5 =
C. 30,000
D. 48,000
48,000 gallons
Find the volume of each prisms
V = Bh
=2x3x5
= 30 in^3
V = Bh
= ½ (7 x 11 x 14)
= 539m^3
 a^2 + b^2 = c^2
a^2 + 9^2 = 15^2
a^2 = 15^2 – 9^2
a = 𝟏𝟒𝟒
a = 𝟏𝟐
Thus, V = bh
= ½ (2)(12)(6)
= 324 cm^3
V = Bh
= (11.4)(5.1)
= 58.14 ft^3
Solving Volumes from Word Problems
A planter is in the shape
of a rectangular prism 18 inches
long, inches deep, and 12 h = 12 – 1 1/2
inches high. What is the volume
of potting soil in the planter if = 10 ½ in
the planter is filled to inches
below the top?
V = Bh
A. 2710.5 in^3 =(18)(14.5) x 10.5
B. 2720.5 in^3
C. 2730.5 in^3
D. 2740.5 in^3
= 2740.5 in^3
E. 2750.5 in^3
 A box 18 centimeters by 9 centimeters by 15 centimeters is being
used to ship two cylindrical candles. Each candle has a diameter of 9
centimeters and a height of 15 centimeters, as shown at the right. What is
the volume of the empty space in the box?

V = V(prism) – V(cylinders)
V = 9(18)(15) – 2 [pi(4.5)^2 (15)
V = 2430 – 607.5 pi
V = 521.5 cm^3
Volume of Solid when the figure given is net

h = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟒)^𝟐 − (𝟏𝟒)^𝟐

h = 𝟕𝟖𝟗. 𝟗𝟔
h = 28.1
V = Bh
V = ½ (14)(28.1)(20)
V = 3934.9 cm^3
V = Bh
𝟐
V=𝝅𝒓 𝒉
V = 𝝅 𝟏. 𝟖 𝟐 (𝟒. 𝟖)
V = 48.9
Volume of composite solid
V = V1 + V2
V = (3)(5)(11) + (3 X 5 X 4)
V = 165 + 60
V = 225 cm^3
V = V1 + V2
V = (4)(6)(4) + ½ (6 x 2 x 4)
V = 96 + 24
V = 120 m^3
 A cylindrical can has a
volume of 363 cubic centimeters.
The diameter of the can is 9
centimeters. What is the height? V = bh
A. 5.0 𝟐
V=𝝅𝒓 𝒉
B. 5.1 𝟐
C. 5.2
363 = 𝝅 (𝟒. 𝟓) x h
D. 5.6 363
E. 5.7 𝟐 =h
𝝅 (𝟒.𝟓)

5.7 = h
 A cylinder has a surface area 𝟐
of 144π square inches and a height S = 2𝝅 𝒓 𝒉 + 𝟐𝑩
𝟐
of 6 inches. What is the volume? S = 2𝝅 𝒓 𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓^𝟐
𝟐
A. 678.6 in^3 144 = 2𝝅 𝒓 (𝟔) + 𝟐𝝅𝒓^𝟐
B. 677.6 in^3 144𝝅 = 12𝝅 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓^𝟐
C. 676.6 in^3
D. 675.6 in^3
72𝝅 = 6𝝅𝒓 + 𝝅𝒓^𝟐
E. 774.6 in^3 72 = 6𝒓 + 𝒓^𝟐
0 = 𝒓^𝟐 + 6r - 72
V = bh 𝟐 0 = (𝒓 + 𝟏𝟐)(𝒓 − 𝟔)
V=𝝅𝒓 𝒉 r = −𝟏𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟔
V = 𝝅 (𝟔)𝟐 𝒙 𝟔
V = 𝟔𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 𝒊𝒏^𝟑
 A cylinder has a surface area
of 144π square inches and a heightV = lwh+[1/2(b1+b2)h]h
of 6 inches. What is the volume?
A. 678.6 in^3 V = (6)(10)(15)+[1/2(6+3)10](15)
B. 677.6 in^3 V = 900 + 675
C. 676.6 in^3
D. 675.6 in^3
V = 1575 ft^3
If the
E. 774.6 width is 15 feet,
in^3
find the volume of water it
takes to fill the pool.
A. 1570 ft^3
B. 1575 ft^3
C. 1580 ft^3
D. 1585 ft^3
E. 1590 ft^3
 What is the ratio of the area of the circle to the area of
the square?
𝝅
A. 𝟒

𝝅
B. 𝟓

𝟐𝝅
C. 𝟑

𝟐𝝅
D. 𝟐 Area of the circle 𝜋(2𝑥)^2 4𝜋𝑥^2 𝜋
= = =
Area of the square (4𝑥)^2 16𝑥^2 4
E. 𝝅
 Find the height
of the triangle.
A. √𝟐𝟓
h^2 + 5^2 = 10^2
B. 𝟕𝟓
h^2 = 100 - 25
C. 𝟏𝟎𝟎
D. 𝟏𝟒𝟒 h=𝟓 𝟑
E. 1 or h = √𝟕𝟓
Area of rhombus and trapezoid

A = ½ d1 x d2
A = ½ (12)(20)
A = 120
A = ½ (b1 + b2) h
A = ½ (17 + 25) x 18
A = 378 m^3
Surface Area
Lesson 6: Circles and Arcs
10 MINUTES BREAK
TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry comes from the Greek root words,
“trigonon” meaning triangle and “metria”
meaning measure. The word trigonometry
means triangle measurement. Thus, most
trigonometric applications involve solving parts
of a triangle if some parts are given.
Lesson 1: Exponential and
Logarithmic Function
 𝒎+𝟓
𝟏) 𝟓 =𝟏
𝒎+𝟓
𝟓 =𝟏
𝒎+𝟓
𝟓 =𝟓
𝒎+𝟓=𝟎
𝒎 = −𝟓
 𝟐𝒑−𝟏 𝟑𝒑+𝟓
2) 𝟔 =𝟔
2p - 1 = 𝟑𝒑 + 𝟓
-5 - 1 = 𝟑𝒑 − 𝟐𝒑
-6 = 𝒑
 𝒙 𝒙−𝟐 𝟔𝒙+𝟏
3) (𝟑 )(𝟑 ) = 𝟑
2x – 2 = 6x + 1
– 2 - 1 = 6x – 2x
– 3 = 4x
– 3 = 4x
𝟒
x=-
𝟑
 𝟓𝒚−𝟐
4) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟐𝒚
𝟓𝟑𝒚+𝟐
𝟓𝒚−𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝒚
= (𝟓 )
𝟓𝟑𝒚+𝟐
𝟓𝒚−𝟐−𝟑𝒚+𝟐 = 𝟓𝟔𝒚
−𝟐𝒚−𝟒 𝟔𝒚
𝟓 =𝟓
-2y-4 = 𝟔𝒚
-2y-6y = 𝟒
-8y = 𝟒
y = −𝟏/𝟐
T𝒓𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒏𝒆!
−𝒙+𝟏 𝟐𝒙+𝟓)
𝟓) 𝟒 = 𝟔𝟒
−𝒙+𝟏 𝟑(𝟐𝒙+𝟓)
𝑨. 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝟒 =𝟒
B. x = -1 -x + 1= 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
C. x = 2 -x – 6x= 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏
D. x = -2 – 7x= 𝟏𝟒
E. x = 3 x = -2
Exponential to Logarithmic
Logarithmic to Exponential
 Lesson 2: Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometry comes from the Greek root words,

“trigonon” meaning triangle and “metria” meaning
measure. The word trigonometry means triangle
measurement. Thus, most trigonometric applications
involve solving parts of a triangle if some parts are
given.