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Study On Heat Affected Zone Softening in Resistance
Study On Heat Affected Zone Softening in Resistance
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Norman Y. Zhou
Received: 17 October 2009 / Accepted: 17 December 2009 / Published online: 31 December 2009
Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009
Abstract The base metal (BM) and the heat affected sub-micron particles became finer. SEM observations
zone (HAZ) of a resistance spot welded dual phase steel resulted in good agreement with the nanohardness of the
have been evaluated by nanoindentation hardness testing. TM phase along the sub-critical HAZ. In contrast, mi-
Three different surface conditions have been explored on crohardness results suggested the termination of tempering
the BM for assessing the nanohardness response. Softening at a shorter distance with respect to Ac1 and hence a
has been investigated along the sub-critical HAZ by mak- reduced extension of the softening region. The improved
ing nanoindentations on individual phases such as ferrite resolution for assessing softening through nanoindentation
and tempered martensite (TM) at various distances from was due to the possibility of avoiding the contribution of
the line of lower critical temperature Ac1. A broken the phase boundaries because of the smaller size of the
appearance accompanied with sub-micron particles were indentation; this also permitted evaluation of TM at low
consistently found on TM at 100 lm from the Ac1 line peak temperatures far from Ac1 where early stages of
suggesting carbide precipitation along with partial recovery tempering took place.
of martensite. The morphology of TM kept on changing
while moving away from Ac1 towards the BM as the
fraction of broken appearance was reduced and the Introduction
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J Mater Sci (2010) 45:1638–1647 1639
dual phase steels [8]. Softening phenomena has also been rapid thermal cycles of RSW. Additionally, various surface
reported in Cr steels upon higher heat input welding pro- conditions (metallographic surface preparation procedures)
cesses [9, 10]. of the BM have been systematically investigated for
Microstructure analysis from the fusion zone (FZ) assessing nanohardness of individual phases in DP steel.
through the HAZ of resistance spot welded DP steel has
been little reported [11–14]. All reports agreed well that the
FZ microstructure was composed of predominant mar- Experimental
tensite. Observations addressed towards the HAZ indicated
that decomposition of austenite took place before The material for the present study was a DP steel with a
re-transformation into new martensite and ferrite [11]. In nominal ultimate tensile strength of 980 MPa (DP980).
order to better analyse the gradient of microstructures at the The DP steel was used in the form of sheet with a thickness
HAZ, it was conveniently divided as: coarse grain region; of 1.2 mm overlaid with a galvannealed coating. The
comprise blocky martensitic grains, and intercritical chemical composition of the bulk metal of this DP steel is
region; where martensite phase was coarsen [12]. Even provided in Table 1. The BM microstructure showing the
though some of the above-mentioned works have reported ferrite matrix along with martensitic islands is displayed in
measured HAZ-softening in resistance spot welded DP Fig. 1. The volume fraction of martensite phase in BM was
steel; no discussion has been addressed towards the tem- estimated to be 48% from standard metallographic and
pered martensite (TM) microstructure occurring at the sub- image analysis techniques.
critical HAZ. The BM specimens were cross-sectioned along the
Tempering of martensite occurs at temperature below rolling direction, mechanically ground and polished by
the lower critical (Ac1) and was also reported as the main conventional metallographic techniques. Three different
reason for softening in martensitic steels [15, 16]. The surface conditions were investigated and samples were
degree or severity of tempering is highly dependent on the prepared according to the following procedures: (1)
maximum (peak) temperature and the time at peak tem- mechanically fine polished, consisted of polishing down to
perature during isothermal heat treatments, and the prior 0.25 lm followed by fine polishing with 0.05 lm colloidal
microstructure and the alloying level [17]. Martensite silica; (2) chemically etched, consist of mechanically fine
tempering is developed in a series of stages up to Ac1 polishing followed by etching with 2% nital solution for a
temperature and basically involves: the segregation of period of 8–10 s in order to further remove possible
carbon, the precipitation of a transition carbide (e-carbide), hardened layers; (3) electropolished, after grinding and
the decomposition of retained austenite, the replacement of
e-iron carbide by cementite, the coarsening of cementite or
Table 1 Chemical composition for dual phase steel (wt%)
dissolution into more stable alloy carbides and the recovery
of martensite [18]. Even though the tempering of mar- C Mn Si P S Mo Cr
tensite has been extensively investigated for martensitic 0.13 1.91 0.03 0.01 0.005 0.33 0.16
steels subjected to isothermal heat treatments, little work
has been addressed to investigating the process of tem-
pering on martensite particles of DP steel during fast
thermal cycles (far from equilibrium) like those generated
by the RSW process.
Instrumented indentation testing (IIT) has become a
valuable tool for evaluating material properties (i.e.
nanohardness and elastic modulus) of small features at
nano-scale [19, 20]. IIT through ball nanoindentation has
been performed in order to calculate constitutive properties
in welded high strength steel [21]. To date, there are few
studies using IIT for assessing the degree of tempering in
martensitic steels [22, 23]. Research work on analysing the
nanohardness of TM particles in DP steel has been hardly
reported; however, it has been shown that it is feasible to
analyse the change in hardness at nano-level [24]. Thus, the
present work aims to evaluate the tempering of martensite
in DP steel through nanohardness measurement by IIT on a Fig. 1 Base metal microstructure of dual phase steel under etched
range of sub-critical HAZ microstructures developed by condition
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1640 J Mater Sci (2010) 45:1638–1647
Results
Base metal
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J Mater Sci (2010) 45:1638–1647 1641
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1642 J Mater Sci (2010) 45:1638–1647
Fig. 6 Cross-section
macrograph of resistance spot
welded DP steel showing two
grids of microhardness
indentations (HV-200 g) on the
sub-critical HAZ (left) and BM
(right). Distance between Ac1
and the columns of indentations
averaged: a 100 lm, b 200 lm,
c 400 lm, d 600 lm and e
800 lm
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J Mater Sci (2010) 45:1638–1647 1643
Low volume fraction of possible retained austenite was 400 and 600 lm). The average microhardness at 800 lm
consistently found in all of the above-mentioned locations was of 301 ± 6 HV; thus matching with the microhardness
as pointed by the arrow with the label RA in Fig. 7. of the BM.
Presence of retained austenite in the BM was due to the Figure 9 shows the average nanohardness (Hn) of
relative high Mn content in the alloy (Table 1) that served BM-martensite, TM and that of the ferrite matrix obtained
as austenite-stabiliser [43]. Similar observations regarding at various distances from Ac1. Slight reduction in nanoh-
to presence of retained austenite have been reported on ardness was observed in ferrite near the location of Ac1.
welded low alloyed steel when the material was reheated Insignificant variation of Hn was observed in ferrite at
[44]. 200 lm and farther distances away towards the BM.
The average Vickers microhardness (HV) at various Martensite in the BM averaged a nanohardness of
distances from Ac1 towards the BM is shown in Fig. 8. The 7.2 ± 0.8 GPa. In contrast, nanohardness of TM at 100 lm
average microhardness for BM was approximately away from Ac1 revealed a reduction in hardness
301 ± 9 HV. An average softening of about 31 HV was (4 ± 1.2 GPa) and approximately similar value was found
obtained at 100 lm with respect to the centre of the at 200 lm from Ac1. A gradual increase in nanohardness
indentation mark. A gradual increase of microhardness was was encountered at 400 lm and above for TM until it
observed as the distance from Ac1 increased (i.e. at 200, reached the nanohardness value for martensite in the BM.
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1644 J Mater Sci (2010) 45:1638–1647
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J Mater Sci (2010) 45:1638–1647 1645
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1646 J Mater Sci (2010) 45:1638–1647
carbides from alloyed martensites takes place in the range dual phase steel through instrumented hardness
of temperatures between 450 and 700 °C in which disso- nanoindentation.
lution of cementite is also observed [18]. Additionally, 2. The ‘‘actual’’ extension of HAZ-softening was satis-
considerable spheroidization of carbides above 600 °C has factorily explored through nanoindentation hardness
been reported for DP steel containing relatively high Mn by evaluating TM regions at various distances from the
content [46]. Recovery or recrystallization is an important line of lower critical temperature Ac1. Nanoindenta-
reaction that occurs during the tempering process in the tion seems to provide better resolution for assessing
temperature range 600–700 °C [47]. Again the above- softening especially at low temperatures far from Ac1.
mentioned observations were achieved under isothermal 3. The degree or severity of martensite tempering eval-
heat treatment conditions. From Fig. 11 it is seen that a uated through instrumented nanoindentation tech-
peak temperature of 671 °C was reached at 100 lm far niques resulted in good agreement with the observed
from Ac1. The TM region shown in Fig. 12d (corre- microstructures and with the simulated temperature
sponding to a location 100 lm from Ac1) depicts a broken profile along the sub-critical HAZ.
appearance containing a large number of spherical sub-
micron particles (presumably carbides) which are abundant Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the
funding from Auto21, one of the Networks of Centres for Excellence
near to phase boundaries. The broken morphology along supported by the Canadian Government, The Initiative for Automo-
with localised wiped regions (marked by arrow) within the tive Manufacturing Innovation (IAMI) supported by the Ontario
prior martensitic regions suggests partial recovery of Government, International Zinc Association (IZA), Belgium, Arcelor
martensite. Thus, it is concluded that partial decomposition Mittal Dofasco and Huys Industries in Canada. V. H. Baltazar Her-
nandez would also like to acknowledge the support from CONACYT
of martensite has occurred in the sub-critical HAZ assisted Mexico and the Autonomous University of Zacatecas Mexico. The
by the rapid thermal cycles (fast heating and cooling) author would like to acknowledge the comments and suggestions of
developed in the resistance welding process. Prof. Scott Lawson and Dr. Sashank Nayak from the Centre for
Even though an exhaustive SEM analysis of the surface Advanced Materials Joining at the University of Waterloo.
morphology of TM was done at various distances far from
Ac1, still more detailed analysis through transmission
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