Marzia Candotti (s2340655) 11/03/2023

1.
a.

𝑛+2 𝑛
To determine if the sequence 𝑎𝑛 = ( )
𝑛+3
converges or diverges, we must first find the limit of
1 1
𝑛+2
the sequence. This can be done by multiplying 𝑛+3
by 𝑛
1 to easily find the limit and as 𝑛
1
𝑛 𝑛

equals 1

𝑛+2 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = ( )
𝑛+3
𝑛

(( )( ))
1
𝑛+2 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛+3 1
𝑛
𝑛

( )
1
(𝑛+2) 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 1
(𝑛+3) 𝑛
𝑛

( )
1
(𝑛+2) 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 1
(𝑛+3) 𝑛
𝑛

( )
2
1+ 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 3
1+ 𝑛

We can now take the limit of this function setting 𝐿 as equal to the limit of the function.

( )
2
1+ 𝑛
𝐿 = lim 3
1+ 𝑛
𝑛→∞

𝑎
As the limit to infinity of 𝑛
as 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 is 0 we can substitute 0 for those values.

1+0 ∞
𝐿= ( ) 1+0
1 ∞
𝐿 =( ) 1
∞
𝐿 = (1)
𝐿=1

𝑛
As the limit to infinity of 1 equals 1 that means that the sequence converges at 1
Marzia Candotti (s2340655) 11/03/2023

b.
i.

Finding the power series of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ( 3) requires using the Maclaurin series of 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) to determine it.
3
We can substitute 𝑥 for every 𝑥 in the Maclaurin expansion of 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) to obtain the first four
terms of the power series. The Maclaurin series expansion of 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) goes as follows.

2 4 6
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 1 − 2!
+ 4!
− 6!
+ ...

3
Substituting 𝑥 for 𝑥 .
3 2 3 4 3 6
= 1 − ( 2!) + ( 4!) − ( 6!) + ...
3
( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

6 12 18
3
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 ) = 1 −
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2
+ 4!
− 6!
+ ...

And the power series of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ( 3) is also substituting 𝑥3 into the expansion of 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥).
∞ 𝑛 2𝑛
(−1) 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = ∑ (2𝑛)!
𝑛=0

3
Substituting 𝑥 for 𝑥

∞ 3 2𝑛
= ∑ (− 1) ((2𝑛))!
3 𝑛 𝑥
( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑛=0
∞ 6𝑛
3 𝑛 𝑥
( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = ∑ (− 1) (2𝑛)!
𝑛=0

∞ 6𝑛
3 𝑛 𝑥
Therefore the the power series of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ( ) is ∑ (− 1) (2𝑛)!
.
𝑛=0
Marzia Candotti (s2340655) 11/03/2023

ii.

∞ 6𝑛
Now knowing the power series of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ( 3) is ∑ (− 1)
𝑛 𝑥
(2𝑛)!
we can use this to determine
𝑛=0
𝑥
( 3) as we can substitute 𝑥 for 𝑡 and integrate the power series as well as the power series
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
0

expansion. Starting with the first four terms of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 ( 3)

6 12 18
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥( 3) = 1 − 𝑥
2
+
𝑥
4!
−
𝑥
6!
+ ...
𝑥 𝑥
( 3) = ∫(1 − )
6 12 18
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 2
+ 4!
− 6!
+ ... 𝑑𝑡
0 0

Applying sum rule

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

( ) ( ) ( )𝑑𝑡 + ...
6 12 18
3
( )
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(1)𝑑𝑡 − ∫
𝑡
2
𝑑𝑡 + ∫
𝑡
4!
𝑑𝑡 − ∫
𝑡
6!
0 0 0 0 0

First taking out constants and then integrating

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3 6 12
( )
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(1)𝑑𝑡 −
1
2 ( )
∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +
1
4!
∫ 𝑡 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 −
1
6!
∫ 𝑡 ( 18)𝑑𝑡 + ...
0 0 0 0 0
𝑥 7 𝑥 13 𝑥 19 𝑥
( 3)
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [𝑡]0 −
𝑥 1
2
⎡𝑡 ⎤ +
⎢7⎥
⎣ ⎦0
1
4!
⎡𝑡 ⎤ −
⎢ 13 ⎥
⎣ ⎦0
1
6!
⎡ 𝑡 ⎤ + ...
⎢ 18 ⎥
⎣ ⎦0
0

𝑥
Starting with [𝑡]0

𝑥
𝑥
∫(1)𝑑𝑡 = [𝑡]0
0
𝑥
∫(1)𝑑𝑡 = (𝑥) − (0)
0
𝑥
∫(1)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥
0
Marzia Candotti (s2340655) 11/03/2023

7 𝑥
1 ⎡𝑡 ⎤
Next 2 ⎢7⎥
⎣ ⎦0
𝑥 𝑥

( )
6 7
𝑡 1 ⎡𝑡 ⎤
∫ 2!
𝑑𝑡 = 2 ⎢7⎥
0 ⎣ ⎦0
𝑥

( ) ( ) ( )⎤⎥⎦
6 7 7
𝑡 1 ⎡ 𝑥 0
∫ 2!
𝑑𝑡 = 2 ⎢ 7
− 7
0 ⎣
𝑥
∫( )𝑑𝑡 = ( )
6 7
𝑡 1 𝑥
2! 2 7
0
𝑥
∫( )𝑑𝑡 =
6 7
𝑡 𝑥
2! 14
0

13 𝑥
1 ⎡𝑡 ⎤
Next 4! ⎢ 13 ⎥
⎣ ⎦0

𝑥 𝑥

( )
12 13
𝑡 1 ⎡𝑡 ⎤
∫ 4!
𝑑𝑡 = 4! ⎢ 13 ⎥
0 ⎣ ⎦0
𝑥 𝑥
∫( )𝑑𝑡 =
12 13
⎡ ⎤ 𝑡 1 𝑡
⎢ ⎥ 4! 24 13
⎣ ⎦
0 0
𝑥
∫( )𝑑𝑡 = ⎢( ) − ( )⎥
12 13 13
𝑡 ⎡ ⎤ 1 𝑥 0
4!⎣ ⎦ 24 13 13
0
𝑥
∫( )𝑑𝑡 = ( )
12 13
𝑡 1 𝑥
4! 24 13
0
𝑥
∫( )𝑑𝑡 =
12 13
𝑡 𝑥
4! 312
0

19 𝑥
1 ⎡𝑡 ⎤
Next 6! ⎢ 18 ⎥
⎣ ⎦0

𝑥 𝑥

( )
18 19
𝑡 1 ⎡𝑡 ⎤
∫ 6!
𝑑𝑡 = 6! ⎢ 18 ⎥
0 ⎣ ⎦0
𝑥 𝑥
∫( )𝑑𝑡 =
18 19
⎡ ⎤ 𝑡 1 𝑡
⎢ ⎥ 6! 720 18
0⎣ ⎦ 0
𝑥
∫( )𝑑𝑡 = ⎢( ) − ( )⎥
18 19 19
𝑡 ⎡ ⎤ 1 𝑥 0
6! ⎣ ⎦ 720 18 18
0
𝑥
∫( )𝑑𝑡 = ( )
18 19
𝑡 1 𝑥
6! 720 18
0
Marzia Candotti (s2340655) 11/03/2023

( )𝑑𝑡 =
18 19
𝑡 𝑥
∫ 6! 12960
0

Substituting all the values that we calculated back into the original equation

𝑥 7 13 19

( 3)
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 −
𝑥
14
+
𝑥
312
−
𝑥
12960
+ ...
0

Now we can integrate the power series.

∞ 6𝑛

( 3) =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ∑ (− 1)
𝑛 𝑥
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=0
𝑥 𝑥 ∞ 6𝑛
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡( 3) = ∫ ∑ (− 1)
𝑛 𝑡
(2𝑛)!
0 0𝑛=0
𝑥 ∞ 𝑥 6𝑛

( 3)
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∑ ∫ (− 1)
𝑛 𝑡
(2𝑛)!
𝑑𝑡
0 𝑛=00

Taking constant out and integrating b

𝑥 ∞ 𝑛 𝑥
( 3)
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∑
(−1)
(2𝑛)!
· ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
6𝑛

0 𝑛=0 0
𝑥 ∞ 𝑛 6𝑛+1 𝑥
( 3)
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∑
(−1)
(2𝑛)! ⎣
𝑡
· ⎡⎢ 6𝑛+1 ⎤⎥
⎦0
0 𝑛=0

6𝑛+1 𝑥
𝑡
Solving ⎡⎢ 6𝑛+1 ⎤⎥ first
⎣ ⎦0

𝑥 6𝑛+1 𝑥
6𝑛 𝑡
∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ⎡⎢ 6𝑛+1 ⎤⎥
0 ⎣ ⎦0
𝑥

( ) ( )⎤⎥⎦
6𝑛+1 6𝑛+1
6𝑛 𝑥 0
∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ⎡⎢ 6𝑛+1
− 6𝑛+1
0 ⎣
𝑥 6𝑛+1
6𝑛 𝑥
∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 6𝑛+1
0
Marzia Candotti (s2340655) 11/03/2023

Substituting answer back into original equation

𝑥 ∞ 𝑛 6𝑛+1 𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∑( 3) (−1)
(2𝑛)! ⎣
𝑡
· ⎡⎢ 6𝑛+1 ⎤⎥
⎦0
0 𝑛=0
𝑥 ∞

( )
𝑛 6𝑛+1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∑( 3) (−1)
(2𝑛)!
·
𝑥
6𝑛+1
0 𝑛=0
𝑥 ∞ 6𝑛+1

( 3)
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∑ (− 1)
𝑛 𝑥
(2𝑛)! · (6𝑛 + 1)
0 𝑛=0
𝑥 ∞ 6𝑛+1
3 𝑛
( )
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∑ (− 1)
𝑥
(2𝑛)!(6𝑛) + (2𝑛)!
0 𝑛=0

𝑥 ∞ 6𝑛+1
3 𝑛
( )
Therefore ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡’s power series is ∑ (− 1)
𝑥
(2𝑛)!(6𝑛) + (2𝑛)!
.
0 𝑛=0

2.
a.

1 𝑛−2 1 𝑛−1
2
To find values α and β in the equation
𝑛 +3𝑛
2
𝑛 = α𝑛(𝑛 − 1) ( )2
+ β𝑛 ( )
2
for all 𝑛 we can
substitute 𝑛 for numbers that allow us to find the variable separately. Starting with β we can
substitute 𝑛 for 1 to remove the variable α as such.

1 𝑛−2 1 𝑛−1
2
𝑛 +3𝑛
𝑛
2
( ) + β𝑛( )
= α𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 2

1 (1)−2 1 (1)−1
2
= α(1)((1) − 1)( ) + β(1)( )
(1) +3(1)
(1) 2 2
2
1 −1 1 0
= α(0)( ) + β(1)( )
1+3
2 2 2
4
2
= β(1)1(1)
2= β

Now knowing that β = 2 we can substitute this into the original equation and substitute 𝑛 for 2.
1 𝑛−2 1 𝑛−1
2
𝑛 + 3𝑛
𝑛
2
( ) + β𝑛( )
= α𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 2

1 𝑛−2 1 𝑛−1
2
= α𝑛(𝑛 − 1)( ) + 2𝑛( )
𝑛 + 3𝑛
𝑛 2 2
2
1 (2)−2 1 (2)−1
2
= α(2)((2) − 1)( ) + 2(2)( )
(2) + 3(2)
(2) 2 2
2
1 0 1 1
= α(2)(1)( ) + 4( )
4+6
4 2 2
4+6 4
4
= α(2)(1)(1) + 2
Marzia Candotti (s2340655) 11/03/2023

10
4
= 2α + 2
5 4
2
− 2
= 2α
1
2
= 2α
1
4
= α

1
Now we know that α = 4
we can write out the equation with the new values for the variables as
such.

1 𝑛−2 1 𝑛−1
2
𝑛 +3𝑛
2
𝑛 = ( )𝑛(𝑛 − 1)( )
1
4 2
+ 2𝑛 ( )
2

b.

Using the values found in part a. we get the equation

∞ ∞ ∞
1 𝑛−2 1 𝑛−1
2
∑
𝑛=0
𝑛 +3𝑛
2
𝑛 = ∑
𝑛=0
( )𝑛(𝑛 − 1)( )
1
4 2
+ ∑ 2𝑛
𝑛=0
( )2

∞ ∞
1 𝑛−1 1 𝑛−2
Looking at the two summations ∑ 2𝑛
𝑛=0
( ) 2
and ∑
𝑛=0
( )𝑛(𝑛 − 1)( )
1
4 2
and noticing that these

two summations are similar to the derivative of the power series and the second derivative of
the power series respectively with respect to the common ratio. We can assume that integrating
the two functions preserve the radius of convergence which allows us to do this

∞ ∞ ∞
1 𝑛−2 1 𝑛−1
2
∑
𝑛=0
𝑛 +3𝑛
2
𝑛 = ∑
𝑛=0
( ) 1
4
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) ( )2
+ ∑ 2𝑛
𝑛=0
( )2

∞
1 𝑛−2
Starting with ∑
𝑛=0
( )𝑛(𝑛 − 1)( )
1
4 2
we can integrate the summation with respect to the

common ratio

2 ∞
𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑥
2 = ∑
𝑛=0
( )𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥
1
4
𝑛−2

∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫∫ ∑
𝑛=0
( )𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥
1
4
𝑛−2
Marzia Candotti (s2340655) 11/03/2023

∞
The double integral ∫∫ ∑
𝑛=0
( )𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥
1
4
𝑛−2
is equal to the power series formula and so we can

substitute the constant 𝑎1 into the formula and substituting the common ratio back into the
equation.

∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫∫ ∑
𝑛=0
( )𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥
1
4
𝑛−2

∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑
𝑛=0
( )𝑥1
4
𝑛
+𝐶
∞
1 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑
𝑛=0
( )( )
1
4 2
+𝐶

∞
1 𝑛−1
Next with ∑ 2𝑛
𝑛=0
( ) 2
we can also notice that this is the first derivative of the power series

formula. So we can integrate the expression with respect to the common ratio

∞
𝑑𝑓 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
= ∑ 2𝑛𝑥
𝑛=0
∞
𝑛−1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ ∑ 2𝑛𝑥
𝑛=0

∞
𝑛−1
The integral ∫ ∑ 2𝑛𝑥 is equal to the power series formula and so we can substitute the
𝑛=0
constant 𝑎1 into the formula and substituting the common ratio back into the equation.

∞
𝑛−1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ ∑ 2𝑛𝑥
𝑛=0
∞
𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑛=0
∞
1 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 2
𝑛=0
( ) 2
+𝐶

Substituting these back into the equation we get.

∞ ∞ ∞
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
2
∑
𝑛=0 2
𝑛 +3𝑛
𝑛 = ∑
𝑛=0
( )( )
1
4 2
+𝐶+ ∑ 2
𝑛=0
( ) 2
+𝐶
∞ ∞ ∞
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
2
∑
𝑛=0
𝑛 +3𝑛
2
𝑛 = ∑
𝑛=0
( )( )
1
4 2
+ ∑ 2
𝑛=0
( )
2
+𝐶
Marzia Candotti (s2340655) 11/03/2023

𝑎1
Now we can use the sum of the geometric series formula (𝑆 = 1−𝑟
) to then determine the sum
of the original power series.

∞ ∞ ∞
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
2

𝑛=0
∑
𝑛 +3𝑛
2
𝑛 = ∑
𝑛=0
( )( )
1
4 2
+ ∑ 2
𝑛=0
( )
2
+𝐶
∞ 2 1
𝑛 +3𝑛 4 2
∑ 𝑛 = 1 + 1 +𝐶
2 1− 2 1− 2
𝑛=0
∞ 2
𝑛 +3𝑛 1
∑ 𝑛 = 2
+4+𝐶
𝑛=0 2
∞ 2
𝑛 +3𝑛
∑ 𝑛 = 4. 5 + 𝐶
𝑛=0 2

∞ 2
𝑛 +3𝑛
Therefore the sum of the power series ∑ 𝑛 is 4. 5 + 𝐶
𝑛=0 2