DATACOMMUNICATIONS

CSL-424

Compiled By:
Vinod Kumar
Assistant Professor
School of Computer Applications
 CONTENTS
 Introduction to data communication.
 Components of data communication
 Data flow:- Simplex, Half duplex, Full deplex
 Signals:- Analog and Digital signals.
 Transmission media:- Guided and Unguided media
 Data Transmission Types: Parallel and Serial
 Synchronous and Asynchronous Transmission

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What is Data Communications?
• Exchange of data between two devices via some forms
of transmission medium(such as wire cable) is Data
Communications.
• For data communications to occur, the communicating
devices must be part of a communication system
made of a combination of hardware and software.
• The effectiveness of a data communication system
depends on four fundamental characteristics:-
delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.

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Components of Data Communication:

1.Sender 2.Receiver 3.Message 4.Tramsmission Medium

5. Protocol

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The five components of data communication are:

1. Message - It is the information to be communicated.

Popular forms of information include text, pictures,
audio, video etc.
2. Sender - It is the device which sends the data messages. It
can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset etc.
3. Receiver - It is the device which receives the data
messages. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone
handset etc.
4. Transmission Medium - It is the physical path by
which a message travels from sender to receiver. Some
examples include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable,
radio waves etc.
5. Protocol - It is a set of rules that governs the data
communications. It represents an agreement between the
communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices
may be connected but not communicating.
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Data Flow

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 Data flow can occur in three ways:
1. Simplex: In simplex mode, the communication is
unidirectional. Only one of the devices on a link can
transmit, the other can only receive. e.g. keyboards,
monitors, etc.
2. Half-duplex: In this mode, each station can both
transmit and receive, but not at the same time. When
one device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice-versa. e.g. walkie-talkies, CB(citizens band) etc.

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• 3.Full Duplex : In full duplex mode, both stations can
transmit and receive simultaneously. One common
example of full duplex is the Telephone network.
• When two people are communicating by a telephone
line, both can talk and listen at the same time. The
full-duplex mode is used when communication in both
directions is required all the time.

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 Signals

 There are two types of signals to transfer data.

Signals

Analog signal Digital signal

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 Analog Signals
• An analog signal are continuous and passes through or
includes an infinite number of continuous values along
its path. The curve representing the analog signal
passes through an infinite number of points.

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 Digital Signals:
• A digital signal can have only a limited number of
defined values. Although each value can be any
number, it is as simple as 1 and 0.

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 Transmission Media
• The means through which data is transformed from
one place to another is called transmission or
communication media.
• There are two categories of transmission media used
in computer communications.

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Types of Transmission Media

Transmission Media

Guided Media Unguided Media

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 DATA TRANSMISSION:
• Data transmission refers to the
movement of data in form of
bits

• It occurs Between two or more

Digital Devices.

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 DATA TRANSMISSION TYPES:
.

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 PARALLEL TRANSMISSION:
• All the bits of a byte are transmitted simultaneously
on separate wires.

• This diagram shows that 8 Wires are used

simultaneously to transfer 8-bit digital data.

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PARALLEL TRANSMISSION: CONT‟D:

 E.g. Data transmission between computer and printer.

 It is possible only for those device which are at less6

distance from each other.

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Serial Transmission
 All the bits of a byte are transmitted serially one after
the other on same wire.

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 This diagram shows that 1 Wire is used to transfer
8-bit digital data.
Serial Transmission
 E.g. Data transmission between computer and computer.

 It is not only possible for devices at closer distances but

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also for far distances.
SYNCHRONOUS & ASYNCHRONOUS
DATA TRANSFER
 SYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER
 Synchronous means “at the same time”. In this
format of data transfer transmitter and receiver
device are synchronized with the same clock
pulse.
 It is used in between the devices that match in
speed.

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SYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER :
 In synchronous transmission, data transmission is
carried out under the control of a common master
clock.
 Bytes are transmitted as a block in a continuous
stream of bits.
 Transmitter and Receiver operate at synchronised
clock frequencies.
 No „start‟ and „stop‟ bits are used.
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 No need of ideal time between data bytes.
 In synchronous transmission timing of signal is
important.

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DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION :

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ASYNCHRONOUS DATA
 Asynchronous means “at a regular interval”.In this
method data transfer is not based on
predetermined timing pattern in this technique the
status of the IO device is checked by the
microprocessor before the data is transferred.
 It is used in between the devices that are not
match in speed.
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ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER :

 In asynchronous transmission, the transmitter

transmits data bytes at any instant of time .
 Only one byte is sent at a time. There is ideal time
between two data bytes.
 Transmitter and Receiver operate at different clock
frequencies.
 To help receiver „start‟ and „stop‟ bits are used along
with data in middle.
 Ideal time between byte is not constant. They are also
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known as gaps.
 In asynchronous transmission timing of signal is not
important.

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DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION :

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 METHODS USED IN ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSFER:

• Two types of techniques are used based on signal

before data transfer.

1. Strobe Control
2. Handshaking

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STROBE CONTROL:
 Strobe control method of data transfer uses a single
control signal for each transfer.

 The strobe may be

 Source Initiated Strobe
 Destination Initiated Strobe

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SOURCE INITIATED STROBE:
 The Data Bus carries the binary information from source unit to
the destination unit.
Data bus
Source Destination
Unit Strobe
Unit

Block diagram
 The Strobe Pulse informs the destination unit when a valid
data word is available in the bus.
 Typically, the bus has multiple lines to transfer an entire byte
30 or
word.

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REAL LIFE EXAMPLE:

• This is analogous to having a teacher (the source)

write an assignment on the blackboard (the data)
and the students (the destination) read the
blackboard without letting the teacher know if they
understood what the teacher wrote.

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DESTINATION INITIATED STROBE:
 The strobe initiated by destination.

Data bus
Source Destination
Unit Strobe
Unit

 The Data Bus carries the binary information from source unit
to the destination unit.

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DISADVANTAGE OF STROBE SIGNAL
• In SOURCE INITIATED DATA TRANSFER the source
unit has no way of knowing whether destination
unit has received the data or not.

• Similarly, DESTINATION INITIATED TRANSFER has

no way of knowing whether the source unit has
placed the data on the data bus.

• The Handshaking Method solves this problem.

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HANDSHAKING
 Handshaking mechanism solves the problem of strobe
method by introducing a second control signal that
provides a reply to the unit that initiate the transfer.

 The handshaking may be:

 Source to destination unit
 Destination to source unit

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.

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