Graduate Research in Engineering and Technology (GRET)

Volume 1 Article 6
Issue 7 Rockets and Missiles Technologies.

June 2022

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles an Overview and Applications

Ashish Rahuldeo Pande UG - student
SOET, Sandip University, ashishpande443@gmail.com

Pranav Sanjay Nerkar UG-student

SOET, Sandip University, pranavnerkar049@gmail.com

Bhushan Borse UG-Student

SOET, SANDIP UNIVERSITY, bhushanborse0631@gmail.com

Kirubakaran V Engineer
RPTO, CASR, MIT, CHENNAI, kirubakaranvijayakumar@gmail.com

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Recommended Citation
Pande, Ashish Rahuldeo UG - student; Nerkar, Pranav Sanjay UG-student; Borse, Bhushan UG-Student; and
V, Kirubakaran Engineer (2022) "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles an Overview and Applications," Graduate
Research in Engineering and Technology (GRET): Vol. 1: Iss. 7, Article 6.
DOI: 10.47893/GRET.2022.1117
Available at: https://www.interscience.in/gret/vol1/iss7/6

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 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles an Overview and Applications

Ashish Pande1, Pranav Nerkar2, Bhushan Borse3, Kirubakaran V4*

1,2,3
Graduate, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sandip University. Nashik, Maharashtra, INDIA,
4
Lead Maintenance Engineer, RPTO, CASR, MIT, Chenna, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Corresponding Author Email: kirubakaranvijayakumar@gmail.com

Abstract the most widely used and relevant drones today. The
A drone that is not manned Automated vehicles are quadcopter was first launched a few decades ago, and
rational admirers of the latest planes, and they're always quadcopter research has increased as a result of the
looking for ways to improve. Wartime and re- need for aircraft with more manoeuvrability and
exploration capabilities are the primary emphases of the hovering ability. Quadcopters' four-rotor architecture
current generation of UAVs, leaving the existing market makes them simple to construct while still ensuring
impacted by UAV technology unaffected. UAV their high levels of reliability and manoeuvrability.
technology has a wide range of current uses, ranging
from emergency response to media to agriculture to
communications experts. However, the adaptable
unmanned aerial vehicle is not yet available to the
general public. As a result, a UAV that can carry a wide
range of flexible tools should be light and lightweight. In
commercial applications, UAV technological ideas and
adaptable components may be a strong instrument, and
they can help define the future of aviation. It is possible
to categorize "drones" depending on their Efforts to improve multi-craft communication,
"applications," such as photography, aerial mapping, environmental exploration, and manoeuvrability are
surveillance, and so on. However, the easiest way to all ongoing efforts to improve the capabilities of
classify 'Drones' is to use aerial platforms. Drones may quadcopters. In the future, quadcopters will be able to
be classified into four broad categories based on the sort do advanced autonomous missions that are currently
of airborne platform they employ. impossible with other vehicles.

Keywords: Unnamed Aerial Vehicles, Drones, Propellers,
applications, technology
I. Introduction
As the name suggests, an unmanned or
uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft that
doesn't have a human pilot or crew on board. Adding
a ground-based controller and communication systems
to an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) makes use of
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). There are a variety
of ways in which unmanned aircraft (UAVs) can be
operated, including remotely piloted aircraft (RPA)
and totally autonomous aircraft without any human
intervention. For military operations too "dull,
unclean, or dangerous" for humans, UAVs were
initially developed in the twentieth century. By the
twenty-first century, they had become a key part of
most militaries. Many non-military applications have
benefited from the advancements in control
technology and the subsequent decrease in their price.
For example, drones can be used for everything from
aerial photography to product delivery to law
enforcement to infrastructure inspection to science to
smuggling and even racing. This flying robot may be
operated remotely or autonomously utilizing software-
controlled flight plans in its embedded systems, which
work in concert with onboard sensors and a global
positioning system (GPS). The quadcopter is one of
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II. U.A.V. Propulsion Technology
To get a UAV in the air and fly in any
direction or navigate at any altitude, the propulsion
system (motors, electric speed controls, and propeller)
is an integral part of drone technology. Motors with
quadcopter and propeller operate in pairs, as well as
two left-wing engines (CW Propellers) and two anti-
clockwise engines (CC Propellers) (CCW Propellers).
Drone motor mode is determined by aircraft controller
and electric speed controllers (ESC). Among the most
advanced components found in high-performance
UAV drone propulsion systems are the following:
Quadcopter
A quadcopter multirotor, drone, quadrotor, is
a simple mechanical vehicle which having four arms,
and there is a motor attached to a propeller in each
arm. Multi copters have 3,6,8 arms are possible, but it
works on principal as quadcopter. Two rotors will
run in anticlockwise, and other two will rotors run in
clockwise direction. Aerodynamically Quadcopters
are unstable, and there is a requirement of flight
computer which can change our commands to
commands that can change the speed (RPMs) of the
propellers which produces expected speed or motion.
It is different from the Helicopters /fixed
wing aircrafts which generates lift and fly. In aircrafts
lift generated with the help of wings on the other hand
in quadcopter propellers helps to generate the lift. In
helicopter main rotor used to generate lift, and main
rotor also have the ability to control pitch as well as to
control Yaws.
The concept of quadcopter is net new .it was
firstly designed in 1920s and 1930s, but it gives the
bad performance and high instability in surrounding it
required lot of inputs from pilot. When the advance
technology of electronic department in, flight control
computers, smaller microprocessors, brushless
motors, batteries, cameras, accelerometers and GPS
systems had made it possible to fly quadcopters. The
simple format of quadcopters has made it to use in
photographic and videographic field.
1.Shape of Frame of U.A.V. (Quadcopter)
The shape of the frame is determined by the
arrangement of its arms. We'll concentrate on the
most common 4-arm configurations. Other
arrangements for four arms, such as V-tails or +
frames, include more or fewer arms. Today, the
following are the most often utilised layouts:
1.1 H Shape: This is the side of the frame that looks
like an H. The arms protrude forth from the body in a
direct line. This usually results in a longer body
portion to avoid the blades coming into contact with
each other. The fact that these frames are so large and
the motor position is less flexible for a decent moment
of inertia makes them less frequent (due to the long
arms).
1.2 X Shape: As the name implies, this is the type of
frame that looks exactly like an X, as the name says.
There is an identical distance between each motor. As
a result, you'll get the best overall performance, since
each motor is working at full capacity. Having the
arms angled means that the body can be smaller
because it doesn't need as much length to separate the
arms.
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1.3 Hybrid X: is a bit of an overstatement. This style
of frame combines the best features of the H and X
frames. There is more room in the X frame, which has
better arm placement, and you get a longer body. The
Impulse RC Alien has a similar setup.
1.4 Stretched X: The primary goal of an extended X
is to separate the front and back propellers. You can
imagine either an X that has been pressed from the
sides or an X with a bit added to the middle,
depending on your preference. The front and rear
propellers will have less of an impact on each other
because of the shape of this frame. High-speed
manoeuvrability is one of the primary objectives.
These frames must often be fine-tuned in order to fly
properly because of the uneven distribution of force
over the mass.
1.5Square: This sort of frame is basically an enclosed
version of the X Frame. In other words, you're using
material to link the arms together at the points where
the motors meet. Similar to the way you'd square off
an X.
2. Components of U.A.V. (Quadcopter)
2.1 Quadcopter Frame:
The TBS Oblivion is the most obvious frame that does
this. Strength is a major benefit of this type of frame.
With this comes additional weight and surface area
that is used to enhance drag. United Autonomous
Vehicles (Quadcopter) A quadcopter's framework
This is the framework in which the rest of the
components fit. In order to distribute the drone's
centre of gravity, it serves as a skeleton for various
components. Quadcopter frames having a minimum of
three propeller fitting gaps are used in many drone
designs.
2.2 Motors:
The propeller rotates only with the help of motors.
This increases the drone's propulsion thrust. Still, the
number of propellers and motors should be equal. The
controller can easily rotate the motors because of the
way they are mounted. The direction of the drone is
more controlled because of their rotation. The
efficiency of a drone is directly related to the motor it
uses.
2.3 Electronic Speed Controller (ESC):
Different parameters like voltage and current, thrust
and weight-to-thrust, power and performance must be
checked very carefully. etc. etc. With an ESC, the
motor's speed can be varied by means of an electronic
control board. A dynamic brake is also a function of
this device. The ground pilot can use this component
to get an idea of how high the drone is flying. For this,
all the motors' power consumption can be measured.
The power stores are known to be depleted at higher
altitudes.
2.4 Flight/Board Control:
In the event that the drone needs to return to its take-
off position on its own, the flight board keeps a record
of the location. Return to home is the technical term
for this feature. It also determines and calculates the
drone’s height with respect to the quantity of
electricity it consumes.
2.5 Propellers:
Propellers are fifth on our list. Because they are blade-
like structures, propellers produce a variety of air
pressures. The air pressure differential between the
top and bottom of the rotors is reduced by the speed of
the propellers. Lift was provided via low pressure on
the top and bottom propellers of the drone.
2.6 Transmitter:
It use radio waves Channels are used to control the
main communication system of a drone. In order to
control a drone in a steady motion, each channel has
its own unique frequency. The drone should have at
least four channels.
2.7 Batteries, Electronic & Power Distribution:
Cables for powering batteries, electronics, and other
devices: The battery is by far the most significant
component for generating electrical power. For all
connections that are connected to a frame structure via
wires, it manages power/energy. For a long time,
power output was provided by nickel metal
hybrid/nickel cadmium batteries; nevertheless, the use
of lithium batteries is growing rapidly. Lithium
batteries have a higher energy density than Nickle
Cadmium and Nickle Metal Hybrid batteries.
2.8 Camera:
It is common to use a camera to take images and
record video. To ensure a positive user experience, the
camera should be selected by the operator based on
their budget. Wedding photo shoots, thermal imaging,
and video visualisation are just a few of the many uses
for these devices.
Forces Acting on U.A.V. (Quadcopter)
Gravity's force is weight. It moves toward the centre
Graduate Research in Engineering and Technology (GRET): An International Journal ISSN 2320 – 6632, Volume-1, Issue-7
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of the Earth in a downward motion. In air travel, lift
refers to the force that applies at a right angle to the
path of motion. When air pressures vary, the result is
an upward lift. Flight machines are propelled by
thrust, which is the force that drives them forward.
Thrust is generated by engines. The force that acts in
the opposite direction of motion is known as drag.
Friction and air pressure differences are the primary
causes of drag. Quadcopter drones have rotors that
mimic the appearance of wings. The quadcopter drone
is propelled into the air by pulling on the air and
turning rapidly. Assuming the lift and gravity are
equal, the net force is zero, and the quadcopter
remains in the air. The quadcopter can only go in the
direction of the directed thrust. The Drone's height
decreases as lift declines.
Setup for a Drone Flight
The polarity of the rotation of two adjacent motors is
reversed. - The same direction of rotation is shared by
two opposing motors. For instance, the clockwise
rotation of motors 1 and 3 is demonstrated. In
contrast, motors 2 and 4 revolve in the opposite
direction. Physical theory asserts that the net force
exerted on a body should have zero stability. As a
result, a net Torque would be generated, forcing the
Quadcopter drone to rotate as a whole if all of its
rotors rotated in the same direction.
Taking Off:
To get off the ground, you need a Net up Force. The
engines produce higher pressures than gravity, which
causes the drone to move.
Moving on:
Understanding how drones move is easy. First, the
engines build the elevator. Second, the height should
be equal to the gravitational force in the system.
Roll:
To turn Left, the elevator is elevated to the right. The
drone should also lower the altitude to the left.
Voice:
Making the drone move (straight) towards you. The
power used in the rear motors is increasing. This
produces a net-forward force that makes the Drone's
nose face down. You should also reduce the power
applied to the previous two motors to keep the angular
pressure secure.
Yaw:
To make a drone Yaw (rotate) clockwise. You must
raise the elevator to the anti-clockwise motors. You
should also lower the elevator to rotating motors
following the clock.
Future Drone Technology Drones are becoming more
common in both commercial and non-profit sectors.
In the near future their use will be even more
widespread. Here are some of the many ways in
which airplanes can change the way we do things.
III. Applications Of UAVs:
• Agriculture: The Environmental Protection
Agency is already using drones technology
to manage livestock and plant inspections. In
the future farmers and ranchers can use
unmanned aircraft to effectively monitor and
spray their crops.
• Conservation: Flightless planes are used to
monitor endangered species and show
changes in various ecosystems around the
globe. As drone technology advances, the
use and impact of unmanned aircraft in
conservation efforts will increase.
• Delivery/fulfillment: Any mail that they can
carry can also be delivered by drone. Food,
instructions, that last-minute birthday gift for
your dad — in the near future, there will be
major changes in the way packages come to
our door.
• Disaster mitigation and relief: Drones can
travel to areas where one can reach them, so
they are a good solution for dangerous search
and rescue efforts, as well as to bring
emergency supplies to remote and disaster
areas.
• Logistics: Troubled airplanes can replace
trucks to control items and move goods
between warehouses. This may reduce the
number of sandwiches you see on the road.
• Filmmaking and photography: Low-cost
filmmakers are already using drones to take
aerial photographs and Hollywood will soon
be hiring vacant airline crews who are also
benefiting from photographers who want to
capture top news from above.
• ISPs: Big technology companies like
Facebook and Google are experimenting
with solar drone technology to shine.
• Law enforcement: In Seattle and Miami,
police forces have we have applied for
permits to use drones, and we will probably
start to see unmanned aircraft adding police
presence to major public events.
• • Real Estate: The list of real estate is ready
to change completely with high-definition
videos taken by drones flying in close
proximity, and in every room in the listed
house.
Graduate Research in Engineering and Technology (GRET): An International Journal ISSN 2320 – 6632, Volume-1, Issue-7
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IV. Conclusion
The employment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
is on the rise in both the military and civilian sectors.
It is possible to categorize unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs). Technology can be used to get ultra-small,
medium-sized, and large unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs). Classifications based on range, endurance,
maximum altitude, and weight were all presented and
discussed. Everything from planetary exploration to
search and rescue to environmental preservation and
wireless communication may be done with these
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In addition to
making recommendations, challenges and restrictions
were also taken into consideration.
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