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    Lecture 05

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    Muhammad Ayaz
    The document summarizes a lecture on linear system theory that covered the following topics: 1. Similarity transformations and how two matrices are similar if related by an invertible change of basis matrix. 2. Calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors, where eigenvalues are values that satisfy the eigenvector equation and eigenvectors lie along the same line as the matrix transformation of themselves. 3. Jordan form, where a matrix is in Jordan form if its diagonal entries are the eigenvalues and all other entries are zero.

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    Lecture 05

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    Muhammad Ayaz
    2 views7 pages
    The document summarizes a lecture on linear system theory that covered the following topics: 1. Similarity transformations and how two matrices are similar if related by an invertible change of basis matrix. 2. Calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors, where eigenvalues are values that satisfy the eigenvector equation and eigenvectors lie along the same line as the matrix transformation of themselves. 3. Jordan form, where a matrix is in Jordan form if its diagonal entries are the eigenvalues and all other entries are zero.

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    The document summarizes a lecture on linear system theory that covered the following topics: 1. Similarity transformations and how two matrices are similar if related by an invertible change of basis matrix. 2. Calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors, where eigenvalues are values that satisfy the eigenvector equation and eigenvectors lie along the same line as the matrix transformation of themselves. 3. Jordan form, where a matrix is in Jordan form if its diagonal entries are the eigenvalues and all other entries are zero.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views7 pages

    Lecture 05

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Ayaz
    The document summarizes a lecture on linear system theory that covered the following topics: 1. Similarity transformations and how two matrices are similar if related by an invertible change of basis matrix. 2. Calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors, where eigenvalues are values that satisfy the eigenvector equation and eigenvectors lie along the same line as the matrix transformation of themselves. 3. Jordan form, where a matrix is in Jordan form if its diagonal entries are the eigenvalues and all other entries are zero.

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    of 7

    EE-603 Linear System Theory

    Lecture 05

    Dr. Sheraz Khan

    University of Engineering & Technology Mardan

    November 18, 2022

    Dr. Sheraz Khan (UET Mardan) EE-603 LCA November 18, 2022 1/7
    Review of Linear Algebra-II

    Topics
    Similarity Transformation
    Diagonal and Jordan Forms
    Case I: When A has distinct eigenvalues
    Case II: When A has repeated eigenvalues

    Dr. Sheraz Khan (UET Mardan) EE-603 LCA November 18, 2022 2/7
    Similarity Transformation

    Similar Matrices
    In linear algebra, two n × n matrices A and B are called similar if there
    exists an invertible n × n matrix Q such that

    B = Q−1 AQ

    Similar matrices represent the same linear map under two (possibly)
    different bases, with Q being the change of basis matrix.

    Similarity Transformation
    A transformation A 7→ Q−1 AQ is called a similarity transformation or
    conjugation of the matrix A.

    Dr. Sheraz Khan (UET Mardan) EE-603 LCA November 18, 2022 3/7
    Similarity Transformation

    Example:
     
    3 2 −1
    A = −2 1 0 
    4 3 1
     ′
    and let b = 0 0 1 , Then we have

    Dr. Sheraz Khan (UET Mardan) EE-603 LCA November 18, 2022 4/7
    Eigenvalues

    Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues


    1 An eigenvector x lies along the same line as Ax : Ax = λx.
    2 The eigenvalue is λ
    3 If x = λx, then (Aλ − I) = 0, and λ − I is singular, and (Aλ − I) = 0,
    we have n eigenvalues.

    Dr. Sheraz Khan (UET Mardan) EE-603 LCA November 18, 2022 5/7
    Eigenvalues

    Example
       
    0.8 0.3 0.8 − λ 0.3
    ifA = , then det(A) = det
    0.2 0.7 0.2 0.7 − λ
    2 1
    = λ2 − λ = (λ − 1)(λ − )
    3 2
    Thus λ = 1 and λ = 12 are the two eigenvlaues
    We can also say that λ1 = 1 and λ2 = 12

    Dr. Sheraz Khan (UET Mardan) EE-603 LCA November 18, 2022 6/7
    Jordan Form

    A matrix is said to be in Jordan form if


    1 Its diagonal entries are equal to its eigenvalues
    2 All its other entries are zeros

    Dr. Sheraz Khan (UET Mardan) EE-603 LCA November 18, 2022 7/7

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