OSI Layer Model

Prakasam P
School of Electronics Engineering
VIT University
ISO - Organization for Standardization

 International standards organisation (ISO)

is responsible for a wide range of
standards, including many that are
relevant to computer networking.
 In 1984, the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
was approved as an international standard
for communications architecture.

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Tasks involved in sending a letter

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OSI Model
 The OSI Model is a way of thinking about how networks
'work‘

 The OSI Model is a theoretical model

◦ OSI Model is not a technology.
◦ OSI Model is not a protocol.
◦ OSI Model is not a program or software.

 Data communication starts with the top layer at the sending side,
travels down the OSI model stack to the bottom layer, then traverses
the network connection to the bottom layer on the receiving side, and
up its OSI model stack.

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OSI Model

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OSI - The Model
 Layered Architecture
 Peer to Peer Process
 Interface between Layers
 Organization of the Layers
--------------------------------------------------------------
 Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
 Layer 1,2,3-Network support layer-Transport SET
 Layer 5,6,7-User Support Layer-Application SET
 Layer 4-Links the two subgroups.

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Layers of OSI Reference Model

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Encapsulation

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Encapsulation
 As the data flows down through the
layers in the hierarchy, each layer adds
some extra information to the data in the
form of headers or tailors.
 This process of wrapping data with
headers and tailors is called
encapsulation.

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Physical Layer

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Physical Layer
The major duties performed by physical layer are:

• Physical characteristics of interface and media

• Physical interface between devices, such as
Mechanical, Electrical, Functional, Procedural
• Activating, maintaining and deactivating the
physical link between communicating network systems
• Representation of bits
• Data rate
• Modulation scheme
• Topology
 Data Link Layer
 The data link layer is responsible for moving frames
from one hop (node) to the next.
 The major duties of the data link layer are:
◦ Framing
◦ Physical addressing:
 Physical address is the MAC address, which is hard
coded into NIC and is of 48-bit represented by
Hexadecimal format.
 00.27.AB.CC.EE.23
00.27.AB-OUI(Organizational Unique Identifier)
CC.EE.23-Assigned by Manufacturer to the User
 Cmd Ipconfig/all to show the system details
◦ Flow control
◦ Error detection and control
◦ Access Control
◦ Data Link layer protocols are CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Token passing etc.

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Data Link Layer Example

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Data Link Layer

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Data Link Layer

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Network Layer

 The network layer is responsible for the

source -to-destination delivery of a
packet possibly across multiple networks.
◦ It two systems are connected to the same
link, there is usually no need for a network
layer.
◦ However, if the two systems are attached to
different networks with connecting devices
between the networks, there is need for the
network layer to accomplish the delivery.
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Major duties - Network Layer
◦ Logical addressing:
 Logical address is also called IP address which is of
32-bits and represented in decimal format.
 192.168.32.97
◦ Routing:
 To route the packets from the source to
destination in an internetwork, the router uses
network layer information.
 The PDU (Protocol Data Unit) of network layer is
packet.
 Network layer protocols are IP, IPX, AppleTalk.
◦ Routing protocol-RIP , OSPF, BGP
◦ Routed Protocol - IP, IPX, AppleTalk

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Network Layer Example

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Network Layer Example

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Network Layer

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Network Layer

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Transport Layer

 The transport layer is responsible for process-to-

process delivery of the entire message.
 The major duties performed by the transport layer are:
◦ Port address:
 Computers often running several processes (running
programs) at the same time:
◦ Segmentation and reassembly:
 A message received form the upper layers is divided
into transmittable segments, each segment contains a
sequence number.
 These number enables the transport layer to
reassemble the message correctly upon arrival at the
destination and to identify and replace packets that
were lost in the transmission.

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Transport Layer
◦ Exchange of data flow between end systems - – Flow Control
◦ Multiplexes several low rate transmissions with different
Service Access Points (SAP’s) onto one virtual circuit
◦ Decomposes messages into packets and combines packets into
messages
◦ Error free (Connection Oriented) Sequence - Error Control
 Requests retransmission of corrupted packets
 No losses & No duplicates
◦ Connectionless service – no guarantee on the order of the
messages (possibly with some errors)
◦ Quality of service
◦ Transport layer 3 protocols include TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

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Transport Layer Example

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Transport Layer Example

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Transport Layer

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Reliable Process-to-Process
Delivery

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 Session Layer
 The session layer defines how to establish, maintaining
and terminates session between two communication
hosts.
 The major duties of the session layer are:
◦ Synchronization Points
◦ Dialog control
 Session layer determines that which role is to be
played at any given time by a host.
 Duplex: Two-way simultaneous.
 Half-Duplex: Two-way alternate.
 Simplex: One-way.
◦ Grouping
◦ Recovery

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Session Layer

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Presentation Layer
 The presentation layer ensures that the information
that the application layer of one system sends out is
readable by the application layer of another system.
 The major duties of the presentation layer are:
◦ Format conversion:
 Convert message from one format into another
format .
◦ Compression.
 Compress the message to take less bandwidth on
the transmission media and less time for
transmission.
◦ Encryption:
 Convert the message into a form that will not be
readable by others.
 Provides security to the message.
 Protocols of the presentation layer are JPEG, MPEG,
ASCII etc.
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Presentation Layer

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Application Layer
◦ This layer is closest to the user
◦ Means for applications to access OSI environment
◦ Provides network services directly to applications
◦ Determines the identity and availability of
communication partners and determines if
sufficient resources are available to start program
to program communication
◦ Examples of application layer protocols:
 Telnet
 SMTP
 FTP
 SNMP

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Application Layer

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Summary of the Layers

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