CH3349 - Lecture-09 Pressure Vessel Calculation

Lecture-09
Pressure Vessel:
Design Calculation
©2023 Chemical Equipment Design, CH3349 Ho Chi Minh University of Technology (HCMUT)
Course Outcomes
Emphasis
Course Outcomes Total
Very high High Medium Low
Design pressure vessels using ASME
CLO1 standards and emphasis on safety and 66.0 66.0
resource sustainability.
Use readily available software (e.g. Excel)

CLO2 to carryout design calculations and 18.0 18.0
material selections
Practice leadership, cooperation, and 6.0

CLO3 6.0
accountability in a teamwork setting.
Produce a standard technical report for a 10.0

CLO4 10.0
chemical equipment design.
0.0
Total 66.0 18.0 10 6 100.0
CONTENT
1. Introduction:
2. Thin-Walled Sphere
3. Thin-Walled Cylinders
4. Thick-Walled Cylinders
5. Design Procedures
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to
– Determine whether a pressure vessel should be classified as thin walled or thick walled
– Describe hoop stress as it is applied to spheres carrying an internal pressure and apply
the hoop stress formula to compute the maximum stress in the wall of a thin-walled sphere
– Describe hoop stress as it is applied to cylinders carrying an internal pressure and apply
the hoop stress formula to compute the maximum stress in the wall of a thin-walled
cylinder
– Describe longitudinal stress as it is applied to cylinders carrying internal pressure and
apply the longitudinal stress formula to compute the stress in the wall of a thin-walled
cylinder that acts in the direction parallel to the axis of the cylinder
– Identify the hoop stress, longitudinal stress, and radial stress developed in the wall of a
thick-walled sphere or cylinder due to internal pressure and apply the formulas for
computing the maximum values of the stresses
Introduction:
ACTIVITY:
Find some examples of things that you are familiar with that may fit that
definition. Then describe each of them, giving its function, a general
description of its shape, the material it is made from, its length, and the
overall dimensions.
Definition:
• “If the ratio of the mean radius of the vessel to its wall
Definition of key diameters, thickness is 10 or greater, the stress is very nearly
radii, and wall thickness for uniform, and it can be assumed that all the material of the
cylinders and spheres. wall shares equally to resist the applied forces. Such
pressure vessels are called thin-walled vessels.”
Thin-Walled
Spheres:
Example E9-1:
Compute the stress in the wall of a sphere having an inside diameter of 300 mm and a wall
thickness of 1.50 mm when carrying nitrogen gas at 3.5 MPa internal pressure.
Solution:
Thin-Walled
Cylinders:
Longitudinal Stress in a Thin- Hoop Stress in a Thin-Walled
Walled Cylinder Cylinder
Example E9-2:
A cylindrical tank holding oxygen at 2000 kPa pressure has an outside diameter of 450 mm and a wall
thickness of 10 mm. Compute the hoop stress and the longitudinal stress in the wall of the cylinder.
Solution:
Example E9-3:
A cylindrical pressure vessel with an outside diameter of 900 mm is constructed by spirally wrapping
a 15 mm thick steel plate and butt-welding the mating edges of the plate. The butt-welded seams
form an angle of 30° with a transverse plane through the cylinder. Determine the normal stress 𝜎
perpendicular to the weld and the shear stress 𝜏 parallel to the weld when the internal pressure in
the vessel is 2.2 MPa.
• After computing the longitudinal and circumferential stresses in the cylinder wall, the stress transformation
equations are used to determine the normal stress perpendicular to the weld and the shear stress parallel to
Solution: the weld.
Example E9-4:
FIGURE E9-4 shows a tank that is to be made by rolling flat sheets of SAE 1040 cold-drawn steel
into the spiral shape shown, where the spiral makes an angle of 65° with the horizontal axis of the
tank. The design internal pressure is 1750 kPa. The inside diameter has been specified to be
900 mm to create the desired capacity in the tank.
a. Specify a suitable thickness for the steel sheet to provide a design factor of 4 based on yield
strength or to produce a design factor of 6 based on ultimate strength.
b. For the final design of the tank, determine the stress condition on an element aligned with the
weld.
FIGURE E9-4
Solution:
• Objective: Specify the tank thickness and determine the stress on the weld.
• Given: Tank design in FIGURE E9-4; Di = 900 mm; 𝑝 = 1750 kPa
SAE 1040 CD steel, 𝜎 y = 565 MPa, 𝜎 u = 669 Mpa
𝜎𝑑 = 𝜎𝑦 /4𝑠 or 𝜎𝑑 = 𝜎𝑢 /6 whichever is smaller
• Analysis: Design the tank and then use Mohr’s circle to determine the stress on the weld.
• Results: Steps 1 and 2. First assume Dm = 900 mm.
• The stress element in the plane of the tank is shown in the following figure with σ2 = σx and
σ1 = σy. No shear stress exists on the element in this orientation. Mohr’s circle is also shown in
the same figure.
Thick-Walled
Cylinders:
Stresses in thick-walled cylinders and spheres
Example E9-5:
Compute the magnitude of the maximum longitudinal, hoop, and radial stresses in a cylinder
carrying helium at a steady pressure of 69 MPa. The outside diameter is 200 mm and the inside
diameter is 160 mm. Specify a suitable material for the cylinder.
Solution:
✓
Design
Procedures:
A.
Procedure
for Analyzing
Pressure Vessels
B.
Procedure
for Designing
Pressure
Vessels for a
Given Material
C.
Procedure
for Specifying a
Ductile Metal for
a Pressure Vessel
of a Given Size
Materials for
PVs:
Alloyed Steels
Stainless Steels
Structural
Steels
Exercises:
1. Compute the magnitude of the maximum tangential and radial stresses in a sphere carrying
helium at a steady pressure of 59 MPa. The outside diameter is 200 mm and the inside
diameter is 160 mm. Specify a suitable material for the cylinder.
2. A cylindrical vessel has an outside diameter of 400 mm and an inside diameter of 300 mm. For
an internal pressure of 20.1 MPa, compute the hoop stress σ 1 at the inner and outer surfaces
and at points within the wall at intervals of 10 mm. Plot a graph of σ 1 versus the radial position
in the wall.
3. Design a cylinder to be made from aged titanium Ti–6Al–4V to carry CNG at 50 MPa. The
internal diameter must be 600 mm to provide the necessary volume. The design stress is to be
1/6 of the ultimate strength of the titanium.
4. Titanium 6Al–4V is to be used to make a spherical pressure vessel having an outside diameter
of 1200 mm. The working pressure in the vessel is to be 4.20 MPa.
a. Determine the required thickness of the pressure vessel wall if a design factor of 4.0 based
on yield strength is desired.
b. If the vessel was made of aluminum 2014-T6 sheet instead of titanium, compute the
required wall thickness. Which design would weigh less?.
5. Design a spherical vessel to carry oxygen at a pressure of 20 MPa with an internal diameter of
500 mm. Use stainless steel SAE 501 OQT 1000 and a design factor of 6 based on the ultimate
strength.
a. Compute the weight of the tank.
b. Repeat the problem but use (i) aluminum alloy 7075-T6, and (ii) titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V
Thank You!
References
1. James R. Couper, W. Roy Penney, James R. Fair,”

Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and
Design” Butterworth-Heinemann, Year: 2012
2. Shaeiwitz, Joseph A.; Turton, Richard,” Chemical
process equipment design”, Prentice Hall, Year:
2017
3. Ray Sinnott, Gavin Towler, “Chemical Engineering
Design,” Elsevier, Year: 2019, chap #13
4. Timothy A. Philpot, “Mechanics of materials : an
integrated learning system,” John Wiley, 2017
5. Mott R.L., Untener J.A, “Applied strength of
materials,” CRC, 2018
Equations of plane Stress Equations of plane Strain
Transformation Transformation
Topics Tracker:
➢ Introduction: Operating vs Design conditions | Materials for PVs | Welding Efficiency
➢ Design for Internal pressure
➢ Design for External pressure
➢ Composite pressure vessels
➢ Manhole design calculation
➢ Flange
➢ Support Design

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Lecture-09

Use readily available software (e.g. Excel)

Practice leadership, cooperation, and 6.0

Produce a standard technical report for a 10.0

• Given: Tank design in FIGURE E9-4; Di = 900 mm; 𝑝 = 1750 kPa

SAE 1040 CD steel, 𝜎 y = 565 MPa, 𝜎 u = 669 Mpa

𝜎𝑑 = 𝜎𝑦 /4𝑠 or 𝜎𝑑 = 𝜎𝑢 /6 whichever is smaller

• Results: Steps 1 and 2. First assume Dm = 900 mm.

a. Compute the weight of the tank.

1. James R. Couper, W. Roy Penney, James R. Fair,”

➢ Design for Internal pressure

➢ Design for External pressure

➢ Composite pressure vessels

➢ Manhole design calculation

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