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Automotive Control Systems P2 - 235618
Automotive Control Systems P2 - 235618
Automotive Control Systems P2 - 235618
F$39$@FI@$ H
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a=?'= ?V !BVG '!BB.+ [=. V.'GE+ [=.TCG+cE!C?' B!aM [ C.!EV [=![ [=. .E[TGIc
a?[=?E [=. VcV[.C !Ba!cV ?E'T.!V.V 3GT T.!B V[![. '=!E;.VM
9 H H
H H ^
H
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=. [=.TC!B .5'?.E'c G3 [=?V ?+.!B 'c'B. ITG'.VV ?V .O_?`!B.E[ [G [=. T![?G G3
C.'=!E?'!B aGTA K , [G [=. !$VGT$.+ [=.TC!B .E.T;c ? )
K , ? ? , H H, H,
&1 1 1 1H J^M8\K
? ? H H
[ '!E $. V..E [=![ [=. [=.TC!B .5'?.E'c & GEBc +.I.E+V GE [=. T![?G G3 [=.
!$VGB_[. [.CI.T![_T.V H [G H, M & ?V !Ba!cV VC!BB.T [=!E HM B.!V. EG[. [=![ ?E
EGE>?+.!B 'c'B. ITG'.VV.V [=. .E[TGIc '=!E;. ?V !Ba!cV EGE>d.TG* ?M .M * eM
<24A H0!
=. !TEG[ 'c'B. ?V '=!T!'[.T?d.+ $c 3G_T V[![. '=!E;.VM [ [=. .E+ G3 [=. ITG'.VV*
[=. ?E?[?!B V[![. ?V T.!'=.+ !;!?E a=?'= ?V [=. '!V. 3GT !BB I.T?G+?' ITG'.VV.V ?E
.E;?E.VM aG +?4.T.E[ 'c'B.V =!`. [G $. +?V[?E;_?V=.+)
!A-42 F-A+-2 04=! 41D=A-42 +1!< E;?E.V a?[= I.T?G+?'
'GC$_V[?GE 'c'B.V !E+ .C?VV?GE G3 C.'=!E?'!B aGTAM
= (4F A+<4D*+ 2 46!2 41D=A-42 +1!< _T$?E.V a?[= 'GE[?E_>
G_V 'GC$_V[?GE !E+ .C?VV?GE G3 C.'=!E?'!B aGTAM
=. !TEG[ 'c'B. ?V _V.+ !V T.3.T.E'. CG+.B 3GT [=.TCG+cE!C?' ITG'.VV.VM [ ?V
?BB_V[T![.+ ?E [=. 9 >+?!;T!C G3 ?;_T. ^MF)
H ^ VG[=.TC!B .bI!EV?GE G3 [=. ;!V 3TGC [G , a=?B. [=. [.CI.T![_T.
T.C!?EV 'GEV[!E[ H 1 H, M
,
K , 1 ? , 1 3 H BE
=. C.'=!E?'!B aGTA K , ?V +.B?`.T.+ V?E'. [=. ;!V .bI!E+VM =.TC!B
.E.T;c ? , G3 [=. V!C. !CG_E[ =!V [G $. $TG_;=[ ?E[G [=. VcV[.C ?E GT+.T
[G A..I [=. [.CI.T![_T. 'GEV[!E[M
^ \ V.E[TGI?' .bI!EV?GE G3 [=. ;!V 3TGC , [G + M G [=.TC!B .E.T;c ?V
.b'=!E;.+ ?, + 1 eM _[I_[ G3 A?E.[?' .E.T;c)
K, + 1 3 A JH, H+ K
H/ C:
H 1 ^/ee J^MYXK
H+ 1 \ee J^MY/K
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%9039% =E;%FF
=. 7TV[ .E;?E. a!V IT.V.E[.+ $c ?AGB!_V [[G ?E H/Y^M =. 'GC$_V[?GE
ITG'.VV '!E $. CG+.B.+ !V !E -=4+4<- 6<4!== a=.T. [=. ;!V `GB_C. ?V 'GE>
V?+.T.+ [G $. 'GEV[!E[M =. 9 >+?!;T!C ?E ?;_T. ^MHe ?BB_V[T![.V [=![ [=. ;!V
`GB_C. +G.V EG[ '=!E;. $.[a..E V[.I ^ !E+ V[.I \M =. T![?G G3 C!b?C_C [G
C?E?C_C `GB_C. ?V ;?`.E $c)
%1 J^MYFK
,
=?V T![?G % ?V '!BB.+ [=. 416<!==-42 <A-4 G3 [=. .E;?E.M =. +?4.T.E[ V[.IV
3GT ! 'GCIB.[. 'c'B. ?E [=. 9 >+?!;T!C !E+ ?E [=. H>+?!;T!C '!E $. V..E ?E
?;_T. ^MHeM ![=.C![?'!BBc [=.c '!E $. +.V'T?$.+ !V 3GBBGa.+)
"K 1 9 " 1 e
+
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+
?, + 1 3 A "H 1 3 A JH+ H, K
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?+ 1 e
"K 1 "I 1 3 A "H
K+ 1 3 A "H 1 3 A JH H+ K
+
=?V V[![. '=!E;. +.V'T?$.V [=. IGa.T V[TGA. G3 [=. .E;?E. a=.T. K+ ?V
[=. G_[I_[ G3 A?E.[?' .E.T;c 3TGC [=. ;!V* a=?'= ?V IGV?[?`. JH 2 H+ KM
"K 1 9 " 1 e
K 1 9 " 1 e
"? 1 "I N "K 1 3 A "H
? 1 3 A "H 1 3 A JH H K
=. BGVV G3 [=.TC!B .E.T;c ? ?V +_. [G [=. ;!V .b'=!E;.) =. $_TE[ =G[
;!V ?V I_CI.+ ?E[G [=. .b=!_V[ !E+ [=. 'GC$_V[?GE '=!C$.T ?V 7BB.+ a?[=
! 'GB+ C?b[_T. G3 _E$_TE[ 3_.B `!IGT !E+ !?T J? ?V E.;![?`. $.'!_V. G3
H 2 H KM
=. [=.TC!B .5'?.E'c G3 [=. .E;?E. ?V .O_?`!B.E[ [G [=. T![?G G3 !BB [=. A?E.[?'
.E.T;?.V [G [=. ?EI_[ G3 [=.TC!B .E.T;c ?, + ![ [=. 'GC$_V[?GE G3 ! 'GCIB.[.
^^ C:
'c'B.)
K , N K, + N K+ N K
&=& 1
?, +
3 A JH, N H H N H+ K
1
3 A JH+ H, K
H H
1 H
H+ H,
H H EH H
1 H
H, H+ EH, H
=. T.B![?GEV=?I 3GT ?V.E[TGI?' '=!E;.V H ^ !E+ \ : '!E $. _V.+ [G V?CIB?3c
[=. .O_![?GE)
# **
H + H H
1 1 * 1 J^MXeK
H+ % H,
=?V c?.B+V)
H
&=& 1 H J^MXHK
%*
B.!V. EG[. [=![ [=. [=.TC!B .5'?.E'c &=& +G.V EG[ +.I.E+ GE [=. !$VGB_[.
[.CI.T![_T. `!B_.VM [ C!?EBc +.I.E+V GE [=. 'GCIT.VV?GE T![?G %M b!CIB.)
GT ! 'GCIT.VV?GE T![?G G3 % 1 HH !E+ !E !+?!$![?' 'G.5'?.E[ G3 / 1 H;: [=.
[=.GT.[?'!B [=.TC!B .5'?.E'c &=& ?V)
&=& 1 e;YHX
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E [=?V ITG'.VV* [=. 'GC$_V[?GE ;.E.T![.V [=. [=.TC!B .E.T;c ?, + !E+ ITG>
+_'.V [=. A?E.[?' .E.T;c K, + M
?+ 1 e
"K 1 "I 1 3 A "H
K+ 1 3 A JH H+ K
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I!T[* [=. ;!V ?V =.![.+ ?E !E -=4+4<- 6<4!== $.[a..E V[.I ^ !E+ V[.I \M E
[=. V.'GE+ I!T[ [=. ;!V ?V .bI!E+.+ ?E !E -=4<- =AA! +2*! $.[a..E V[.I \
!E+ V[.I \SM =. 'c'B. ?V '=!T!'[.T?d.+ $c [=. 416<!==-42 <A-4 % 1 E, *
[=. -2.!A-42 <A-4 A 1 + E+ * !E+ [=. 6<!==D<! <A-4)
9+
1 J^MX:K
9,
=. +?4.T.E[ V[.IV G3 [=. 'c'B. !T. [=. 3GBBGa?E;)
H ^ ) V.E[TGI?' 'GCIT.VV?GE* "? 1 e)
"? 1 "I N "K 1 e
? , 1 e
"K 1 "I 1 3 A "H
K , 1 3 A JH, H K
&=&
A1H
A1^
A1\
eMY
1 H!
J/ 1 H;:! % 1 HH! A 1 HK
A
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J/ 1 H;:! % 1 ^\!
A 1 37"I0F$"K
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+ >CMJ3;9 LAG-?
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![ BGa !E+ C.+?_C IGa.T J?;_T. ^MH\KM [ [_T$G'=!T;.+ ?.V.B .E;?E.V !BVG 9
?V CG+_B![.+M E GT+.T [G V[!c $.BGa C!b?C_C [.CI.T![_T.V* [=. 'GCIT.VV?GE
T![?G % ?V T.+_'.+ ![ [_T$G'=!T;.+ ?.V.B .E;?E.VM =. !$VGB_[. .4.'[?`. IGa.T
G_[I_[ G3 'GC$_V[?GE .E;?E.V +.I.E+V GE [=. +?VIB!'.C.E[ `GB_C. ! * [=. VI.>
'?7' aGTA G_[I_[ I.T IGa.T>V[TGA. K# !E+ [=. E_C$.T G3 'T!EAV=!3[ T.`GB_[?GEV
5)
5
# 1 K# ! J^MXYK
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a=.T.)
9
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;# %1N3;E ;(
%9039% >;#M6J3;9 ;( & ?" < * ' <S
B.!V. EG[. [=![ [=. VI.'?7' IGa.T # E! ?V ?E`.TV.Bc ITGIGT[?GE!B [G [=. C!b?>
C_C I?V[GE V[TGA. ^ @ J@ ?V [=. 'T!EAV=!3[ T!+?_VKM !$B. ^MH ;?`.V VGC. .b!CIB.V
G3 .E;?E. [cI.V !E+ [=.?T '=!T!'[.T?V[?' `!B_.VM [ '!E $. V..E [=![ [=. VI.'?7'
IGa.T +.'T.!V.V a?[= ?E'T.!V?E; +?C.EV?GEV @ ![ B!T;. .E;?E.VM =.c !T. C!?EBc
_V.+ ?E V=?IV $.'!_V. G3 [=.?T [=.TCG+cE!C?' .5'?.E'cM =.E V?d. !E+ a.?;=[
!T. C!@GT 'GE'.TEV ![ =?;= IGa.T B.`.BV* ;!V [_T$?E.V !T. IT.3.TT.+ .M;M ?E !?T>
'T!3[M
9
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:S
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H
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;# %1N3;E ;( 3%F%6 %9039% >;#M6J3;9 ;( +?" < * ' <S
?V ?E@.'[.+ !E+ $_TE.+M =. T.V_B[?E; .bI!EV?GE G3 [=. ;!V ?V _V.+ [G [_TE [=.
[_T$?E. V=!3[M =.T.3GT.* [=. .4.'[?`. IGa.T ?V [=. IGa.T G3 [=. [_T$?E. C?E_V
[=. IGa.T _V.+ 3GT [=. 'GCIT.VVGTM =. ITG'.VV '!E $. CG+.B.+ !V ! <HA42
H0! JGT G_B. ITG'.VVK a=?'= ?V V=GaE ?E ?;_T. ^MHXM =. +?4.T.E[ V[.IV G3
[=. T!c[GE 'c'B.)
H ^ ) V.E[TGI?' 'GCIT.VV?GE* "? 1 e)
"? 1 "I N "K 1 e
? , 1 e
"K 1 "+ 1 3 2 "H
K , 1 3 2 JH, H K
=. A?E.[?' .E.T;c K , ?V ITG`?+.+ $c [=. 'GCIT.VVGTM
^ \ ) VG$!T?' ?EI_[ G3 [=.TC!B .E.T;c* "9 1 e)
"? 1 "+ "9 1 3 2 "H
?, + 1 3 2 JH+ H, K
"K 1 9 " 1 3 "H
K, + 1 3 JH+ H, K
C:B:
\H
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?+ 1 e
"K 1 "+ 1 3 2 "H
K+ 1 3 2 JH H+ K
=. [=.TC!B .E.T;c ? !E+ C.'=!E?'!B aGTA K !T. $G[= E.;![?`. $.>
'!_V. G3 H 2 H M
\^ C:
=. T.B![?GEV=?I H EH 1 H, EH+ 3GT [=. ?V.E[TGI?' ITG'.VV !E+ [=. ?E@.'[?GE T![?G
A 1 H+ EH, !T. _V.+ [G V?CIB?3c [=. [=.TCG+cE!C?' .5'?.E'c)
H H
&=& 1 H J^MXFK
A H,
=. .5'?.E'c G3 [=. ;!V [_T$?E. +.I.E+V GE [=. [.CI.T![_T. T![?G H EH, M .!>
VGE!$Bc =?;= .5'?.E'c B.`.BV '!E GEBc $. T.!'=.+* ?3 [=. [=.TC!B .E.T;c G3 [=.
G_[;G?E; !?T ? ?V _V.+ [G =.![ _I [=. ?E'GC?E; !?T ?E 3TGE[ G3 [=. 'GCIT.VVGT
?, , M ?;_T. ^MH/ V=GaV [=. H>+?!;T!C V_IIGV?E; ! 'GCIB.[. T.'?T'_B![?GE G3
[=.TC!B =.![M VV_C?E; H, 1 H !E+ H, 1 H * [=. E.'.VV!Tc ?EI_[ G3 [=.TC!B
.E.T;c 3GT .!'= 'c'B. '!E $. T.+_'.+ [G)
? , + \
F+$@30 +$F
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H * H,
^ :
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12#30E7 ;( J1% ;M6% =E;%FF O3J1 1%J E%3EM6J3;9
!V [_T$?E.V !T. C_'= VC!BB.T !E+ B?;=[.T 'GCI!T.+ [G 3G_T>V[TGA. I?V[GE
.E;?E.V) =. a.?;=[ I.T IGa.T G_[I_[ ?E ;!V [_T$?E.V ?V e;\ e;8 .(E.
!E+ 3GT 3G_T>V[TGA. I?V[GE .E;?E.V ?[ ?V H;e H;8 .(E. M
?;= [GTO_. '!E $. ;.E.T![.+ .`.E ![ `.Tc BGa T.`GB_[?GEVM
!V [_T$?E.V !T. C!?EBc _V.+ ?E !?T IB!E.V $.'!_V. G3 [=.?T BGa a.?;=[M =.?T .5>
'?.E'c '!E $. ?E'T.!V.+ $c T!?V?E; [=. C!b?C_C !BBGa!$B. [.CI.T![_T.M .T!C?'V
B?A. 0, + GT B!C?E![.+ V?B?'GE>'!T$GE C![.T?!BV !T. _V.+ 3GT [=. 'GEV[T_'[?GE [G
\: C:
9 ! 9 !
9,CF75 9,CF75
%1936 E%=E%F%9JJ3;9 ;( J1% J3E6390 %9039%
=.![.T [=. ;!V ?V =.![.+ 3TGC G_[V?+.
T.;.E.T![GT [=. T.;.E.T![GT V[GT.V [=.TC!B .E.T;c
'GGB.T [=. ;!V ?V 'GGB.+ 3TGC G_[V?+.
=. =.![.T* T.;.E.T![GT !E+ 'GGB.T !T. BG'![.+ ?E [=. C?++B.M =. I?V[GEV GE [=.
B.3[ !E+ T?;=[ V?+. !T. B?EA.+ C.'=!E?'!BBcM =. 'c'B. 'GEV?V[V G3 [=. 3GBBGa?E;
3G_T V[.IV [=![ '!E $. V..E ?E ?;_T. ^M^e)
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H ^ ) VG[=.TC!B 'GCIT.VV?GE) H 1 H,
=. =.![ ?V !$VGT$.+ $c [=. 'GGB.T a=.E [=. [aG I?V[GEV CG`. [G [=. B.3[
[G 'GCIT.VV [=. ;!VM
,
K , 1 3 H BE
? , 1 K ,
?, + 1 3 A JH+ H, K
\ : ) VG[=.TC!B .bI!EV?GE) H+ 1 H
=. [=.TC!B .E.T;c ?V V_IIB?.+ $c [=. =.![.T* a=.E [=. I?V[GEV CG`. $!'A
[G [=. T?;=[M
K+ 1 3 H+ 05
+
?+ 1 K+