Quantitative Research

Shadrach’s Sample Questions on EDTE 301
1. What is instrumentation in quantitative research?
a. The process of selecting and using appropriate tools, techniques, or instruments to
measure variables in a study
b. The process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire
population
c. The process of dividing the population into subgroups or strata d. The process of
manipulating an independent variable
Answer: a
2. What is the difference between reliability and validity?
a. Reliability refers to the accuracy of a measure, while validity refers to the
consistency of a measure.
b. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure, while validity refers to the
accuracy of a measure.
c. Reliability and validity are the same thing.
d. Reliability and validity are not important in quantitative research.
Answer: b
3. What is construct validity in quantitative research?
a. The extent to which a measure accurately assesses the concept or construct it is
intended to measure.
b. The extent to which a measure is consistent over time or across different
researchers.
c. The extent to which a measure is representative of the population it is intended to
measure.
d. The extent to which a measure appears to be measuring what it is intended to
measure.
Answer: a
4. What is the difference between simple random sampling and purposive sampling?
a. Simple random sampling is a technique where the population is divided into
subgroups or strata, while purposive sampling is a technique where each member of
the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
b. Simple random sampling is a technique where each member of the population has
an equal chance of being selected for the sample, while purposive sampling is a
technique where the researcher intentionally selects participants based on specific
criteria.
c. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling are the same thing.
d. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling are not important in quantitative
research.
Answer: b
5. What is a quasi-experimental design in quantitative research?
a. A research design that involves the manipulation of an independent variable, but
does not have a true control group.
b. A research design that involves the manipulation of an independent variable and a
true control group.
c. A research design that does not involve the manipulation of an independent variable.
d. A research design that involves only one variable.
Answer: a
1. A company is conducting a customer satisfaction survey to improve their services.
What type of research design would be most appropriate for this study? a.
Experimental design b. Quasi-experimental design c. Correlational design d. Survey
design
Answer: d
2. A researcher is studying the effects of a new drug on patients with a certain medical
condition. What type of research design would be most appropriate for this study? a.
Experimental design b. Quasi-experimental design c. Correlational design d. Survey
design
Answer: a
3. A researcher wants to study the relationship between socioeconomic status and
academic performance among high school students in a specific district. What type of
sampling procedure would be most appropriate for this study?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Purposive sampling
Answer: b
4. A researcher wants to study the effect of a new teaching method on student
performance in a specific subject. However, the researcher cannot randomly assign
students to different groups. What type of research design would be most appropriate
for this study?
a. Experimental design
b. Quasi-experimental design
c. Correlational design
d. Survey design
Answer: b
5. A researcher wants to study the relationship between exercise habits and stress levels
among adults in a particular city. The researcher plans to recruit participants by
posting flyers at local gyms and community centers. What type of sampling procedure
would be most appropriate for this study?
d. Convenience sampling
Answer: d
6.
A researcher is interested in studying the impact of a new policy on a particular
population. However, the researcher is unable to manipulate the independent variable
due to ethical or practical concerns. What type of research design would be most
appropriate for this study?
d. Descriptive design
Answer: b
7. A researcher is conducting a study on the relationship between personality traits and
job satisfaction among employees in a large organization. The researcher is interested
in generalizing the findings to the entire population of employees in the organization.
What type of sampling procedure would be most appropriate for this study?
d. Cluster sampling
Answer: d
8. A researcher is studying the effect of a new educational program on student
achievement in a particular subject. The researcher wants to ensure that the program is
equally effective for students of different ages, genders, and socioeconomic
backgrounds. What type of validity should the researcher be concerned with?
a. Content validity
b. Face validity
c. Criterion validity
d. Construct validity
Answer: d
9. A researcher is studying the impact of a new medication on patients with a particular
medical condition. The researcher uses a survey to measure the patients' symptoms
before and after taking the medication. What type of validity should the researcher be
concerned with?
a. Content validity
b. Face validity
c. Criterion validity
d. Concurrent validity
Answer: c
10. A researcher is studying the relationship between self-esteem and academic
achievement among college students. The researcher collects data using a
questionnaire that measures both self-esteem and academic achievement. What type
of research design would be most appropriate for this study?
a. Correlational design
b. Experimental design
c. Quasi-experimental design
d. Survey design
Answer: a
11. A researcher wants to study the effect of a new training program on employee
productivity in a large company. However, the researcher cannot randomly assign

employees to different training groups due to logistical constraints. What type of
research design would be most appropriate for this study?
Answer: b
12. A researcher is studying the relationship between parental involvement and academic
achievement among elementary school children. The researcher uses a convenience
sampling method to recruit participants from a local school district. What type of
sampling bias might be present in this study?
a. Selection bias
b. Sampling bias
c. Measurement bias
d. Response bias
Answer: b
13. A researcher is studying the effect of a new dietary supplement on weight loss in
overweight adults. The researcher uses a double-blind placebo-controlled design to
minimize the effect of placebo. What type of validity should the researcher be
concerned with?
a. Content validity
b. Face validity
c. Construct validity
d. Internal validity
Answer: d
14. A researcher is studying the relationship between stress levels and job satisfaction
among employees in a particular industry. The researcher uses a Likert scale to
measure stress and job satisfaction. What type of validity should the researcher be
concerned with?
a. Content validity
b. Face validity
Answer: c
15. A researcher is conducting a study on the prevalence of a particular disease in a rural
community. The researcher uses a random sampling procedure to select participants.
What type of sampling bias might be present in this study?
a. Selection bias
b. Sampling bias
c. Measurement bias
d. Response bias
Answer: b
16. A researcher is interested in studying the effectiveness of a new counseling program
for people with depression. The researcher recruits participants who self-report
experiencing symptoms of depression. What type of sampling bias might be present in
this study?
a. Selection bias
b. Sampling bias
c. Measurement bias
d. Response bias
Answer: a
17. A researcher is conducting a study on the relationship between exercise and mental
health in a college population. The researcher uses a convenience sampling method to
recruit participants from a single college. What type of generalizability is the
researcher most concerned with?
a. External validity
b. Internal validity
d. Statistical conclusion validity
Answer: a
18. A researcher is studying the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. The
researcher uses a cross-sectional design to collect data from a sample of participants.
What type of research design limitation is present in this study?
a. Selection bias
b. Sampling bias
c. Temporal precedence
d. Directionality problem
Answer: c
19. A researcher is studying the effect of a new classroom management technique on
student behavior. The researcher uses a pretest-posttest design to measure changes in
student behavior. What type of research design is this?
Answer: b
20. A researcher is studying the relationship between parental involvement and student
academic achievement among low-income families. The researcher uses a purposive
sampling method to recruit participants from a local community center. What type of
sampling bias might be present in this study?
a. Selection bias
b. Sampling bias
c. Measurement bias
d. Response bias
Answer: a
21. A researcher is studying the effectiveness of a new math tutoring program for middle
school students. The researcher uses a random sampling method to select schools to
participate in the study. What type of sampling is being used?
c. Cluster sampling
d. Systematic sampling
Answer: c
22. A researcher is studying the relationship between exercise and depression in older
adults. The researcher uses a longitudinal design to collect data over a period of two
years. What type of research design limitation is present in this study?
a. Selection bias
b. Sampling bias
Answer: d
23. A researcher is studying the relationship between sleep duration and academic
achievement in college students. The researcher uses a self-report questionnaire to
collect data from participants. What type of validity should the researcher be
concerned with?
a. Content validity
b. Face validity
Answer: d
24. A researcher is studying the effectiveness of a new weight loss program for women
over the age of 50. The researcher uses a pretest-posttest design to measure changes in
weight over a 12-week period. What type of research design is this?
Answer: a
25. A researcher is studying the relationship between stress and job satisfaction in
healthcare workers. The researcher uses a convenience sampling method to recruit
participants from a single hospital. What type of generalizability is the researcher
most concerned with?

a. External validity
b. Internal validity
d. Statistical conclusion validity
Answer: a
26. A researcher is interested in studying the effectiveness of a new medication for
treating anxiety. The researcher uses a double-blind design in which neither the
participants nor the researcher know who is receiving the medication and who is
receiving a placebo. What type of research design is this?
Answer: a
27. A researcher is studying the relationship between personality traits and career
satisfaction. The researcher uses a self-report questionnaire to collect data from
participants. What type of reliability should the researcher be concerned with?
a. Test-retest reliability
b. Inter-rater reliability
c. Internal consistency reliability

d. Parallel forms reliability
Answer: c
28. A researcher is interested in studying the effectiveness of a new reading program for
elementary school students. The researcher uses a single-group pretest-posttest design
to measure changes in reading ability. What type of research design limitation is
present in this study?
a. Selection bias
b. Sampling bias
d. Maturation threat
Answer: d
29. A researcher is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep
quality in college students. The researcher uses a cross-sectional design to collect data
from a sample of participants. What type of research design limitation is present in
this study?
a. Selection bias
b. Sampling bias
Answer: d
30. A researcher is studying the relationship between teacher expectations and student
academic achievement in a diverse school district. The researcher uses a purposive
sampling method to recruit participants from schools with high percentages of
students from underrepresented backgrounds. What type of sampling bias might be
present in this study?
a. Selection bias
b. Sampling bias
c. Measurement bias
d. Response bias
Answer:
31. A researcher is studying the effect of caffeine consumption on reaction time in drivers.
In this study, caffeine consumption is the __________ variable, while reaction time is
the __________ variable.
a. Independent; dependent
b. Dependent; independent
c. Extraneous; moderator
d. Moderator; extraneous
Answer: a
32. In a study examining the effect of a new teaching method on student achievement, the
teaching method is the __________ variable, while student achievement is the
__________ variable.
a. Independent; dependent
b. Dependent; independent
c. Extraneous; moderator
d. Moderator; extraneous
Answer: a
33. A researcher is conducting a study examining the relationship between exercise and
weight loss. Age and gender are controlled for in the study. What type of variables are
age and gender in this study?
a. Independent variables
b. Dependent variables
c. Constants
d. Extraneous variables
Answer: d
34. A researcher is studying the effect of a new medication on symptoms of depression.
The researcher randomly assigns participants to receive either the medication or a
placebo. What type of variable is the medication in this study?
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Constant
d. Extraneous variable
Answer: a
35. A researcher is studying the effect of background noise on reading comprehension in
children. The researcher uses a standardized reading test to measure reading
comprehension. What type of variable is the reading test in this study?
c. Constant
Answer: b
36. In a study examining the effect of a new parenting program on child behavior, the
researcher controls for socioeconomic status. What type of variable is socioeconomic
status in this study?
c. Constant
Answer: d
37. A researcher is studying the effect of a new therapy for anxiety on self-reported
anxiety levels. The researcher also measures heart rate as an objective measure of
anxiety. What type of variable is heart rate in this study? a. Independent variable b.
Dependent variable c. Constant d. Moderator variable
Answer: d
achievement. The researcher randomly assigns students to either the experimental
group or the control group. What is the first step of the scientific method that the
researcher is implementing?
a. Developing a research question
b. Formulating a hypothesis
c. Collecting data
d. Conducting statistical analyses
Answer: b
39. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effect of a new therapy on
symptoms of depression. The researcher collects data using self-report questionnaires
completed by participants. What is the final step of the scientific method that the
researcher will implement?
c. Collecting data
d. Drawing conclusions
Answer: d
40. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effect of a new technology on
communication skills in children. The researcher develops a research question based
on previous research findings and clinical experience. What is the second step of the
scientific method that the researcher is implementing?

c. Collecting data
d. Conducting statistical analyses
Answer: b
41. A researcher is studying the relationship between stress and academic performance in
college students. The researcher uses a survey to collect data from participants. What
type of research design is the researcher using?
b. Correlational design
c. Longitudinal design
d. Case study design
Answer: b
42. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effectiveness of a new intervention
for reducing symptoms of anxiety. The researcher randomly assigns participants to
either the experimental group or the control group. What type of research design is the
researcher using?

Answer: a
43. A researcher is studying the effects of a new drug on blood pressure. The researcher
randomly assigns participants to either the experimental group or the control group,
and measures their blood pressure before and after receiving the drug. What type of
research design is the researcher using?
Answer: a
44. A researcher is studying the effects of social media on self-esteem in teenagers. The
researcher administers surveys to participants at two time points, six months apart.
What type of research design is the researcher using?
Answer: c
45. A researcher is conducting a study examining the experiences of individuals living
with chronic pain. The researcher interviews participants and collects data about their
experiences over a period of several months. What type of research design is the
researcher using?
Answer: d
46. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new program on
employee motivation in a company. The researcher administers surveys to employees
in both the experimental group and the control group. What type of sampling
procedure is the researcher using?
a. Convenience sampling
b. Snowball sampling
c. Simple random sampling
d. Stratified random sampling
Answer: d
47. A researcher is conducting a study examining the experiences of individuals who have
been diagnosed with a rare disease. The researcher recruits participants from a support
group for individuals with the disease. What type of sampling procedure is the
researcher using?
Answer: a
48. A researcher is conducting a study examining the relationship between sleep quality
and job performance. The researcher recruits participants from a company and
randomly selects participants from different departments. What type of sampling
Answer: d
achievement. The researcher randomly selects schools to participate in the study, and
then randomly selects students from each school to participate. What type of sampling
Answer: c
mental health in college students. The researcher administers surveys to participants at
a single time point. What type of validity is the researcher addressing in this study?
a. Internal validity
b. External validity
d. Content validity
Answer: a
continue
51. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new drug on blood
pressure. The researcher takes multiple measurements of blood pressure for each
participant and calculates the average. What is the dependent variable in this study?
a. The new drug
b. Blood pressure
c. The researcher
d. The participants
Answer: b
52. A researcher is conducting a study examining the relationship between parenting
styles and academic achievement in children. The researcher measures the parenting
style of each participant using a standardized questionnaire. What is the independent
variable in this study?
a. Academic achievement
b. The standardized questionnaire
c. Parenting style
d. The researcher
Answer: c
53. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new program on
employee satisfaction. The researcher measures employee satisfaction before and after
the program is implemented. What is the dependent variable in this study?
a. The new program
b. Employee satisfaction
c. The researcher
d. The participants
Answer: b
54. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of caffeine on reaction time.
The researcher uses a stopwatch to measure the time it takes participants to react to a
stimulus. What is the dependent variable in this study?
a. Caffeine
b. The stopwatch
c. The stimulus
d. Reaction time
Answer: d
55. A researcher is conducting a study examining the relationship between job
satisfaction and turnover intention in employees. The researcher controls for age,
gender, and years of experience. What type of variable is age in this study?
a. Dependent variable
b. Independent variable
c. Extraneous variable
d. Moderator variable
Answer: c
56. A researcher is conducting a study examining the relationship between job
satisfaction and turnover intention in employees. The researcher controls for age,
gender, and years of experience. What type of variable is job satisfaction in this study?
Answer: a
57. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new therapy on
depression symptoms. The researcher randomly assigns participants to either the
therapy group or the control group. What is the control group in this study?
a. The group receiving the therapy
b. The group not receiving the therapy
c. The group with the most severe symptoms
d. The group with the least severe symptoms
Answer: b
58. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new educational
program on student achievement. The researcher uses a pre-test/post-test design. What
is the pre-test in this study?
a. The test given after the program is implemented
b. The test given before the program is implemented
c. The test given during the program
d. The test given to a different group of students
Answer: b
depression symptoms. The researcher measures depression symptoms using a
standardized questionnaire. What type of validity is the researcher addressing in this
study?
d. Content validity
Answer: c
pressure. The researcher takes multiple measurements of blood pressure for each
participant and calculates the average. What type of reliability is the researcher
addressing in this study?
c. Parallel forms reliability
d. Internal consistency reliability
Answer: d
61. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new exercise program
on weight loss. The researcher uses a sample of 50 participants from a single gym.
What type of sampling method is the researcher using in this study?
a. Stratified sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Random sampling
Answer: b
pressure. The researcher measures blood pressure in participants who have high blood
pressure at baseline. What type of research design is the researcher using in this study?
a. Cross-sectional design
b. Longitudinal design
d. Experimental design
Answer: c
63. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new therapy on anxiety
symptoms. The researcher measures anxiety symptoms using a standardized
questionnaire. What type of validity is the researcher addressing in this study?
d. Content validity
Answer: c
64. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new intervention on
academic achievement. The researcher randomly assigns participants to either the
intervention group or the control group. What type of research design is the researcher
using in this study?
Answer: d
standardized questionnaire. What type of reliability is the researcher addressing in this
study?
c. Parallel forms reliability
d. Internal consistency reliability
Answer: a
academic achievement. The researcher measures academic achievement using a
standardized test. What type of validity is the researcher addressing in this study?
d. Content validity
Answer: d
67. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new exercise program
on weight loss. The researcher uses a sample of 100 participants from five different
gyms. What type of sampling method is the researcher using in this study?
a. Stratified sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Random sampling
Answer: c
68. A researcher is conducting a study examining the relationship between sleep and
memory consolidation. The researcher measures sleep using a polysomnography
machine and measures memory consolidation using a memory recall task. What type
of variable is the memory recall task in this study?
Answer: a
69. A researcher is conducting a study examining the relationship between sleep and
memory consolidation. The researcher measures sleep using a polysomnography
machine and measures memory consolidation using a memory recall task. What type
of variable is the polysomnography machine in this study?
Answer: b
pressure. The researcher measures blood pressure at three different time points: before
the drug is administered, one hour after the drug is administered, and two hours after
the drug is administered. What type of research design is the researcher using in this
study?
Answer: d
depression symptoms. The researcher uses a sample of participants who have been
diagnosed with depression. What type of research design is the researcher using in
this study?
Answer: c
standardized questionnaire. What type of variable is the standardized questionnaire in
this study?
Answer: a
standardized questionnaire. What type of variable is the therapy in this study?
Answer: b
74. A researcher is conducting a study examining the relationship between stress and
immune function. The researcher measures stress using a self-report questionnaire and
measures immune function using a blood test. What type of variable is the blood test
in this study?
Answer: a
75. A researcher is conducting a study examining the relationship between stress and
immune function. The researcher measures stress using a self-report questionnaire and
measures immune function using a blood test. What type of variable is the self-report
questionnaire in this study?
Answer: b
76. A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of a new teaching method on
student achievement. The researcher randomly assigns students to either the
experimental group or the control group. What type of research design is the
researcher using in this study?
Answer: d
mood. The researcher measures exercise using a self-report questionnaire and
measures mood using a mood scale. What type of variable is the mood scale in this
study?
Answer: a
mood. The researcher measures exercise using a self-report questionnaire and
measures mood using a mood scale. What type of variable is the self-report
questionnaire in this study?
Answer: b
smoking cessation. The researcher measures smoking cessation using a biochemical
test. What type of variable is the biochemical test in this study?
Answer: a
smoking cessation. The researcher measures smoking cessation using a biochemical
test. What type of variable is the intervention in this study?
Answer: b
101. Which of the following is a statement of a research hypothesis? a. There is no
relationship between the variables. b. The variables are related. c. The sample is
representative of the population. d. The research design is appropriate for the study.
Answer: b
102. What is the first step in the quantitative research process? a. Formulating a
research question b. Collecting data c. Analyzing data d. Reporting findings
Answer: a
103. Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable? a. Height in
centimeters b. Age in years c. Number of siblings d. Weight in kilograms
Answer: c
104. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable? a. Number of
books read in a year b. Number of siblings c. Gender d. Weight in kilograms
Answer: d
105. Which of the following is an example of a nominal scale of measurement? a.
Height in centimeters b. Age in years c. Level of education (e.g. high school, college,
graduate school) d. Weight in kilograms
Answer: c
106. Which of the following is an example of an interval scale of measurement?
a. Height in centimeters
b. Age in years
c. Number of siblings
d. Weight in kilograms
Answer: a
107. Which of the following is an example of a ratio scale of measurement?
a. Number of siblings
b. Temperature in degrees Celsius
c. Level of education (e.g. high school, college, graduate school)
d. Weight in kilograms
Answer: d
108. What is the main difference between a correlational research design and an
experimental research design?
a. Correlational designs allow for causal inferences while experimental designs do not.
b. Experimental designs involve manipulating the independent variable while
correlational designs do not.
c. Correlational designs are better suited for exploring complex phenomena while
experimental designs are better suited for testing specific hypotheses.
d. Experimental designs require larger sample sizes than correlational designs.
Answer: b
109. What is the purpose of a research proposal in quantitative research?
a. To outline the research questions and hypotheses
b. To describe the research design and methodology
c. To identify the population and sample
d. All of the above

Answer: d
110. What is the final step in the quantitative research process?
a. Analyzing data
b. Collecting data
c. Formulating a research question
d. Reporting findings
Answer: d
111. Which of the following is a strength of a cross-sectional research design?
a. It allows for causal inferences to be made.
b. It is less expensive and time-consuming than longitudinal designs.
c. It is better suited for studying developmental changes over time.
d. It is less prone to biases due to attrition.
Answer: b
112. What is the purpose of a pilot study in quantitative research?
a. To test the research instruments and procedures
b. To recruit participants for the main study
c. To analyze the data collected in the main study
d. To report the findings of the main study
Answer: a
113. Which of the following is an example of a self-report measure?
a. Blood pressure readings
b. Performance on a cognitive task

c. Ratings of satisfaction with a product
d. Observations of behavior in a social situation
Answer: c
114. Which of the following is a common method for ensuring internal validity in
experimental research?
a. Random assignment of participants to conditions
b. Use of a within-subjects design c. Use of a non-experimental design d. Use of a
single-group design
Answer: a
115. What is the purpose of random sampling in quantitative research?
a. To ensure that the sample is representative of the population
b. To increase the power of the study
c. To reduce the likelihood of type II errors
d. To ensure that the sample is homogenous
Answer: a
116. Which of the following is a strength of a longitudinal research design?
a. It allows for causal inferences to be made.
b. It is less expensive and time-consuming than cross-sectional designs.
c. It is better suited for studying stability and change over time.
d. It is less prone to biases due to practice effects.
Answer: c
117. What is the difference between a confounding variable and a moderator
variable?
a. Confounding variables are controlled for while moderator variables are
manipulated.
b. Confounding variables are related to the dependent variable while moderator
variables are related to the independent variable.
c. Confounding variables are controlled for while moderator variables are not.
d. Confounding variables are related to the independent variable while moderator
variables are related to the dependent variable.
Answer: d
118. Which of the following is an example of a non-probability sampling technique?
c. Convenience sampling
d. Cluster sampling
Answer: c
119. What is the purpose of a control group in experimental research?
a. To serve as a comparison group for the experimental group
b. To manipulate the independent variable
c. To measure the dependent variable
d. To ensure that the sample is representative of the population
Answer: a
120. What is the main advantage of using a mixed-methods research design?
a. It allows for greater generalizability of findings.
b. It allows for triangulation of data and perspectives.

c. It allows for more precise measurement of variables.
d. It allows for manipulation of variables.
Answer: b
121. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?
a. Gender
b. Marital status
c. Age
d. Education level
Answer: c
122. Which of the following is a step in the quantitative research process?
a. Formulating a hypothesis
b. Collecting data through observation
c. Analyzing data qualitatively
d. Developing a research question after data collection
Answer: a
123. Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable?
a. Height
b. Temperature
c. Number of siblings
d. Income
Answer: c
124. What is the difference between nominal and ordinal scales of measurement?
a. Nominal scales have a fixed zero point while ordinal scales do not.
b. Ordinal scales have a fixed zero point while nominal scales do not.
c. Nominal scales measure rank order while ordinal scales do not.
d. Ordinal scales measure rank order while nominal scales do not.
Answer: d
125. What is the main difference between a correlational research design and an
experimental research design?
a. Correlational research designs manipulate the independent variable while
experimental research designs do not.
b. Correlational research designs measure variables as they naturally occur while
experimental research designs manipulate variables.
c. Correlational research designs use a control group while experimental research
designs do not.
d. Correlational research designs allow for causal inferences to be made while
experimental research designs do not.
Answer: b
126. Which of the following is a common measure of central tendency?
a. Standard deviation
b. Range
c. Mean
d. Correlation coefficient
Answer: c
127. What is the purpose of a research hypothesis?
a. To describe the sample population
b. To explain the results of the study

c. To provide a framework for data analysis
d. To make a prediction about the relationship between variables
Answer: d
128. Which of the following is an example of a moderator variable?
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Education level
d. Cultural background
Answer: a
129. What is the difference between a sample and a population in quantitative
research?
a. A sample is a subset of the population while a population is the entire group of
interest.
b. A population is a subset of the sample while a sample is the entire group of interest.
c. A sample is randomly selected while a population is not.
d. A population is a group of people while a sample is a group of variables.
Answer: a
130. Which of the following is a step in the hypothesis testing process?
a. Conducting a power analysis
b. Developing a research question
c. Collecting data through interviews
d. Conducting a literature review
Answer: a
131. Which of the following is a common type of experimental design?
a. Observational design
c. Case study design
d. Survey design
Answer: b
132. What is the purpose of instrumentation in quantitative research?
a. To manipulate the independent variable
b. To measure the dependent variable
c. To control for extraneous variables
d. To select the study sample
Answer: b
133. What is a null hypothesis?
a. A hypothesis that states there is no significant difference between groups or
variables.
b. A hypothesis that states there is a significant difference between groups or variables.
c. A hypothesis that states there is a positive relationship between groups or variables.
d. A hypothesis that states there is a negative relationship between groups or variables.
Answer: a
134. Which of the following is an example of a continuous data distribution?
a. Binomial distribution
b. Poisson distribution
c. Normal distribution
d. Chi-square distribution
Answer: c
135. Which of the following is a limitation of a cross-sectional research design?
a. It can only measure associations between variables.
b. It is expensive and time-consuming.
c. It cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
d. It requires a large sample size.
Answer: c
136. What is the difference between a directional and non-directional hypothesis? a.
A directional hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship between variables
while a non-directional hypothesis does not.
b. A non-directional hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship between
variables while a directional hypothesis does not.
c. A directional hypothesis is more precise than a non-directional hypothesis.
d. A non-directional hypothesis is more precise than a directional hypothesis.
Answer: a
137. What is a control group in experimental research?
a. A group that receives the independent variable
b. A group that does not receive the independent variable
c. A group that receives a different independent variable
d. A group that receives a placebo
Answer: b
138. Which of the following is an example of a stratified sampling technique?
a. Random sampling
b. Cluster sampling
c. Convenience sampling
d. Proportional sampling
Answer: d
139. What is the difference between a Type I error and a Type II error?
a. A Type I error occurs when a true effect is not detected while a Type II error occurs
when no effect is present but one is detected.
b. A Type I error occurs when no effect is present but one is detected while a Type II
error occurs when a true effect is not detected.
c. A Type I error is more serious than a Type II error.
d. A Type II error is more serious than a Type I error.
Answer: a
140. What is the difference between a pretest-posttest design and a posttest-only
design?
a. A pretest-posttest design includes a measurement of the dependent variable before
and after the intervention while a posttest-only design only includes a measurement of
the dependent variable after the intervention.
b. A posttest-only design includes a measurement of the dependent variable before
and after the intervention while a pretest-posttest design only includes a measurement
of the dependent variable after the intervention.
c. A pretest-posttest design is a non-experimental design while a posttest-only design
is an experimental design.
d. A posttest-only design is a non-experimental design while a pretest-posttest design
is an experimental design.
Answer: a
continue
141. What is a Likert scale?
a. A measurement scale used to assess attitudes or opinions
b. A measurement scale used to assess physical characteristics
c. A measurement scale used to assess intelligence
d. A measurement scale used to assess behavior
Answer: a
142. Which of the following is an example of a quasi-experimental design?
a. Randomized controlled trial
b. Pretest-posttest design
c. Case-control study
d. Time series design
Answer: d
143. Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable?
a. Age
b. Height
c. Weight
d. Number of children
Answer: d
144. What is a sampling frame?
a. The group of individuals who are selected to participate in a study
b. The list of individuals from which a sample will be drawn
c. The process of selecting individuals to participate in a study
d. The method used to collect data in a study
Answer: b
145. What is the first step in the quantitative research process?
a. Conducting a literature review
b. Formulating a research question
c. Collecting data
d. Analyzing data
Answer: b
146. What is the difference between an independent variable and a moderator
variable?
a. An independent variable is manipulated while a moderator variable is measured.
b. An independent variable affects the dependent variable directly while a moderator
variable affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
c. An independent variable is categorical while a moderator variable is continuous.
d. An independent variable is continuous while a moderator variable is categorical.
Answer: b
147. What is a convenience sample?
a. A sample that is randomly selected from a population
b. A sample that is selected based on a specific characteristic

c. A sample that is selected because they are easily accessible
d. A sample that is selected based on a pre-determined quota
Answer: c
148. What is a scatterplot used for?
a. To display the distribution of a continuous variable
b. To display the distribution of a categorical variable
c. To display the relationship between two continuous variables
d. To display the relationship between a continuous and categorical variable
Answer: c
149. Which of the following is an example of a ratio scale of measurement?
a. Temperature in Celsius
b. Likert scale
c. Income in dollars
d. Age
Answer: c
150. What is a confounding variable?
a. A variable that is measured to assess its effect on the dependent variable
b. A variable that is controlled for to ensure accuracy in the study
c. A variable that affects both the independent and dependent variables and cannot be
separated from the effects of the independent variable
d. A variable that is manipulated to assess its effect on the dependent variable
Answer: c

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Shadrach’s Sample Questions on EDTE 301

1. What is instrumentation in quantitative research?

a. The process of selecting and using appropriate tools, techniques, or instruments to

measure variables in a study

b. The process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire

manipulating an independent variable

2. What is the difference between reliability and validity?

a. Reliability refers to the accuracy of a measure, while validity refers to the

b. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure, while validity refers to the

c. Reliability and validity are the same thing.

d. Reliability and validity are not important in quantitative research.

3. What is construct validity in quantitative research?

a. The extent to which a measure accurately assesses the concept or construct it is

b. The extent to which a measure is consistent over time or across different

c. The extent to which a measure is representative of the population it is intended to

d. The extent to which a measure appears to be measuring what it is intended to

a. Simple random sampling is a technique where the population is divided into

subgroups or strata, while purposive sampling is a technique where each member of

technique where the researcher intentionally selects participants based on specific

5. What is a quasi-experimental design in quantitative research?

a. A research design that involves the manipulation of an independent variable, but

does not have a true control group.

b. A research design that involves the manipulation of an independent variable and a

true control group.

d. A research design that involves only one variable.

1. A company is conducting a customer satisfaction survey to improve their services.

Experimental design b. Quasi-experimental design c. Correlational design d. Survey

Experimental design b. Quasi-experimental design c. Correlational design d. Survey

3. A researcher wants to study the relationship between socioeconomic status and

sampling procedure would be most appropriate for this study?

a. Simple random sampling

b. Stratified random sampling

4. A researcher wants to study the effect of a new teaching method on student

performance in a specific subject. However, the researcher cannot randomly assign

for this study?

among adults in a particular city. The researcher plans to recruit participants by

would be most appropriate for this study?

a. Simple random sampling

b. Stratified random sampling

A researcher is interested in studying the impact of a new policy on a particular

population. However, the researcher is unable to manipulate the independent variable

appropriate for this study?

7. A researcher is conducting a study on the relationship between personality traits and

job satisfaction among employees in a large organization. The researcher is interested

in generalizing the findings to the entire population of employees in the organization.

a. Simple random sampling

b. Stratified random sampling

8. A researcher is studying the effect of a new educational program on student

equally effective for students of different ages, genders, and socioeconomic

backgrounds. What type of validity should the researcher be concerned with?

9. A researcher is studying the impact of a new medication on patients with a particular

10. A researcher is studying the relationship between self-esteem and academic

achievement among college students. The researcher collects data using a

of research design would be most appropriate for this study?

productivity in a large company. However, the researcher cannot randomly assign

employees to different training groups due to logistical constraints. What type of

research design would be most appropriate for this study?

achievement among elementary school children. The researcher uses a convenience

sampling bias might be present in this study?

overweight adults. The researcher uses a double-blind placebo-controlled design to

among employees in a particular industry. The researcher uses a Likert scale to

15. A researcher is conducting a study on the prevalence of a particular disease in a rural