NGHIEN CCU VAN HOA VIET NAM Tap chi chuyén nganh nghién citu van hoa VIEN NGHIEN CUU VAN HOA VIEN HAN LAM KHOA HOC XA HOI VIET NAM Téng bién tap: PGS.TS. Nguy&n Thi Phuong Cham MUC LUC $6 6 (198) - 2021 NGHIEN GWU - TRAO DOI TOA SOAN VA TRI SU © 27 Tran Xuan Soan - Ha Noi © 024.3978.3212 © 024.3972.5903 © tcvhdg@gmail.com NGUYEN TH] PHUONG CHAM ‘Van héa trong xay dung néng thon mdi: da dang hay dong 3 dang? NGUYEN THANH TUNG ¥ thite v8 quyén d6i véi co sé vat chat van héa trong quan 12 hé véi hoat dng van héa co si TRAN KY PHUONG Ngh@ thuat Phat gido ‘dng Champa trong béi cénh Bong = 23 ~ NGUYEN THI TU ANH Nam A thé ki IX - X: khdo ctu ngau tugng Vajrapani thé tai hang dng Non Nude - Ngii Hanh Son, Da Nang NGUYEN DANG ANH MINH yén gido 6 Tay Nguyén véi su hinh thanh va phat trién a ciia hé théng chir viet tiéng Bahnar (1850 - 1945) NGUYEN VAN LUgM Vil try quan cita ngudi Khmer Nam B@ nhin tir tin ngudng = 49. thé cing t6 tien LETH! PHUQNG Hoi van dinh va tinh c6 két cng dng trong xa hai hign dai 55 (nghién ecru 6 Déng Anh, Ha NGi) HO THI THANH NGA Dong co tién gi va chign luge dau tu vj thé xa hi (trudng 63 hgp Tam Di, Bac Giang) TU LIGU VAN HOR VINH THONG Phong trao Théng thién hoc 6 Viét Nam thé ki XX 4 TIN TUE HGi nghj Théng bao Van héa 2021 80JOURNAL OF VIETNAMESE CULTURAL STUDIES Editor-in-chief: Assoc Prof., Ph.D.Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham Editorial office: No 27 Tran Xuan Soan St. - Hanoi Vietnam Telephone: (+84) 24 3978 3212 Fax: (+84) 24 3972 5903 - Email: tevhdg@gmail.com $6 6 (198) - 2021 STUDIES - BISCUSSION Page NGUYEN THI PHUONG CHAM Culture in the New rural program: Diversity or homogeneity? 3 NGUYEN THANH TUNG Right awareness to cultural facilities in relation to 12 grassroots cultural activities TRAN KY PHUONG Cham esoteric Buddhist art in Southeast Asian context 23 = NGUYEN THI TU ANH during the 9th to 10th century: enquiry the Vajrapani idol worshipped at the Cham cavern of the Marble Mountain, Da Nang City, Vietnam NGUYEN DANG ANH MINH Catholic mission in the Central Highlands and the formation 41 and development of Bahnar writing systems (1850 ~ 1948) NGUYEN VAN LUOM Khmer’s cosmology seen from ancestral worship 49 LE THI PHUONG Van Dinh association and community cohesion in 55 contemporary society (a case study of Dong Anh, Hanoi) HO THI THANH NGA Motives behind remittances and strategies to improve social 63 status: A case study of Tam Di, Bac Giang CULTURAL DOCUMENT VINH THONG The Theosophical movement in Vietnam in the 20th century 74 NEWS The annual cultural conference of 2021 80 ryTAP CHI NCVHVN SO 6 (198) NAM 2021 23 NGHE THUAT PHAT GIAO MAT TONG CHAMPA TRONG BOI CANH DONG NAM A THE Ki IX- x: KHAO CUU NGAU TUONG VAJRAPANI THO TAI HANG DONG NON NUGC - NGU HANH SON, DA NANG Trin Ky Phuong - Nguyén Thj Ta Anh Tém tat: Vieong quée Champa sa hitu mot hé thdng edng - thi qué 1€ sam udt nha vi thé dia lj ven i cdc tuyén hang hai gitta Nam A va Dong A, Nhimg chimg ctt Khéo e6 hoe v4 lich sit chi ra rang Phat gido diegc truyén bé vao Champa rat sém nha cde thuong nhén va sit than, Mac dis, sue Nghia Tinh, mot hénh gid Trung Hoa, ghi nhdn rang cdc hoc phai Phat gido nguyén thi phd bién tai Champa vaio thé ki VIL; tuy nhién tie thé ki VIIL tré-di, sinh hoat Phat gido tai ddy tiép nhéin khuynh huéng méi cita Mat tng Dai thita tie cdc quéc gia & phurong nam. Vain kde Champa vaio thé ki IX - X cung edp ching cit thuyét phuc aé nhdn thitc ring Mat téng | Dai thiea da duege téing Iép thong lieu bao tro va tao anh huréng manh tai vircong quoc nay. Nam | 875, vua Jaya Indravarman cho thanh Ip Phét vién Laksmindra-Lokesvara tai Béng Duong, nay thugc tinh Quang Nam; i ciia Mat téng tai Champa. Bai vier nay khao citu ngdu teong Vajrapani hay Kim Cang This thuéc hong cdch nghé thuge Déng Duong, thé ki IX - X, thé tai dong Chiém Thank, chita Linh Ung- Neil Hanh Son, Da Nang, qua a6, mang lai nhimg hiéu biét thiét thc vé hoat déng ciia Phét gido Dai thiea tai Champa trong méi tong tac viin hod lién ving 6 chau A. Tie khod: Vajrapani, Kim Cang Titi, Champa, Mat tong, Chita Linh Ung - Ngii Hanh Son. Gi6i thiéu gitta c6 bac cp nh6; phan trén dai tho cham hai Tac pham diéu khie Vajrapani duge phat vj mén thin®, tay phai cdm kiém ngén, tay trai hign tai chia Linh Ung - Ngii Hanh Son, Da __cé thé cm cay gay méc cau ngin hay 18 avikusa ‘Nang vao gitta thp nién 1980, khi sutrutricho —(?) trong tu thé chién du, vi than bén trai chua tring tu Igi ba ban thé ctia ngéi miéu nhé Linh duge hoan chinh; mdi khéi c6 kich thuée cao Déng Chon Tién nam trong dng Tang Chon, 63cm, day 46cm, dai 121m (Parmentier 1909: sau lung chita, Né timg bj pha kin bén ngoai 316-19; Boisselier 1963: 138) (Hinh 2a-b). bang mét Iép vita day dé lam bé thd cho mét_—Dya trén thye trang, cd thé suy dodn ngdu pho tuong Phat. Déng Tang Chon c6 ba hang —tuong Vajrapani xuét xi tir dong Chiém Thanh; d9ng nhé gém dng Tam Thanh, Hang Gi6, va va duge bai tri ngay trén dai tho c6 cham hai dng Chiém Thanh nam ¢ gitta (Sallet 1924: vj mén than truéc khi n6 bi chuyén vao miéu 193, planchet L) (Hinh 1). Hign nay trong dong Linh Dong Chon Tién, khi ng6i miéu nay duoc Chiém Thanh van con mét dai tha Cham tai khéi xy dudi thdi Minh Mang nam thir VI nguyén vj (in sitt’) ghép lai bang bén khdi da, (1825) (Sallet 1924: 81). Vi thé, khi cae hoe gia Nn nnnn ee24 NGHIEN CUU -TRAO DOI Phap da khéng co bat cir ghi chép nao vé trong Vajrapani nay khi khdo sét céc di tich tai Ngii ‘Hanh Son tir cudi thé ki XLX. Nhung can Luu y, Henri Parmentier (1909: 318) da dat nghi van vé su bién mat ciia mOt ngiu tong Cham timg duge thé ngay tai dong Chiém Thanh. Cing véi chia Linh Ung -Ngii Hanh Son, 6 toa do N16°0"15.015"; E108°15"51.3648", dong Chiém Thanh hudng vé phia déng cdch bién vai trim mét; phia tay Ia song Cd Co, mot dong s6ng chay gan nhw song song véi bién néi lién hai cng - thi quan trong tir thoi Champa 1a. Cita Han (Ba Ning) va Cita Dai (Hdi An). Diéu dé nbn thay ring cdc co sé thé ty cla Champa duge tao dyng trén nai Non Nude, céch Phat vign Laksmindra-Lokesvara Déng Duong, khoang 60km vé huéng déng bic, rat thudn gi 8 khach hanh huong thim viéng. Hinh 1, Déng Tang Chon gdm ba hang dong nhé trong 46 dng Chiém Thanh nim ¢ gita [E] va vin con git nguyén hai bé thé diéu khie tugng h6 thin cia nghé thuat Cham [3] (Sallet 1924: 193, planche L). Hinh 2a. Bén khéi dé ghép thanh dai thé trong dng Chiém Thanh gém hai phan; Hai khéi trén cham tugng mén thin, cao 63cm, day 46om, dai 121cem. Anh: Trin Ky Phuong Hinh 2b, Tung mén than cham bén phai dai thé trong dng Chiém Thanh. Anh: Trin Ky Phuong Phi diéu Vajrapani cao S6om, diy 50cm, rong 90cm; bing sa thach mau ving nhat 1a ligu duge sir dung phé bién trong thoi ky digu khéc Déng Duong. Bay IA tic phim diéu trén ba mat hoan chinh, Mat chinh thé é hign Vajrapapi cudi trén mg voi chdu béi hai su tir déi lung vao nhau va ngéi dudi vom cuén nhon 6 dink, va hai vj BO tat chp tay chau hai bén véi ww thé co chan; hai canh bén cing thé hign tuong ty, véi hai vj BS tét va hai con sw tt eeTAP CHI NCVHVN SO 6 (198) NAM 2021 Hinh 3a, Ban thé Vajrapani, sa thach; cao 56 com, day 50 om, rong 90 cm. Anh: Trin Ky Phuong Hinh 3b. Géc phai ban the. Anh: Trin Ky Phuong Hinh 3c. Mat tréi ban thé. . Anh: Trin Ky Phuong Hinh 3e. Mat trai ban tho. Anh: Trin Ky Phuong Hinh 3d. Mat phai ban thé. Anh: Trin Ky Phuong Hin 4, Vajra hay Kim cang chity cha nghé thugt Chim, Hop kim ddng. Trung bay tai Bao ting Lich sit Tp. HCM. Anh: Ti Anh26 NGHIEN COU -TRAO DOI Chan dung vj thin nay timg duge cho la thin Indra (V6 V. Thang, T. K. Phuong, L. D. Phung et al. 2014: 110-112). Nhung can nhan manh ring, Indra khong bao gid duge thé riéng 1@ trong diéu khéc Cham, vi than Indra la mot trong Bat phuong h6 than (Asta-Dikpalas) hoe That tW/Cim ti (Saptagrahas/Navagrahas), ou thé nhdt 14 nhiing tuong thé hién Indra duge phat hign trong nhém tam vj h phuong than tai di tich My Son va céc di tich Champa khéc (Boisselier 1963: 156-159; Tran Ky Phuong 2001: 84-98; 2008: 42-45; Baptiste 2003: 168- 176). Do 6, vi thin nay c6 thé 1a Vajrapa vj BO tit quan trong ciia Phat giéo ) va ld hinh twong duy nat trong diéu kh’c Phat giéo Champa (Hinh 3a-e). Sau day 1 nhiing dae diém tiéu tung hoc vé Vajrapani dé so sinh. Vajrapani trong nghé thudt Mat tong Daithira Theo kinh van Mat tong Dai thira, tam vj PhavB8 tat tuong trmg cho ténh Khong (Sinyata) Vajrapani, Vajradhara va Vajrasattva 1a déng nhét thé. Vajrapani xudt hién trong hau hét cdc bO kinh nong cét cia Mat téng, nhw: kinh Dai Nhat (Vairocanabhisambodhi-sitra), kinh Kim cang dinh (Sarva-tathagata-tattva~ samgraha/STTS), Bimdth@itap (Guhyasamaja), H6 Kim cang (Hevajra)®. Berard Faure (2016: 122) giai thich rang Vajrapani nguyén 1A mot yaksa (4 than), lanh dao chu vi thugng than (Vajrapanis) sau khi thoat khdi quyén lye cia Vaisravana (Ty-sa-m6n thién vuong), ngai co lign d¢i mat thiét véi than Indra (Bé Thich/thdn ‘Sdm sét) va da nhiéu lan phuc vu chu Phat thay thé vj than nay. Theo Etienne Lamotte (2003: 2), Vajrapaini durge t6n thé 18 thin chi ctia chén, hang dong. La thi gia cia Phat Sakyamuni, nén ‘Vajrapani dai dién cho céc thé Iyc huyén bi nham ham doa, va déi khi, dap vo dau nhing ké khong tuan nghe Idi gido huan cua Dite Phat (Faure, ibid.), Vajrapani thuéng xudt hién cing voi Avalokitesvara va Maijusr dé hé ti chr Phat vi cdc ngai twong trmg cho ba dire tinh ton quy ciia chu Phat Ia bi-tré-diing (Vessantara 2007: 195-197). Trong triét hoc Phat gido, vajra biéu thi cho tnh Khéng, vi ty tinh nay cimg rin, bat hoai, bén ving, khong thé bi chia ché hoic lay chuyén (Ghosh 1997: 25-43) (Hinh 4). Trong STTS Vajrapani (Kim Cang Thi) cling duge goi la Samantabhadra (Phd Hién), Vajrasattva (Kim Cang Tét-doa), Vajradhara (Kim Cang Tri), Vajrahiimkara va Trailokyavijaya (Hang Tam Thé kim cang) (Linrothe 1999: 156); vi thé Vajrapani, Vajradhara va Vajrasattva 6 thé tong hodn cho nhau, chi khéc nhau d6i chut vé nghia den (Kwon 2002: 42, note 16). M6t sir kién quan trong trong STTS 1a Vajrapini da nigm m§t chit (mantra) dé chién théing MaheSvara (Siva) bing chan trai va nit than Uma bling chin phai, bude ho phai hang phuc chir Pht nén cn goi 18 Trilokavijaya/ Trailokyavijaya, hay Hang Tam Thé kim cang ME= HEEB. Vi vay, Vajrapani ndi bat trong tat ca mat chui dé nh§n sy tan duong ciia chinh Bite Phat Sakyamuni (Chandra & Snellgrove 1981: 9, 39-41, 87; Snellgrove 2002: 137-138). Trong kinh Dai Nit, Vajrapani hay 1a Bi mat cha: (Guhyakadhipati) xudt hign thudng xuyén dé van dao Phat Vairocana. Mat chi cia Vajrapani 14 “Namah samantavajranam, vab!” (Hi huéng chu Kim Cang! Vab!) (Giebel 2005: xv, 65). Theo STTS, Vajrapani hién hi trong tm ciia tt ca Nhu lai, sau d6 Vajrapani ha hién thanh Vajrasattva, 1a vj BO tat dau tién tho nhan 18 quén dinh ciia Mahavairocana. Va, Vajrasattva/Vajrapani cing 1a dang da hién hién mat thé cia Samantabhadra, duge dam nhiém vi tri anh dgo chu thin trong Kim cang giéi man- da-la (Vajradhatu-mandala) (Abé 1999: 144; Giebel 2001: 26-28). aTAP CHI NCVHVN 86 6 (198) NAM 2021 27 Trong Thai tang gidi man-di-la (Garbhadhatu-mandala), Vajrapani 1 b6 chit cia vién Kim Cang Thu, ngai la bac tam chimg cia Vajrasattva cho nén vign nay con duge goi la Tét-doa vién hay Kim Cang Tét-déa ma dala (Wayman & Tajima 1992: 83-85, 92 Grotenhuis 1999: 62-63; Faure 2016: 120-123). Trong Kim cang giéi man-da-la, Vajrapani ngdi bén canh Aksobhya & huéng déng, va 1a chit Kim cang 6 (Vajrakila). Theo kinh Guhyasamaja va Hevajra, Vajrasattva/Vajrapani duge tén thd 1a vi Ban so Phat (Adibuddha) thit sau duge thd cng véi nm vj Phat khée la Vairocana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha va Amoghasiddhi trong man-da-la nay (Snellgrove 2002: 210-213). Dac diém tiéu twong hoe vé Vajrapani Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1958: 43, 98- 99) cho biét, “Vajrapani. Mau xanh duong, tuong la Vajra. Vajrapani cé biéu tuong Vajra, vi ngai 8 con tri hu8 tia Bat Bong Nhw lai [Aksobhya] la chi cla Kim cang b6. Me tri hué cia ngai 1a Mamaki. Di thé hién trong ty thé dimg hoc ngdi, Vajrapani thudng cam m$t hoa sen trén dé c6 dat biéu trong Vajra. D6i khi ngai chm Vajra dat truée ngye bing mét tay [...]”; va, “Vajrapani. Mau tring. Biéu tuong la Vajra, mic dau khéng nim trong danh sdch chu vi BS tét duge ghi nhan trong kinh Nispannayogavali, nhung quan trong hon, ngai la mét trong tam vj BS tat chinh cia kinh Sadhanamala [...] Danh sdch cia tam vi Bé tat dan diu boi Maitreya bao gém: 1/ Maitreya (Di-lic], 2/ Ksitigarbha [Bia Tang], 3/ Vajrapani [Kim Cang Thi], 4/ Khagarbha [Hu Khéng Tang/Akasagarbhal, 5/ Mafijughosa [Van-thi/Maajusri], 6/ Gaganagaiija [Hu Khéng Tang], 7/ Viskambhin (rir C4i Chuéng], 8/ Samantabhadra [Phd Hién]. Trong kinh nay, Vajrapani dugc miéu ta 06 sic thin mau tring, mét tay cdm vajra con tay kia thii v6 uy dn [abhaya-mudra].” Vé tiéu tugng hoc, Vajrapani thuong dugc thé hién trong tu thé ngdi hodc dimg qua hai hinh twéng 1a hién va dit. Voi -hinh tuéng hién, Vajrapni ng6i tu thé vuong toa (lalitasana) hofc kiét gid (ardhaparyanka), mét tay cam vajra va mét tay cdm hoa sen; véi hinh tuéng dir Vajrapani duge goi la Trailokayavijaya, trong tw thé démg, mét tay cdm vajra va mot tay thi An, 6 hao quang hinh ngon lira a6. Trong nghé thuat Java, Vajrapani xuat hién phé bién va dic bing kim loai vao thé ki VII -X, trong tu thé dimg hoic ngdi kiéu vuong toa (lalitésana), va trén tda sen kiéu kiét gid (ardhaparyanka), d6i kirita-mukuta, mang nhiéu trang sire, long ban tay phai dé ngira tho An, ban tay trai cm hoa sen xanh c6 cudng dai (utpala) bén trén ¢6 vajra; Vajrapani xudt hign cing voi Avalokitesvara hoc Mafijusri/Maiijughosa dé h6 tri m6t vi Jina (Phat hay T6i Thing Ton) thanh mét b6 tam thénh (triad) (Hinh 5 & 6) (Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw 1984: 48 and 61, cats. 12 and 26; Scheurleer & Klokke 1988: 61, 63, 64, cats. 9, 11 va 12; Scheurleer 1994: 84, 86; Huntington [Susan] 1994: 65; MET: Vajrapani, ace.no.1984.486.1). Hinh 5. Vajrapani, Trung Java, thé ki Lx, hop kim déng, cao 11,4 cm. The MET Museum (Ace.no, 1984.486.1) ee28 Hinh 6. Vajrapani, dén Candi Mendut, Trung Java, thé ki IX, da. Anh: Tropenmuseum, Ha Lan. Trong nghé thugt Khmer, nau trong Vajrapani cing voi Bite Phat va ni BO tat Divyadevi (Prajiiaparamita/Phat Mau Bat-nha/ Tri d6 Mau) duge the tai Bat Cum (bia K.266) la ngéi dn Phat gido dau tién dung tai Angkor vo nim 953; va trong minh van Wat Sithor (K.1L1/ B.39) ghi nhan céng dite cita dao su Kirtipandita, ngudi da t6n tao hon mudi pho twong cia Vajrin va Lokega va duge ca nggi béi vua Sri Satyavarman. M6t trong nhimg ng6i dén phat hién tai cdc Lang vé phia tay bac Angkor bén canh con duéng din dén Phimai c6 minh van Thma Puok (K.225/III, 6A, 4; C,6) dung nam 989 dang Idi cdu nguyén dén Dite Phat, Prajfiéparamit’, Lokesvara, Vajrin/ Vajrapani, Maitreya va Indra, MGt minh van khée bang tiéng Khmer (K.240) tai dén Prasat Ta An nién dai 979 cho biét trong thoi NGHIGN CUU - TRAO DOL ky nay, cur dan tai day cdu nguyén Vajrapani trong hinh tuéng dit la Trailokyavijaya. Ngau tong Vajrapani trong nghé thugt Khmer vao cudi thé ki X chu yéu véi hinh tuéng Trailokyavijaya trong tran chién ndi tiéng v6i Siva dé cap trong STTS. Mét phi diéu dn twong kich thudc lén phat hién & dén Kbal Sre Yeay Yin, thugc lang Phnom Srok vé phia tay bic Angkor, hién trung bay tai Musée Guimet, Paris, 1A pho tugng Vajrapani sau tay, ba dau 49i mién, hinh twong dé, trén mi thé hién Ng tri Phat trong Kim cang gidi man-da-la (Hinh 7). Cac tay cm vajra va ghantd va nhiing loai vii khi khéc, dong nhu bite trong may miéu ta Idi canh bao cudi cing cia Vairocana véi Siva vin trong trang thai tam thite mé mudi ring “Vajrapani 1a vi than t6i thuong cua chy Phat” (Sharrock 2009a: 130-131). oe poe ‘Hinh 7. Vajrapani-Trailokyavijaya cua dén Kbal Sre Yeay Yin & Campuchia, Bao ting Guimet, Paris (Sharrock 2009a).TAP CHI NCVHVN SO 6 (198) NAM 2021 Vajrapani trong minh vin va diéu khaic Champa Theo nhn djnh cita Hiram Woodward (2011: 33-39), duréi triéu vua Jaya Indravarman, nguoi di dymg Phat vién Laksmindra- Lokesvara, b6 kinh quan trong nhét vé Avalokitesvara la Karandavyiha hay Dai thira Trang nghiém Bao vuong kinh, da dugc truyén ba dén vuong quéc nay, vi nhiéu yéu t6 néu Jén trong kin nay da xudt hién trong minh van Dong Duong cia nha vua. Ching han, doan BS cia minh van Déng Duong ghi ring: huhkhenabhihata naraé ca narake kecit tatha naraka ratrau va ca diva tada ca satatam katiksanti te darsanam/ tarsabhi§ ca nara divakarahata grisme jalam sitalargi ye te drastum anekaduhkhavihata vecchanti bhumau yatha//” Nhing ké bj dé nén bai bao sdu khd, va nhiing ké sdng trong dja ngue, mong méi duge trong thay ngai, ngay ciing nhu dém; nh hing ké déi khat bj day doa dudi cdi néng thiéu dét cita mat tréi cho nén thém mudn nude mat trong mia hé, béi ho dang dau khé tir bao ndi lo au, mong muén cé duge sy quan chiéu cita ngai” (Gozio 2004: 71, C.66). Nhiing ghi chép trong minh vn Déng Duong goi Ién mat cach r6 rang chong 3 cia kinh Karandavytha mac di khéng c6 tir preta (nga quy) nhung nhimg tit nhu naraka (dia nguc), satatam (trién mién), kaviksa (khao khat), sitala (lank I@o) da xudt hign cé trong kinh van cing nh van khéc (Woodward, ibid.). Cting trong kinh Karandavydha, Vajrapani da xudt hién cing chr Bé tét dé nghe Die Phat Sakyamuni gidng gidi vé vige Avalokitesvara hanh nguyén vao ngue A-ty (Avici) a8 ctu d6 ching sanh (Roberts & Yeshi 2013; Thich Vién Bite 2014: 187-348)" 29 Tuy nhién danh higu Vajrapani cia Champa da xuat hién chinh thre lan dau trong minh van An Thai (C.138) vao dau thé ki X hu sau, “marair -ugram paritas ciram api manujah piirvakarmanurakté nistrand... paramakalusitah —ksutpipasabhibhatab / piirvam cadanadosat sugatavimukhatah, prapta... vajrapaniprasamitanirayam buddhamargarn samépuh/!” “Nhing ké t6i 1di, bj tdi bude bai nghiép chuéng nhiéu déi, va khong cd hy vong duge giai thoat, vinh vién bj vay bia bei doi quan khiing khiép cia Ma vuong, va bj ap ché bai d6i khat, bdi ho timg nghi hoc va oan ghét véi b§e Giéc ngd (Sugata) [tire IA Phat] trong tién kiép. Nhung khi duge ciru dd bai Vajrapani tir dja nguc, ho kién dinh trén con dung [huéng t6i giai thoat] duge chi ra béi Dite Phat” (Gozio 2004: 89-91), Nhitng dac diém vé vai tro ndi tiéu tugng hoc cia Vajrapani miéu ta trong kinh van va nghé thugt M§t tong Dai thira néu trén, chinh 1a cin ctr dé khao ctu tuong Vajrapani cia chia Linh Ung - Ngii Hanh Son. Viée thd Vajrapani tai dng Chiém Thanh cé thé nh&m t6n vinh vai tro quan trong cita ngai 1a than chu cia chén hang dng (Lamotte 2003: 2). Tac phim nay duc bé cue thanh hai phan can. Phin canh trén cham nam nhan vat Vajrapani ngdi trong tu thé vuong toa (lalitdsana), trén ngon nui Meru céch digu thanh mét héo quang hinh vom cung cé dinh nhon, trang tri hoa vin xoan xit ram rap (vermiculate); trong digu khéc Cham, loai hao quang nhw vay chi xudt hign duy nhdt trén tic phim nay. Tay phai cla Vajrapani cdm vajra dat trén vai; tay tri thd xtc dja dn (bhiimisparsa-mudra). ab car ce ec sscecsachsxeeseeerepretectcer nent toh bleepeen 30 NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOL Vé xic dja dn, day la an thu tiéu biéu cia Sakyamuni khi ngai chién thing Ma vwong (Mara) dat dugc giai thoat t6i thuong nén ngai kéu goi Me dat chimg gidm su kign vi dai nay (Vessantara 2007: 159-169; 2008: 74-78). Day 1a An chimg dic biét cia Sakyamuni, va, Aksobhya la héa thén ciia Sakyamuni nén cfing duoc trao truyén dn thi nay (Snellgrove 2002: 156). BO tat Vajrapani ciing la chi Kim cang bd va la hign thén cia Aksobhya nén trén tac phém Champa, ngai duge thé hign voi dn thi cia Aksobhya. Hinh tuong Vajrapani thi xiic dja én cha timg thy xudt hién trong nghé thuat Dong Nam A trudc day. Phi digu Cham thé hign Vajrapani héa hign thanh Vajrasattva, la mét vi Ban so Phat (Adibuddha) an toa & trung tm ngon ni [Su] Meru® duge mé ta r0 ring trong kinh Kim cang inh (Giebel 2001: 25). Vong hao quang biéu tong ndi Meru ciia tuong Cham tuong ty hao quang cia m6t ngiu trong Vajrasattva bing hop kim cia Bao tang Quéc gia Jakarta, Indonesia ma Jan Fontein (1990: 220, cat. 64) nhén dinh rang day 1a logi hdo quang rét hiém khi xudt hign trong nghé thuét Java, Trén phan canh nay, Vajrapani xudt hién trong Kim Cang Tét-déaman-da-la (Vajrasattva- mandala) duge hé tri béi Térndi Ciing duimg BO tat & bén hung (Getty 1928: 5-6; Huntington [John] 1994: 140; Linrothe 2014: 5-33; Long 2015: 13-15; Wang 2018: 159-164). Bén phai va bén trai ciia Vajrapini, cling v6i hai mat bén ciia ban thé, thé hién Tir ndi Cang dudng Bé tat, chia thanh hai c&p, trong tw thé co chan nhay mita va hai tay chap truée nguo, déi dién voi nhau tinh theo hung tir trai sang phai, ho 6 kha nang 1a: (1) Vajralisya G02 (Kim Cang Hi Bé tét), (2) Vajramala BSE (Kim Cang Man Bé tat)®, (3) Vajragita ela 1K (Kim Cang C: (4) Vajranrtya 5) SESEGE (Kim Cang Va BO tay”. Phan canh duéi Phan canh nay cing trang tri ba mat quanh dai thé vuéng, con voi li tinh thit (vahana) cia Vajrapani duge dat tai trung tam; bén sw tir trong tu thé hy long déi ximg qua hinh voi va cham thing hang theo vi tri cia bén vj BS tat ké trén, bén su tir déu ngdi xém nang cao hai chan trudc va xoay vé bén huéng. Theo kinh Kim cang dinh, bén con sw tir duge chu Phat gia tri dé hinh thanh mgt “toa su tit” (simbisana), nguyén la ciia Vairocana, xudt hign trong Kim cang gidi man-da-la®, Bé cuc hinh tugng voi va su tir nhu vay c6 thé so sinh véi dai thé vudng cba tugng ‘Vajrasattva bling kim loai cia nghé thuat Java thé ki IX - X, hign trung bay tai Bao tang Quée gia Jakarta (Fontein 1990: 220-221, cat. 64, inv, no. 602a); va m6t tugng Vajrasattva khac, thé ki X-XI, cia Bao tang Linden- Stuttgart, tai Dite (Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw 1984: 38, cat. 2, inv. no. SA.35 228L). Diém giéng nhau 1a ca hai du ngdi thé kiét-gia trén toa sen, dat trén dai th vudng c6 trang tri voi 6 giita va hd tri boi hai su tir 6 hai géc. Hinh 8. Tuong Vajrasattva, Java, thé ki IX-X, déng, cao 13,5 cm. Suu tip Marcel Nies. https://www.asianart.comv/nies/7.htmlTAP CHi NCVHVN SO 6 (198) NAM 2021 Cé thé nhan xét ring phi diéu thé hién Vajrapani tire 1a Vajrasattva trong Kim Cang Tat- dda man-da-la cia diéu khéc Chim, duge hinh thanh dya theo néi dung cia kinh Dai Nhat va kinh Kim cang dinh. Sy xudt hién cia Vajrapani hay Vajrasattva trong Kim Cang Tat-doa man-da-la duge tin duong béi Te ni Ciing duéng Bé tat c6 thé tim thay trén nhiéu téc phdm nghé thuat cia An 6, Trung Hoa, Nhét Ban va Java. Trén mét bite bich hoa cita Dén Hoang, Vajrasattva d6i mign trang tri, thé hién trong tu tl 6 A va ghanta (cé m6t bite hoa hinh vudng. Ngai duge miéu ta to lén hon bén vj than ngdi 6 mn goc; 46 1a Tr ni Cing diong Bd tit gdm: Vajralisya, Vajramald, Vajragita, va Vajranytya. Va mot bite tranh Iya khdc cing phat hién tai Dén Hoiing, thé ki IX-X, hign trung bay tai Musée Guimet, Paris (Hinh 9) (Wang 2018: 163, fig. 77); hay trén mét phi diéu bang d4 phat hién tai Nalanda, thé ki IX hode X, trumg bay tai Béo tang Di tich cia Vign Khao ctu Khao 06 31 hoc An BO (Archaeological Survey of India Site Museum) ¢ Nalanda, Bihar, An Dé (Hinh 10) (Linrothe 2014: 24, fig. 6). Va mét tac pham khac thé hién Vajrapani, voi tay phai cam vajra, tay tai thi: 4n, ngdi tw thé vong toa trén mét cdi ngai yudng trang tri su tir 6 gitta (simhasana), va hai sw tir h6 tri hai bén héng, phia trén hao quang cé hai thién tién, 06 thé la Tir ndi Caing duéng Bé tat; thuy quai makara hé tri d&t 6 twa lung, tac phdm lam vao thé ki X va duge phat hién tai Nalanda, Bihar, An D6, hign trung bay tai Bao tang Victoria & Albert 6 London (Hinh 11). ‘Trong nghé thugt Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban, Tér n6i Cang duéng Bé tat thudng duoc miéu ta trong nhan dang nam; nhung nghé thudt An Dé va Tay Tang thé hign trong nhan dang ni (Linrothe 2014: 21-22; Wang 2018: 162). Hinh tugng nhiig vi cing dung BO tat trong Kim cang giéi man-da-la cing xuat hign phé bién trong nghé thuét Java véi nhan dang nit (Fontein 1990: 223-33, cats: 66-67). Hinh 9. Ban vé dya theo Kim Cang Tat-doa man-di-la, Dén Hojng, théi Duong, cu KiIX dén X. Ban géc bing bot mau trén lua, 64 x 62,3 cm. Stu tép Pelliot, Bao tang Guimet, Paris, ace. no. EO 1167 (Linrothe 2014: 6, fig. 1). Hinh 10, Vajrasattva voi chu vj Bé tat cing duéng tir thé Nalanda, khoang thé ki LX ho&c X. D4, cao 10,2 em. Bao ting Di tich Vign Khao sat Khao cé hoc An DO tai Nalanda, Bihar, An D6 (Linrothe 2014: 24, fig. 6) Hinh 11. Vajrapani, Nalanda, Bihar, Eastern India, early 10th century, stone, 35 cm. V&A Museum [ace. no. IM.2-1932]. ya RBS caer en careascesaecreeatprta ea recat eto82 Dic tinh nghé thugt va nién dai cia twong Vajrapani Chim Phong céch Dong Duong xuat hién trong nghé thuat Cham vao khodng nim 875 dya theo minh vin cia vua Jaya Indravarman phat hién ngay tai di tich Ding Duong; day la phong cach duy nhat trong nghé thuat Cham co nién dai duge cung cp béi bi ky phat hién tai cing m6t di tich. Nhiing dic trung tao hinh cla phong cach Bd dua theo nhimg nghién ciru va phan loai cia Henri Parmentier (1918: 19-22) va Philippe Stern (1942: 9-11)®, vé sau, né duge bé sung thém chi tiét béi Pierre Dupont (1951: 267- 281) va Jean Boisselier (1963: vi-vii, 87-139). Trong ngh¢ thuat Chim, phong céch Dong Duong ndi bat véi nhimg diac diém diéu khic riéng biét 4é cé thé nhan biét dé dang qua loai hoa van trang tri xon xit (vermiculé) dc thi: va thi phép tac tuong gay 4n tuong véi khuén mat cla céc nhén vat b6c 16 vé dep manh mi ng Duong nay duge dinh hinh hang léng may ram giao nhau phia trén d6i mit to cé diém nhan, ria mép rém phi trén déi to day cham tré cdu ky nhu ché téc bing kim loai quy. Vé kién tre, Hin dau tién ky thud xay dumg Cham sit dung két hop gitta gach va da tg0 ste chiu Iye bén bi hon trén mét edu tric, gitip cho cdc nghé nhan c6 thé kién tgo duge ic té hop dén-thap bé thé hon va trang nhiéu mang trang tri cdu ky hon bang sa thach (Shigeeda 2001: 100-107; Tran Ky Phuong 2018: 41-43). Trong kién trac cing nh diéu khac, hoa van xoan xit dugc sir dung réng rai dé trang diém tug thap va céc hoa tiét trang ti. du hét, tac phdm thudc phong cach nay tap trung mién bic vuong quéc trai dai tir tinh Quang Binh dén tinh Kon Tum ngay nay, khoang giita vi tuyén 18° va 14°. So sanh bite cham Vajrapani vi cdc tac phim diéu khac khde cila phong céch Dong NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI Duong, diéu cé thé nhan thay 1a tha phdp tao hinh cia bite cham mang dic diém tiéu biéu nhat cla phong cach. Vé hinh nguéi, céc nhan vat doi kirita-mukuta diém nhimg doa boa nhidu I6p, ban tay to, cae dc diém hoa tai va chi tiét khu6én mat déu tun theo cdc thi phap nghé thudt nhur da dé cp 6 trén; mac khé (dhoti) ngin dén géi dét hoa van thua méng, that lmg bing vai cudn lai. Cn luu y, tu thé vuong toa chi xudt hién trong phong cach Déng Duong va tr thanh m6t dic diém riéng 06". Dac biét, chi tit hdo quang tugng trung nti Meru va dung in quanh ngai la loai xodn xit theo quy chuan cita phong cach nay. Vé mé ta dng vat, con voi v6i cai dau ngoanh vé phia trai cing voi chin trai phia truéc co lén, hai tai nhan manh bang nhtmg dung vién, gitta tran c6 kndi u tron, 6 ba ngén, la nhiing chi ban thé ln Déng Duong. Hinh trong bén con sur tir cia bin tho Vajrapani cé migng hé rong, hai chan truéc nang ngang vai, lop léng ngue day, dudi thing vat lén cao, la nhiing dic diém cing xudt hién trén su tir trang tri ciing mt dai thé cia di tich Déng Duong hign trumg bay tai Bao ting Diéu khic Cham Da Ning (Tran K. Phuong, Vo V. Thing & Sharrock 2018: 163, cat, 15, ace.no, 22.25al + 22.2542). Tuy nhién bén con su tir trong tu thé ngdi xdm chi xudt hign trén dai thé Vajrapani ma thdi. Theo Boisselier (1963: 87-139), phong cAch Déng Duong tdn tai trong khoang bén muoi nam, tir khoang nam 875 dén khoang nam 915. Xét vé mat tao hinh, tic phdm Vajrapani c6 thé duge sang tac vao giai doan chin mudi cia phong cach Déng Duong nghia 1a tir cudi thé ki IX dén dau thé ki X. Tuy nhién trong béi canh danh higu Vajrapani duge néu lin dau trong minh van An Thai c6 nién dai 1a 902, tir dé c6 thé nhén dinh téc pham nay duge ché tac vao khoi dau thé ki X nim trong khung nién dai duge cung cap béi minh van An Thai.‘TAP CHI NCVHVN SO 6 (198) NAM 2021 Bia An Thai Bia An Thai" c6 nién dai 902 (Gozio 2004: 89-92, C.138) 1 minh van Cham duy nhat cung cp théng tin vé phap hanh (sadhana) cia Phat giéo Champa duong thai. Theo 46, Mat tong Champa nhan manh mét hé théng tho tam vi Phat, gm Sakyamuni, Amitabha va Vairocana, da gia tri ba 16i thing xt/tinh xir (jinalayal) 14 Vajradhatu (Kim cang Padmadhatu (Lién hoa gidi) va Cakradhatu (Phap Iudn gidi)"? aé thé hign thé tanh Khong (Sinyata), Dai Khéng (Mahasiinyata) va Siéu viét Khong (Siinyatatito). Tam vj Phat nay la nang duyén héa hién cia tam vi BO tat 1a Vajradhy/Vajradhara (Kim Cang Tri)", Lokegvara (Quin Thé Am/Quan Ty Tai) va ‘Vajrasattva (Kim Cang Tét-dda) (Huber 1911: 272-282; Finot 1925: 232; Majumdar 1927: Ill, 105-109; Mabbett 1986: 301-302; Gozio 2004: 89-92; Chutiwongs 2005: 80-81). Bang lum ¥, cd ba danh higu Vajrapani, Vajradhrt/ Vajradhara va Vajrasattva déu xudt trong minh van nay. ‘Theo Nandana Chutiwongs (2005: 80-1), tu tuéng Phat hoc cla Champa néu trong minh van An Thai da gay béi réi cho nhiéu hoc gid trong gan m6t thé ki ké tir khi né duge Edouard fn lan dau Huber céng bé vao nam 1911; va, ba cho kiéu thite tu tuéng Phat hoc Champa cé thé so sénh véi tw twéng cla kinh Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan (SHK) cia Java vao dau thé ki X (920). Kinh SHK, duge soan bang chit Kawi ciia tiéng Java cd, 1a mét tip hop gdm bén muoi hai cau mat chi (mantra) bing Phan ngit trich tir nhiéu kinh vin Dai thira Mat tong ndng cét, chu yéu la tir kinh Japastitra (Ishii 1992: 225- 237). Kinh nay da duge ngai Vajrabodhi (Kim Cang Tri) dich ra Hén van véo ném 723 tén la “Kim cang dinh du-gid trung luge xudt nigm tung kinh” (Taisho 18, No. 866]. Trude khi dén Trung Hoa vao nam 720, Vajrabodhi 4a lau tra tai Srivijaya nam 718, Kinh Japasitra giai thich nhimg nghi Ié chi tiét ctia phép quan dinh (abhiseka), duge tin la van ban str dung trong nghi thtie chinh cua kinh Kim cang dinh/STTS. Kinh SHK néu lén tam vj Phat a Amitabha, Aksobhya va Vairocana, va tam vj lién déi 1a Lokegvara, Vajrapani va Sakyamuni, 14 nhitng vj hoa hién chinh yéu cia mot ding Nhu lai t6i thuong. Dé tim hiéu nh4n thite va phap hanh hay nghi quy i/i/thanh tyu php pits (sadhands) cia Mét gido Dai thira tai Champa va Java duong théi, minh van An Thai va kinh SHK duge so sanh qua n6i dung nbur sau: 1) Minh vin An Thai, nam 902 (Mabbett 1986: 301-02; Gozio 2004: 89-92, C.138; Chutiwongs 2005: 80-1) ‘Tam tri Phat Sakyamuni Amitabha | Vairocana Tam t6i thing xix’ | Vajradhatu Padmadhatu | Cakradhatu tinh xc (jinalayah) | Tam hod hién Vajradhrt = Lokegvara | Vajradhara Tam canh gidi Sinyo/Siinyaté = | Mahasiinyo/ Sanyatito/Sinyatatito = Siéu thién dinh Mahasinyata= | viét Khong [Chan khong Diéu Dai Khong hau"_NGHIEN CUU -TRAO DOL 2) Kinh Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan, khoang nim 920 (Ishii 1992: 235, note 4; Chutiwongs 2005: 80-81; Chandra 2009: 139; Kandahjaya 2016: 111-112; Ditthisampanno 2018: 253-267) Tam tri Phat (trikhala) | Amitabha ‘Aksobhya Vairocana Tam hod hién (trimala) | Lokesvara Vajrapani Sakyamuni ‘Tam/tit thanh tyu phdp/ | Maha-marga=Dai dao’ | Maha-guhya= | Parama-guhya= | nghi quy (sidhanas) Parama-marga = Dai mét tinh | Siéu mat tinh Siéu vigt dao Hai bang trén chi ra su twong déng vé nOi dung thanh tyu phap hay nghi quy (sidhanas) gitta Champa va Java nhw sau: Nban thie vé tam canh gidi thién dinh cia Champa gdm Sinyo, Mahasiinyo va Sinyatito tong dvong véi tanvtir thanh tyu phép Maba- marga, Parama-marga, Mahé-guhya/Parama- guhya cla Java. Trong bia An Thai va SHK, su héa hién thanh tam than (trikaya) cia Sakyamuni duge nhdn manh, trong dé, dic trmg cia Champa 1 ngai ho hign thinh Vajradhrt/Vajradhara la Ung hoa than (Nirmana-kaya) cia ngai; va theo kiéu Java, Sakyamuni hoa hién thanh Vajrasattva 1a Tho dung than (Sambhoga- kaya) cla ngai; cOn Vairocana la Phép thén (Dharma-kaya) cia ngdi®. Trong thé ki X, nhig yéu t6 vé Mat téng néu lén trong kinh Dai Nhat va kinh STTS khéng nhimg chi anh huéng tai Java ma dén ca Champa va Cambodia (Green 2014: 80). Chutiwongs (2005: 80-81) la ngwi dau tién néu 1én sur tuong ding gitta hai kiéu tw tuéng co bin cia Mét tong Dai thita trong bia An Thai va SHK; ba cho ring méi tuong quan 46 c6 thé 1a két qua cia nhiing giao hu van hod gitta hai vuong quéc Champa va Java trong thoi ky nay ma bing chimg la hai chuyén hanh hong dén Yuvadhivapura (Java) cia eel mot vi thugng quan trong triéu dinh Champa tén la Pov Klufi Pilih Rajadvara dé hoc dao phép (siddhayatra"?) duge néu lén trong bia Nhan Biéu nién dai 911/12 (Gozio 2004 106-114, C. 149)"®, Bay gid, Java duge xem la mét trung tm 1én ciia Phat giéo Mat tong trong ving noi ma cc quéc gia lan cn déu cir hanh gid dén day dé nghién cir Phat hoc (Chandra 2009: 149-150). Tuong ty truéng hop cia Champa, mOt vi thong quan cia Cambodia 14 dao su Kirtipandita cing duge vua Jayavarman V (khoang 968-1001) cir dén Java dé hoc dao vao thé ki X, dng 1a ngudi da dug ngéi dén Phat gido Mat téng dau tién ctta triéu dai Angkor la dén Bat Cum tai Siem Reap (Chutiwongs 2005: 81; Sharrock 2009b: 203-237; Green 2014: 84-85). Tam két Mac dit bi ky Champa dé cp trong déi r6 rang vé sy hign dign ciia Mat tng Bai thira, cc di vat lién quan dén tong phai nay hau nh 4a bj that lac, dé 1a mét trong nhig kh6 khan 8 cdc nha nghién ciru xdc dinh tinh chat dic trung cia Phat vign Laksmindra-Lokesvara tai Déng Duong va ning di tich khdc nh Dai Hitu, My Dite trong giai doan hung thinh nbat cia Phat gido Dai thira tai vuong quéc nay (Chutiwongs 2005: 78-79; Schweyer 2018: 72-73). Vao giai doan nay chi cé sau bi‘TAP CHI NCVHVN 86 6 (198) NAM 2021 ky ham chia ndi dung Phat gido da durgc phat hign tai mién bac vuong quéc, cé nién dai tir cudi thé ki IX dén dau thé ki X, trong dé danh 35 higu cla chur Phat va BS tét chi yéu trong Mat tong déu duge ton xuéng. Minh vin | Nién dai Xudt xt NOi dung Phat gido C.66 875 Dong Duong, x4 Binh | Ca ngoi Lokegvara; xay dung Phat vién Dinh Bac, Huyén Thing | Laksmindra-Lokesvara Binh, tinh Quang Nam CAML Thé ki IX Dai Hau, xd Quang | Tén tong Ratnalokesvara bing bac Ninh, buyén Quang M9 Bite, x Son Thuy, | Ghi chép vé Jagadguru (danh higu cita Phat) An Thai, x4 Binh An, | Xung tung Sakyamuni, Amitabha, Ninth, tinh Quang Binh C172 | ThEKIIX huyén Lé Thuy, tinh Quang Binh c.138 | 902 huyén Thing Binh, tinh Quang Nam Vairocana, Lokeévara, —Vajrapani, Vajradhrt va Vajrasattva; dymg ton twong Lokathana; ghi chép vé tu vién Pramudilokesvara va hoc thuyét vé tam. than cia Mat thiva C.149 911/912 Nhan Biéu, xa Trigu | XAy dug mét tu vién Avalokitesvara Thuong, huyén Trigu Phong, tinh Quang Tri C.167 914 Kon K’lor, thinh phé | Dyng tén trong Mahindralokesvara Kon Tum, tinh Kon Tum Tiéu luan nay xdc minh ngdu trong ‘Vajrapani xudt hign trong diéu khéic Chim, gop phan bé khuyét vio khodng tréng kién thtte vé hé théng ngdu tugng Mat thita ciia Champa thu 48 cip 6 trén, dic biét 1a giai doan Mat téng phat trién manh mé theo lan séng truyén dao tt ving déng bac An DO va Sri Lanka dén Dong Nam A va Dong A bing dung bién trong béi canh cia mét “in du dia méi trong cia chau A gid mita/geoenvironmental (Green 2014: 77, Table 2) metaphor of Monsoon Asia” 1a cym thuat ngit ma cc hoe gia vé Dong Nam A hién nay ing dung dé nghién ctu vé ving nay trén nhidu lanh vue (Acri 2016: 1-28)", Trude day, hinh tuong ciia chur Phat nhu Sakyamuni, Vairocana, Amitabha, Amoghasiddhi, va cla chu BO tat hu Tara (Citu 46 Mau), Prajiiaparamita (Tri 46 Mau), Pandaravasini (Bach y Phat Mau), Maitreya, Lokesvara, Padmapani, ngoai trir Vajrapani, déu 44 dugc phat hién tai cdc di tich eI ee36 nhw Dai Hitu, My Ditc, Dong Duong; cho nén vige xée minh twong Vajrapani cia chia Linh Ung-Ngii Hanh Son g6p phan chimg minh ring nghé nhan Cham da sdng tao hau hét nhimg tén. tugng tiéu biéu cia nghé thudt Mat tong nhw duoc néu trong nhimg minh van Phat gido Champa thude giai doan nay. Nhw vay, ngdu tuong Vajrapani tai dng Chiém Thanh, cing véi danh higu Vajrapani, Vajradhrt/Vajradhara va Vajrasattva néu trong bia An Thai, g6p phan hing dinh ring phai Kim cang thira chinh thére duge thyc hanh tir khoang cudi thé ki IX tre. di tai Phat vién Laksmindra-Lokesvara Dong Duong, chit khong phai chi la phai Du-gid hanh tng (Yogacara) hay m6t tong phai thudc tién- Kim Cang thia (pre-Vajrayana) nhw mét vai hoc gia nhan dinh (Chutiwongs 2005: 76-77; Schweyer 2018: 72-73). Surthé hién Vajrapani trong Kim CangTat- dda man-da-la (Vajrasattva-mandala), tuong tw nOi dung cia nhiing bich hoa ¢ Dén Hoang va cia digu khic An D6, cho thay ring gidi tang nhan va nghé si Chm da sang tao cdc téc phdm nghé thuat cin cit theo nhimg kin van chit yéu cia Mat téng ma cdc vi t8 duong thoi 14 ngudi An Dé nhw cdc ngai Kim Cang Tri (671-741), Khéng (705-774) va Bat Nha (734-ca.810) 4 truyén ba dén Java va Trung Hoa vao thé ki VIII (Chou 1945: 251-284; Takakusu 1956: 148-159; Tug Sy 2003: 213-236; Wang 2018: 168-174). Cé kha nang ede ngai da phai ru tri, tai cdc cang-thj cita Champa dé ché di céc dot gid mita thudn Igi cho nhimg chuyén hai hanh dé truyén dao va thinh kinh thudmg xuyén gitta Nam A, Dong Nam A va Déng A nh trudng hop Nghia Tinh (635-713) da dimg lai Giao Chau (Dai Viét)_ va Champa trén duréng hanh huong dén An D6 vao cudi thé ki VIL, vi duong thoi, ky thut hing hai khong cho phép thyc hign cdc chuyén di lién tue dai ngay trén bién (Nguyen Tu Cuong 1998: 12-13; Sharrock & Bunker 2016: 238-239; Chemburka 2017: NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOL 205-206; Sen 2018: 346, 360), Nhur vay, 06 thé vuong triéu Indrapura da thiét lap cac ty vién M&t tong tai mién bac vuong quéc dya theo sur huéng dn cia kinh dién ma chinh chu t6 néu trén da truyén day tai ving nay, tuong ty trong hop cdc co so Mat tong duge kién tgo tai Java vao khoang cudi thé ki VII (Sundberg 2004: 95-123; Chandra 2009: 149; Kandahjaya 2016: 86-87), Su phong phi cita tic pham nghé thuat Mét tong Champa ciing 1a bing chimg vé vai trd trong yéu cia vuong quéc nay nhu mét trung tém vain hod va t6n gido lon nam trén con duong hai thuong két ndi véi cdc tiéu quéc cang - thj toa lac trén cae ving duyén hai chau A. Vi thé Phat gido Mat tng cla Champa cé thé d& twong tac truc tiép voi nig khuynh huéng tr tuéng va nghé thudt da dang dén tir cde qi gia Phat gido khéc trong ving vao nhiing thé ki VIII - XI. Tuy hin, trong nhimg nghién eiru tuong lai, sé rat cin thiét néu ching ta c6 thé chi ra duge mét cach chinh xac xit sé Phat gido nao da anh huéng tryc tiép dén tin ngudng Mat téng cia cdc vuong triéu Champa vao nhimg thé ki IX - X vi day 1A thoi hoang kim cia Phat gido tai vuong quéc nay (?)/. Chi thich (*) Téc gia chan thinh cém on quy Thay Tug Sy da 26p J cho bin thio va quy Thay Hug Vinh, Try tri chia Quan Thé Am - Ngai Hanh Son, Da Ning da cho phép ssi dung Thu vién Van Hanh cing nhu khuyén khich dur én nghién ciru “Lich sir nghé thuat Phat giéo Champa” ma tigu lugn ndy 14 két qua ban du, (1) Day 1a hai cia bén vi mon than wén 6 trong Vajradhitu-mandala g6m Vajrankusa (Kim Cang ‘Triéu 28 He/Kim Cang Cau 428))4), Vajrapasa (Kim Cang Sach 42/9), Vajrasphota (Kim Cang Toa 42F# $8) va Vajravesa (Kim Cang Linh 42/22). (2)David Snetlgrove (2002: 131) ghi nhén, “Vajrasattva 1a dang t6i thugng va nhu vay Vajra phai duge dink nghia [a kim cang hode ludi tam sét. Nguyén la vi kh cia than Indra trong thoi Vé Da, duge hod chuyén thank yaksa, mt vj than ban dia, dé ho tri Phat Sakyamuni trong so ky Phat gio, “hudi tam sét” nén durgc xem la el‘TAP CHi NCVHVN SO 6 (198) NAM 2021 cach dich neha thufn tign nhdt, Néi mét céch chinh xéc, ngudi cm gitt vi khf nay 14 thin chi cla nhimg yaksas, duoc goi la Kim Cang Thi {Thunderbolt-in- ‘Hand], ngai xuat hién nur fi thd link cua chur vj BO tit trong nhiéu mét chi [tantras}, vi vay ngai da te thank, ngudi nam gitt biéu tugng tdi thong ciia toain bd hau gy Phat gio. Ngai ciing durge t6n xung la Kim Cang Tri (Thunderbolt-Holder), véi danh ximg nay, nahi to thanh vj Phat ti thuong cia tuyén thong mat thira; ogc xumg lé Kim Cang Tat-doa [Thunderbolt-Being], tuy vay danh xung nay phai duge hiéu mgt cach 16- gic nhw la mt danh higu chung danh cho canh gidi t6i thwong ciia tinh thé mt chit [tantric being], mét thuat ngit tao thanh dong tinh thé BO tat”. G)Dé gidi thich ham ¥ cia vajra, Bhajagovinda Ghosh 33) da din nbgin xét cia Shashibhusan Dasgupta, 8) nhur sau, “Su chuyén hod cia Sunyata thanh Vajra s® giai thich duoc thudt ngir Vajrayana va trong, vajrayana, tt ca chu than, nif than, chi thé cho nhing nghi Ié phai duge an chimg bang vajra dé nhdn manh ho da duge tho nbn chan tinh cia ho. Vj than 16i thugng cia Vajrayana la Vajra-Sattva (Kim cang- Khong ténh, Ty tinh-uyén nguyén), ngai la te tinh cika tm thire thudin khiét (Vijnapti Matrata [Duy thitc] cia Duy thtic tng) khi hoa hop véi Khéng ténh trong trang, thai vang biét chi thé va khach thé”, (4) Cé thé tham khao hai ban dich kinh Karandavydha. Ban Viét ngit, tya dé la Dai thira Trang nghiém Bao ‘wong kinh xuit ban nim 1973 va tai bin nam 2014, cia Thich Vien Dire dich tirban Han van cia Thién Tite Tai doi Téng; va, ban Anh ngit e6 tua dé The Baskets Display, xuat ban nim 2013, ca Peter Alan Roberts va ‘Tulku Yeshi dich tir Tang ngit va Phan ngit. Cin lu ¥ rang, vi Dai thira Trang nghiém Bio vuong kinh duge dich ra Han vin vao khoang nim 983 duéi thoi Téng, nghia 18 mudn hon so véi su xudt hign cia Phat vign Laksmindra-Lokesvara x4y dung nim 875; do vay ¢ thé nh@n djnh ring Champa da tiép nhén kinh nay tir mt quéc gia Phat gido & ving Nam A chir khong phai ti Trung Hoa. (5) John Huntington (1994: 140) ghi nhan ring, “Tiéu tong hoc déng bé a su chudn myc ¢ Java va nhiing noi Khde ¢ Dong Nam A. Vajrasattva duge nhfn dinh béi su hign hanh cia chinh ngai, 14 phai hod hign trong mandala ma ngai thiéa dinh. Mandala xuat hign trong héo quang cia nti Meru 1a céi mao ciia Vajrasattva trén 46 chur Phét va di khi ch vi minh phi Phat [Buddhaprajis] cia ving tron Ng tri Phat [Paficajina] hin ra dé trang hong”. (©) Hay “hoa man #8”, la vong hoa trang site trong nighé thudt c6 An D6 (7) VéTirngi Cing duéng Bé tat, Bhattacharyya (1958) ghi nhan: “Co bén vj than trong nhém nay va ho 6 37 cing mot tinh chit, Dé ta Lasya, Mala, Gna, va Netya, tat ca déu xudt hién mang tinh trinh dign hoae giai tri (1) Lasya: Vj than dau ctia nhém 1a Lasya, “Lasya cd mau d6 v6i ding vé tr hdo ba dang tay trong tu thé vui choi”; (2) Mala (Malya): Vj than thir hai cla nhém nay la “Mal cé sic thin mau dé va hai tay cia ba cam xdiu chudi ngoc”; (3) Git: Vi thin thit ba cia nhém: nay la Gité, duge miéu ti trong Paficadaka Mandala nhu sau: “Git cé mau tring dé va hai tay cita ba cam mgt cdi céng ciia An D6 1d Kamst”; (4) Nrtyd: Vi nit thir tr va cubi cing cla nhém Lasya nay la Nrtya, duoc migu ta trong Nispannayogavall nhur sau: “Nrtya 6 mau sc pha tap va nga nhiy mia véi hai tay céim Vajra’”. Trong Kim cang gidi man-di-la bai tri tit ca tam vj cing dudmg Bé tat goi la Tir ndi Cling duong BS tat va Tir ngoai Cung dung Bé tat, Ngoai bén vi Tit ni Cing duimg ké trén, cdc vi Tir ngoai Cling dréng (1) Vajradhipa SFUS3%E (Kim Cang Huong Bé tat); (2) Vajrapuspa 2)2#% (Kim Cang Hoa tat); (3) Vajrdloké